Senior Corrosion Technologist Study Guide PDF

(1)

1 STUDY GUIDE

SENIOR CORROSION TECHNOLOGIST

We congratulate you on aspiring to be a NACE International Senior Corrosion

Technologist. We trust this guide will provide you with all the information

necessary to successfully complete your certification program.

Purpose of the Professional Recognition Program………..….…2

Categories of Certification……….………....3

Overview of the Professional Recognition Program……….….…4

Overview of Examination……….………....12

Scope of Examination……….…..…13

Recommended Texts and Sources for Exam Preparation…….………..…..14

Highlight Digest of Pertinent Information in the Texts………..…...15

Sample Questions Senior Corrosion Technologist Open-Book Examination….56

Answers to Sample Questions……….………..……..……68

(2)

Purpose of the Certification Program

To provide professional recognition for individuals involved in corrosion science

and technology to indicate to the general public, co-workers, employers, and

others that an impartial organization has used a recognized and consistent

method to assess the individual’s experience, expertise, knowledge, and

education.

To build confidence in the professionalism of certified individuals working in the

field of corrosion by securing an attestation of their determination; to give due

consideration to the safety and best interests of the public; to apply themselves

diligently and responsibly to their work; to act ethically in all matters; and to

profess competence, making recommendations only in areas in which they are

qualified by knowledge and experience.

To encourage the growth and updating of knowledge and understanding of

corrosion mechanisms and corrosion prevention and control through continuing

dissemination of topical information.

To encourage professional development of individuals working in the field of

corrosion by advancement through the several categories of certification.

To provide the individual with a sense of achievement, since it reflects

professional advancement in a chosen field.

(3)

3 Categories of Certification

There are several categories of NACE International certification that may be attained directly by means of work experience and open-book examination(s). In addition, successful completion of specific NACE courses replaces the taking of the open-book examinations in some categories. The certification program is designed to encourage step advancement through increasing levels of certification.

Corrosion Technician requires two years of work experience in the field of corrosion and the

option of either passing a two hour open-book examination, or successfully completing the NACE International Basic Corrosion course.

Corrosion Technologist requires four years of work experience in the field of corrosion and the

option of either passing a four hour open-book examination, or successfully completing specified NACE International courses.

Senior Corrosion Technologist requires eight years of work experience or four years work

experience and a BS in engineering or physical sciences, and the option of either passing an eight hour open-book examination, or successfully completing specified NACE courses.

Specialty Areas: Cathodic Protection Specialist; Chemical Treatment Specialist; Materials Selection/Design Specialist; Protective Coatings Specialist requires Senior Corrosion

Technologist Certification OR four (4) years corrosion work experience in responsible charge

AND one of the following: [a PE license or equivalent; an EIT registration or equivalent;

Bachelor’s degree in Engineering or Physical Sciences AND an advanced degree in Engineering or Physical Sciences that requires a qualification exam]. Candidates are required to successfully pass an open-book examination.

Corrosion Specialist (includes P & G) Must hold a Specialty Area certification and successfully

passing an eight hour open-book examination.

Coating Inspector requires successful completion of training sessions I, II, III and the peer

review. Peer review candidates must have a minimum of two years field experience, whether gained prior to, during or after attendance of the training sessions.

(4)

Overview of the Professional Recognition Program

Requirements for Certification

Senior Corrosion Technologist category of certification has requirements for work experience in the field of corrosion, and either successful completion of required open-book examination, or successful completion of several NACE International courses. Certification also requires signing a NACE International Attestation concerning professionalism.

Requirements for Recertification

All individuals who have held their certification for five years will be required to recertify. Holders of multiple certification need only recertify for the highest category held - the lower categories will be automatically recertified.

Requirements for Payment of Certification Maintenance Fees

Once certified, individuals will be charged a nominal annual certification maintenance fee. This fee is added to the membership renewal statement (nonmembers will be billed separately.) Holders of multiple certifications will be charged only one maintenance fee.

Formal Education Requirements

There is no reduction in examination requirements granted for either formal education or Professional Engineering registration. The view of NACE International is that formal education and/or the effort required to attain Professional Engineering registration will assist the applicant in successfully completing the required certification examinations.

Work performed in connection with an educational experience may be submitted for consideration in fulfillment of the work experience requirement.

Parallel Path to Certification

Parallel Path is an alternative route to achieving certification. Individuals successfully completing NACE courses that equate to the level of a certification open-book examination may apply for certification. Parallel Path requirements are listed on page 10.

Only courses successfully completed within five years of the certification application being submitted to Headquarters will be accepted.

(5)

5

Work Experience

Certification candidates must meet acceptable work experience requirements. See page 11 for details.

Open-Book Examinations

Each category of certification requires the applicant to pass the open-book examination for that category of certification, or successfully complete specified NACE courses for categories offering the Parallel Path option.

Each examination is a single unit. Applicants either pass or fail the open-book examination as a whole. In case of failure, the examination must be retaken. However, each open-book

examination is broken into timed sections solely for the convenience and comfort of the applicant. The examination must be completed in no more than two consecutive days.

All examination results will be held in confidence. The applicant will be advised whether the examination has been passed or failed but will not be advised of the grade. Graded examinations are neither returned nor available for review by the applicant.

All examinations may be retaken after the established waiting period has expired. The minimum waiting period for the Senior Corrosion Technologist is six months.

Examinations may be taken at:

NACE International Headquarters

At examination sites that NACE International Headquarters, Areas, or Sections may organize from time to time.

The following may serve as proctors: an individual who holds certification at the Specialty level or Corrosion Specialist level; a registered Professional Engineer (or equivalent); NACE International staff. Special proctor requests, which will be referred to the chairman of the Certification

Subcommittee, may be made in writing to NACE International Headquarters. The NACE International Certification Department can provide a list of proctors in your area.

(6)

Procedures

A completed application with all necessary supporting documents must be submitted for each category of certification. When the application is received at NACE International Headquarters, it is reviewed for completeness to determine that the applicant can be considered for certification in the category requested. The applicant may be contacted for clarification, or for additional

information. Also, it is not necessary that the application be typed, however, a certain standard of neatness and layout is necessary before an application will be accepted.

Once the applicant’s file is complete, NACE Headquarters submits it to three members of the Application Review Board for review to assure that all criteria have been met by the applicant. Any of the Review Board members reviewing the application may request additional information or clarification. The review is typically completed within 30 days. NACE International will advise the applicant when a decision has been reached by the Application Review Board. If the applicant is accepted for certification and either the open-book examination is passed, or the applicant has met parallel path requirements, the applicant is certified and sent a certificate. An updated membership card reflecting their certification will be sent to those who hold a current NACE International membership. Preparation of the certificate and card typically takes 4 - 6 weeks. If the application is not accepted, the applicant will be advised of the basis for nonacceptance. The applicant’s original file is retained at NACE Headquarters, and its contents are held in confidence. NACE’s responsibility for maintaining this file is limited solely to retaining records of completed certifications. NACE International may, at its option, transfer the records to electronic storage, and discard paper documents.

NACE International assumes no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience caused as a result of the inability to locate the file of a person having attained certification under this program.

The application process is normally completed within six months. It should be noted that there are several common reasons for major delays in processing applications: incomplete

applications, applications submitted in any format other than the approved, and applications containing requests for exemptions or modifications to any of the program requirements. Applicants have one year from the time their application is approved in which to attempt the examination. Applications on which there have been no activity for one year or more will be considered “inactive” and will be deleted from the list of pending active applications. Inactive applications are those where required paperwork has not been received, fees are not paid, and/or the examination has not been taken (or retaken in the case of a failure in the first attempt). These applicants will receive no reminders from NACE International. Reapplication will require payment of the full fees in effect at the time of reapplication.

NACE International assumes no liability for loss of any file which has become inactive.

If an individual has attained one level of certification and wants to advance to the next higher category, a new application, complete with updated work resume and a minimum of two qualification references, must be submitted for review board evaluation. Applicants pursuing higher levels of certification, whose prior applications are less than 18-months old, may choose to submit only updated work history and new qualification

(7)

7

NOTE: An application processing fee and new qualification references are required for each category of certification for which you apply, whether a new application or a prior application, with updated work history.

Recertification

Senior Corrosion Technologist must be recertified every five years. Recertification involves documentation of work experience and professional development. Certified individuals, for whom we have current address information, will receive recertification details approximately six-months prior to recertification date. A 90-day grace period for application and completion of the

recertification process is granted following the last day of the month in which certification lapses. Once the grace period has elapsed, a reinstatement fee must be paid in addition to the

certification maintenance fees.

NOTE: Until successful completion of the recertification process at NACE headquarters, a lapsed certification will be classified as “inactive.”

Any person recognized in the Certification Program whose recognition has been inactive for a period of 0-3 years may be reinstated by submitting the required application and work experience documentation, with payment of all monies in arrears, in addition to a $100 reinstatement fee. Any person recognized in the Certification Program whose recognition has been inactive for a period of 3 – 5 years may be reinstated by submitting the required application and work experience documentation, with payment of all monies in arrears, in addition to a $500

reinstatement fee. The Certification Committee Chairman will appoint a 3-member panel to review the work experience documents. Approval must be by the majority of that panel.

Any person recognized under the Certification Program whose recognition has been inactive for more than five (5) years must reapply as a new applicant and meet all of the criteria current at the time of their reapplication. Persons who reapply will be reissued their original identification number upon meeting the current requirements.

Should there be an inquiry regarding the certification status of a person whose certification has become inactive, the inquirer will be so informed, no further information will be supplied.

NACE International Membership

NACE International membership is not required for certification; however, a greater responsibility is placed on nonmembers to ensure NACE International has current address information.

Furthermore, nonmember certification annual maintenance fees are greater than annual

membership and certification maintenance fees for members. Also, official notices of changes to the Professional Recognition Program are placed in the NACE International journal Materials Performance. The burden for keeping up-to-date on changes and items of interest affecting the Program is solely the responsibility of the individual certificate holder.

Benefits - NACE International membership includes receiving the NACE International monthly journal,Materials Performanceand provides the means whereby individuals can keep abreast of activities in the corrosion control and prevention field. These activities are some of the

(8)

NACE International Attestation

Requirements for certification by NACE International include signing an Attestation. Failure to comply with the Attestation could result in disciplinary action.

The Attestation requires that an individual recognize and acknowledge that:

• The proper control of corrosion can be critical to the safety and welfare of the general public and industrial facilities.

• The control of corrosion is obligatory to maximize conservation of our material resources, and to reduce economic losses and to protect the environment.

• The entire field of corrosion and its control encompasses the application of the knowledge and experience of many diverse disciplines and levels of technical competence.

• Only through continual association and cooperation with others in this field can the safest and most economical solutions be found to the many corrosion problems.

• The quality of their work reflects on the entire profession of corrosion control. The applicant is therefore asked to:

• Give first consideration in corrosion control work to public safety and welfare, and to the protection of the environment.

• Apply himself or herself with diligence and responsibility to the corrosion control work that is within the applicant’s area of competence.

• Pursue work with fairness, honesty, integrity and courtesy, ever mindful of the best interests of the public, the applicant’s employer, and of fellow workers.

• Not represent himself or herself to be proficient or make recommendations in phases of corrosion control work in which the applicant is not qualified by knowledge and

experience.

• Avoid and discourage untrue, sensational, exaggerated, and/or unwarranted statements regarding the applicant’s work in oral presentations, written texts, and/or advertising media.

• Treat as confidential the applicant’s knowledge of the business affairs and/or technical process of clients, employers, or customers when their interests so require.

• Inform clients or employers of any business affiliations, interests, and/or connections which might influence the applicant’s judgment.

• Uphold, foster, and contribute to the achievement of the objectives of NACE International.

Action Against Violations

Copies of the official procedure for action against someone who violates the Attestation are available from NACE International Headquarters. In summary, the procedure is that the person wishing to lodge the complaint should file the complaint in writing with the NACE International Executive Director. The complaint is reviewed by the NACE International Quality Committee. The person complained against is provided the opportunity to respond to the complaint. A course of appeal is available, extending ultimately to the NACE International Board of Directors.

(9)

9

Costs

Certification fees in U.S. dollars include:

Application processing fee (all categories) members - $100, nonmembers - $250

Note: Application processing fees are payable on each category of certification for which you apply.

Senior Corrosion Technologist Examination fee: members and nonmembers: $125 ALL FEES ARE NONREFUNDABLE.

Note 1: Return check service charge $25

Any person whose check for any fee is returned to NACE International as “uncollectible” for any reason, must submit a new payment plus the “Returned Check Service Charge.” Upon collection of the payment, the certification process will resume.

Note 2: Any person recognized in the Certification Program whose recognition has been inactive for a period of 0-5 years may be reinstated by submitting the required application and work experience documentation with payment of all monies in arrears in addition to a reinstatement fee.

Retakes: the examination fee is calculated to cover NACE International costs of handling the examination, which is essentially the same for retakes and initial attempts.

Maintenance Fees

Effective April 1, 1996, all individuals will pay annual maintenance fees for their highest level of certification.

Senior Corrosion Technologist maintenance fees: members - $35, nonmembers - $135

Members will be invoiced annually on their membership renewal statement. Nonmembers will be billed separately.

Other

A yearly publication of a directory of all individuals currently in the program is available free of charge upon request to NACE International Headquarters. Certification information can also be found on the NACE Web page. Staff will confirm the certification status of an individual upon specific request. Contact NACE Headquarters for more information.

Information on other NACE International certification programs, products, and services is available from: NACE International Membership Services, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084-4906, USA. Phone: 281/228-6200; Fax: 281/228-6300; Email: [email protected]; Online: http//www.nace.org.

(10)

Parallel Path 1 - Senior Corrosion Technologist

Basic Corrosion - An Introduction course PLUS

One from Menu A* One from Menu B**

1 additional course from Menu A or B PLUS

Designing for Corrosion Control course PLUS

Chemical Treatment for Corrosion Control exam

Parallel Path 2 - Senior Corrosion Technologist

Corrosion Technician Certification PLUS

One from Menu A* One from Menu B**

Parallel Path 3- Senior Corrosion Technologist

Corrosion Technologist Certification PLUS

Only courses successfully completed within five years of the certification application being submitted to Headquarters will be accepted.

MENU A*

CP Level 1 Class & Certification CP Level 2 Class & Certification CP Level 3 Class & Certification (Must meet work experience requirement)

MENU B**

Basic Protective Coatings & Linings Advanced Protective Coatings & Linings

(11)

11

Work Experience

The minimum requirements for acceptable work experience for Senior Corrosion Technologist are:

Eight years corrosion work experience, including four years in responsible charge, OR

Bachelor’s degree in physical sciences or engineering PLUS

four years corrosion work experience in responsible charge

“Acceptable work experience in responsible charge” is documented work experience in the field of corrosion which includes: (a) the investigation of corrosion causes and mechanisms, (b) the investigation, design and implementation of corrosion control procedures, or (c) the teaching of corrosion related science, any of which should be at a level of responsibility requiring initiative, technical ability, and independent judgment.

The applicant need not be in administrative or supervisory control of the work, however, it is necessary that the applicant be in technical control and have technical responsibility. The

distinguishing characteristic of one in “responsible charge” of work in the corrosion field should be the ability to deal creatively with a set of circumstances relating to corrosion and to deduce or synthesize a fruitful and safe course of action.

(12)

Overview of Senior Corrosion Technologist Examination

This examination is an integral part of the certification program, being one of the requirements for certification as a NACE International Senior Corrosion Technologist.

The examination is designed to ensure that the candidate has a good understanding of the theory of corrosion and corrosion prevention, has a working knowledge of all types of corrosion and means of prevention, as well as, knowledge and experience within his particular field of specialization or activity.

Also, the examination provides an objective basis on which to make a decision regarding the candidates qualifications. Without the examination, the most critical review of the candidates qualifications would still remain subjective. Furthermore, no resume of background offers a clue as to the basic information the candidate might possess. A knowledge of fundamentals is important.

The candidate is expected to be a well-rounded technical person when attaining the status of Senior Corrosion Technologist. The examination does much to establish a minimum for this knowledge.

The examination is in no way an attempt to disqualify individuals who otherwise are eligible. The program makes no attempt to find some elite among us to identify the most erudite in theory or practice, but simply to establish a minimum standard for the grade of certification. We hope all applicants are successful in attaining the status of a Senior Corrosion Technologist. All questions will be derived from information given in the texts cited. It is the individuals responsibility to learn the principles revealed in the sections specifically cited and to be able to apply them. Hopefully, individuals will find the questions straightforward and clear. Most questions are concerned only with the application of one principle to keep them concise and obvious. No attempt is made in the examination to trick or to use time in looking up some obscure passage in a book. Obviously, the questions must be read carefully, but if ambiguities exists, these are unintentional. The texts will be required during the examination as a source of data to answer the questions.

We want individuals to pass the examination and qualify for the status of Senior Corrosion Technologist.

(13)

13

Scope of Examination

The open-book examination must be taken under proctored conditions previously outlined. The examination consists of four parts:

Part I Corrosion Science/Materials Selection & Design Part II Corrosion Science/Cathodic Protection

Part III Corrosion Science/Coatings & Linings Part IV Corrosion Science/Environmental Treatment

It is expected that the answers will demonstrate a broad level of knowledge and experience in the candidate’s particular field, as well as, indicating a capability in the approach to the solution of corrosion problems outside his/her field.

Detailed Overview

Part I (2 hours)

Corrosion Science/Materials Selection & Design

Designed to exhibit a level of knowledge and understanding of corrosion science and specifically how it relates to material selection and design issues.

Part II (2 hours)

Examination on Corrosion Science/Cathodic Protection

Designed to test the applicants knowledge concerning the science and application of cathodic protection.

Part III (2 hours)

Examination on Corrosion Science/ Coatings and Linings

Designed to assess the applicants knowledge of coatings and linings technology and how it is used in corrosion control.

Part IV (2 hours)

Examination on Corrosion Science and Environmental Treatment

Designed to measure applicants knowledge of how corrosion control can be obtained by controlling the service environment.

(14)

Recommended Texts and Sources for Exam Preparation

The candidate is expected to be familiar with the material in the texts and sources. The applicant must provide his own texts during the examination.

*Dillon, C.P., Forms of Corrosion - Recognition and Prevention, NACE Handbook 1, NACE, 1982. (Item # 37531)

*Van Delinder, L.S., Corrosion Basics - An Introduction, NACE, 1984. (Item # 37518) *Munger, C.G., Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coatings, NACE, 1985 (Item # 37507) *Peabody, A.W., Control of Pipeline Corrosion, NACE, 1967. (Item # 37501)

*Treseder, R.S., Baboian, R., and Munger, C.G., NACE Corrosion Engineers Reference Book,

Latest Edition, NACE. (Item # 37523)

*Boyer, H.E., and Gall, T.L., eds., ASM Handbook: Volume 13, Corrosion, ASM International, Metals Park, OH. (Item # 37714)

*Nathan, C.C., Corrosion Inhibitors, NACE, 1973. (Item # 37515)

Atkinson, J.T.N., and Van Droffelaar, H., Corrosion and Its Control: An Introduction to the

Subject, NACE, 1994, Second Edition. (Item # 37552)

Gellings, P.J., Introduction to Corrosion Prevention and Control, Delft University Press, 1985. Hack, H.P., Corrosion Testing Made Easy : Galvanic Corrosion Test Methods, NACE, 1993. (Item # 37537)

Lawson, H.H., Corrosion Testing Made Easy: Atmospheric Corrosion Test Methods, NACE, 1994. (Item # 37554)

Sedriks, A.J., Corrosion Testing Made Easy: Stress Corrosion Cracking Test Methods, NACE, 1990. (Item # 37512)

Verink, E.D., Corrosion Testing Made Easy: The Basics, NACE, 1993. (Item # 37538) Dillon, C.P., Corrosion Control in the Chemical Process Industries, Second Edition, MTI Publication, No. 45. (Item # 37938)

Corrosion Data Survey - Metals Section, 6th Edition. (Item # 37519) Corrosion Data Survey, Nonmetals Section, 5th Edition. (Item # 37517)

Fontana, M.G., Corrosion Engineering, Third Edition, McCraw-Hill, 1986. (Item # 37711)

Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System, Seventh Edition, SAE International and

ASTM, 1993. (Item # 37731)

Moniz, B.J., and Pollock, W.I., eds., Process Industries Corrosion: The Theory and Practice, NACE, 1986. (Item # 37521)

Uhlig, H.H., Corrosion and Corrosion Control, An Introduction to Corrosion Science and

Engineering, Third Edition, John Wyley & Sons, Inc., NY, 1985. (Item # 37707)

*The above list of books can be purchased as a set or individually through NACE International by contacting NACE International Membership Services, PO Box 218340, Houston, Texas 77218-8340, USA. Phone: 281/228-6200; Fax: 281/228-6300; Email:[email protected];Online: http//www.nace.org. When ordering please refer to the item number at the end of each title. All other books listed can be purchased separately.

(15)

15 Highlight Digest of Pertinent Information in the Texts

Dillon, C.P., Forms of Corrosion - Recognition and Prevention, NACE Handbook 1, NACE, 1982. (Item # 37531)

Page Content

5 Chapter 1 - General Corrosion of Metals

General corrosion is corrosion that proceeds without appreciable localization of attack.

19 Chapter 2 - Localized Corrosion

Localized corrosion is defined as corrosive attack limited to a specific, relatively small surface area; the remaining area is largely unattacked.

45 Chapter 3 - Galvanic Corrosion

Galvanic corrosion occurs when a metal or alloy is electrically coupled to another, or to a conducting nonmetal in the same electrolyte.

56 Chapter 4 - Environmental Cracking

The combined actions of a tensile stress and a corrosion reaction is the principle characteristic of all environmental cracking phenomena. In the absence of either the tensile stress or the corrosive environment, cracking will not occur. Environmental cracking often results in brittle failure of an otherwise ductile metal.

71 Chapter 5 - Erosion-Corrosion Cavitation and Fretting

Surface damage by erosion, cavitation or fretting is often difficult to identify. There are features of each damage mode that make them subject to confusion.

89 Chapter 6 - Intergranular Corrosion

Intergranular corrosion consists of preferential attack at or adjacent to the grain boundaries of a metal or alloy.

99 Chapter 7 - Dealloying

Dealloying is a corrosion process whereby one constituent of an alloy is preferentially removed, leaving an altered residual structure.

105 Chapter 8 - High Temperature Corrosion Performance

It is somewhat difficult to categorically define “high temperature” without defining the alloy systems of interest.

Van Delinder, L.S., Corrosion Basics - An Introduction, NACE, 1984. (Item # 37518)

3 Chapter 1 - Scope and Language of Corrosion

This chapter offers a general overview of corrosion and the reasons for studying it. A glossary of corrosion-related terms is included.

23 Chapter 2 - Basics of Corrosion

Corrosion reactions are presented in the most basic terms. The influence of various factors on the initiation and advancement of corrosion in aqueous systems is discussed.

49 Chapter 3 - Metallurgy

This chapter discusses the effects of metal structure, alloying elements, mechanical working, and heat treatment on corrosion behavior.

69 Chapter 4 - Materials

The properties of a wide variety of materials (alloys and nonmetals) are compared with regard to corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.

(16)

93 Chapter 5 - Localized Corrosion

Concentrated attack in the form of pitting, erosion, cavitation, fretting, deposition, corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and dealloying is presented in this chapter.

111 Chapter 6 - Environmental Cracking

The factors involved in stress corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and liquid metal embrittlement are defined, and the metals susceptible to attack in specific environments are enumerated.

127 Chapter 7 - Inhibitors

Anodic, cathodic, and filming inhibitors are discussed, along with oxygen scavengers as means of reducing corrosion in aqueous and nonaqueous systems. Mechanisms of inhibition and examples of many practical applications are cited.

149 Chapter 8 - Corrosion by Water and Steam

Factors affecting corrosion of various materials in fresh water, soft water, boiling H2O

reactors, and superheated steam are discussed in this chapter. Several kinds of corrosion are discussed, as well as action of inhibitors and bacteria.

179 Chapter 9 - Cathodic Protection

An easy-to-understand chapter on the present-day factors in practical cathodic protection practices and important design features.

203 Chapter 10 - Underground Corrosion

Certain electrochemical aspects of corrosion are described here, together with an excellent description of how underground corrosion is controlled in various types of soil environments using various techniques.

221 Chapter 11 - Atmospheric Corrosion

This chapter summarizes metal behavior in air atmospheres throughout the world and especially in the more corrosive areas where heavy industry and salt spray may be present. Preventive measures are discussed briefly.

245 Chapter 12 - Coatings

The testing, selection, application, and use of organic and inorganic coatings for use in the atmosphere, or as linings, are described with emphasis on surface preparation and the function of the coating material.

275 Chapter 13 - High-Temperature Corrosion

This chapter covers the broad field of high-temperature corrosion, including air, flue gases, molten salts and metals, vacuum, etc. It also gives some attention to mechanical properties at high temperatures.

309 Chapter 14 - Testing and Inspection

The many methods of testing for corrosion and measuring corrosion rates described and evaluated. Necessary precautions and parameters to watch for in evaluating test results are given.

337 Chapter 15 - Design and Failure Analysis

Some common sense design features for industrial process equipment are presented with a discussion of problems that occur when these precautions are ignored. A brief description of practical ways of combating various types of corrosion is also presented. Economic considerations are emphasized.

(17)

17

Munger, C.G., Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coatings, NACE, 1985 (Item # 37507)

1 Chapter 1 - Introduction to Corrosion

Introduction; History; Early Materials; Emerging Technology; Terms; Definitions; Purposes; Modern Coatings Industry; Coatings Economics; Coating Manufacture; Complexities and Variables; Types of Coatings; The Finished Production; The Development of Protective Coatings; The Future of Protective Coatings.

19 Chapter 2 - Corrosion as Related to Coatings

Corrosion of Materials Other than Metal; Early Corrosion Studies; Fundamentals; Electrochemical Principles; Electromotive Force; Ionization; The Corrosion Cell; Oxidation and Reduction; Galvanic Corrosion; Electromotive Force Series; Galvanic Couples; Cathodic Protection; Oxygen Concentration Cells; Metal Concentration Cell; Chemical Corrosion; Mill Scale; Filiform Corrosion; Pitting Corrosion; Atmospheric Corrosion; Methods of Corrosion Control.

47 Chapter 3 - Essential Coating Characteristics

Coating Function; Essential Coating Properties; Additional Coating Properties; Types of Exposure.

63 Chapter 4 - Coating Fundamentals

Basic Coating Concepts; The Coating System; Basic Coating Formation; Coating Component Functions; Basic Coating Components

89 Chapter 5 - Corrosion-Resistant Organic Coatings

Natural Air-Oxidizing Coatings; Synthetic Oxidizing Coatings; Lacquers; Co-reactive Coatings; Heat-Condensing Coatings; 100% Solids Coatings.

129 Chapter 6 - Corrosion-Resistant Zinc Coatings

Protection by Zinc Coatings; Application of Zinc Coatings; Organic Zinc-Rich Coatings; Inorganic Zinc Coatings; Types of Zinc-Rich Coatings; Topcoating; Comparison

Summary.

173 Chapter 7 - Structural Design for Coating Use

Principle of Design for Coating Use; Coating Problems Related to Design; Summary.

193 Chapter 8 - The Substrate————Importance to Coating Life

Types of Substrates; Types of Contamination

205 Chapter 9 - Surface Preparation

Introduction; Types of Adhesion; Surface Preparation Objectives; Development of Techniques; Types of Contamination; Types of Surface Preparation; Concrete Surfaces; Other Influences on Surface Preparation Selection.

247 Chapter 10 - Application of Coatings

The Type of Coating; Preparation for Coating Application; Application Methods; Brush Application; Roller Application; Spray Application; Powder Coating; Dip Coating; Electrocoating; Multiple-Component Systems; Drying or Curing; Weather Conditions; Coating Coverage; Application Problem Areas; Cost of Application.

287 Chapter 11 - Coatings for Concrete

Introduction; Properties of Concrete; Composition of Concrete; Problems in Coating Concrete; Properties Required for Coatings Used on Concrete; Reasons for Coating Concrete; Types of Coatings for Concrete.

305 Chapter 12 - Coating Selection

Introduction; Consideration; Evaluating Operating Conditions; Compatibility; Substrate; Environment; Soil Problems; Internal Surface; Corrosive Conditions; Product

(18)

Contamination; Coating Curing; Surface Preparation; Timing; Safety; Previous Experience; Coating Cost; Coating Properties; Summary.

(19)

19

325 Chapter 13 - Coatings and Cathodic Protection

Introduction; Cathodic Protection; Coating Characteristics; Inorganic Zinc Coatings; Chemical Reactions; Consequences of Poor Coating Selection; Testing; Coating Failure; Most Common Type of Coating; Most Common Areas of Use; Coatings; Summary.

347 Chapter 14 - Coating Failures

Introduction; FormulationRelated Failures; Failures Due to Coating Selection; Substrate -Related Failures; Surface Preparation--Related Failures; Application--Related Failures; Design-Related Failures; Failures Due to Exterior Forces; Summary.

377 Chapter 15 - Coating Repair and Maintenance

Introduction; Primary Repair Considerations; Type and Extent of Failure; Adhesion; Type of Coating; Type of Substrate; Repair of Failures; Repair of Coatings; Appendix—

Procedures for Adhesion Test.

405 Chapter 16 - Safe Application of Coatings and Linings

Introduction; Changes in the Coating Industry; Primary Hazards; Fire; Explosion; Reactivity; Health Hazards; Summary; Appendix A—Safety and Environmental Control References; Appendix B—A Manual for Painter Safety.

439 Chapter 17 - Specifications

Parts of a Specification; Types of Specifications; Areas of Specification; Appendix—

Example of a Typical Specification.

459 Chapter 18 - Inspection and Testing

Variables Involved in Quality Control; Types of Coating Inspectors; What Should a Qualified Inspector Know; Areas of Coating Inspection; Inspection Equipment.

481 Chapter 19 - Typical Coating Uses

The Chemical Industry; Pulp and Paper; The Mining Industry; The Steel Industry; The Power Industry; The Food Industry; Sewage Treatment; The Transportation Industry, Specialized Uses.

*Peabody, A.W., Control of Pipeline Corrosion, NACE, 1967. (Item # 37501)

1 Chapter 1 - Preparing to be a Corrosion Engineer 3 Chapter 2 - What is Corrosion?

9 Chapter 3 - Coatings

19 Chapter 4 - Cathodic Protection - How it works 33 Chapter 5 - Criteria for Cathodic Protection

38 Chapter 6 - Survey Methods and Techniques 51 Chapter 7 - Instrumentation

94 Chapter 8 - Ground Bed Design

109 Chapter 9 - Cathodic Protection with Rectifiers

116 Chapter 10 - Cathodic Protection with Galvanic Anodes 128 Chapter 11 - Cathodic Protection with Other Current Sources 133 Chapter 12 - Stray Current Electrolysis

148 Chapter 13 - Construction Practices 164 Chapter 14 - Maintenance Procedures 173 Chapter 15 - Bacteriological Corrosion 178 Chapter 16 - Economics

(20)

Treseder, R.S., Baboian, R., and Munger, C.G., NACE Corrosion Engineers Reference Book,

Latest Edition, NACE. (Item # 37523)

Glossary

7 NACE Glossary of Corrosion-Related Terms 23 Glossary of Corrosion-Related Acronyms

Conversion Tables

28 International System of Units (Sl) 30 General Conversion Factors 32 Temperature Conversions 34 Stress Conversions

36 Approximate Equivalent Hardness Numbers and Tensile Strengths for Steel 38 Common Gage Series Used for Sheet Thickness

38 Sheet Gage—Thickness Conversions

40 Metric and Decimal Equivalents of Fractions of an Inch

Physical and Chemical Data

41 Physical Properties of Gases and Liquids 42 Physical Properties of Elements

44 Properties of Dry Saturated Steam—English Units 46 Properties of Dry Saturated Steam—Sl Units 48 Vapor Pressure of Water Below 100°C 49 Dew Point of Moist Air

54 Vapor Pressure vs Temperature for Volatile Compounds 55 Approximate pH Values at 25°C

55 Boiling Points vs Concentration of Common Corrosive Media 56 pH Values of Pure Water vs Temperature

56 Solubility of Gases in Water

57 Solubility of Air in Water and Solvents 58 Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbons 59 Thermocouple Data

Corrosion Testing

60 Hypothetical Cathodic and Anodic Polarization Diagram 61 Typical Cathodic and Anodic Polarization Diagram

62 Hypothetical Cathodic and Anodic Polarization Plots for a Passive Anode 63 Typical Standard Potentiostatic Anodic Polarization Plot

64 Data for Tafel Equation Calculations

65 Polarization Resistance Method for Determining Corrosion Rates 66 Values for the Constant B for Polarization Resistance Method 67 Standard Reference Potentials and Conversion Table

68 Electrochemical Series

74 Typical Potential-pH (Pourbaix) Diagram

75 Standard Environments for Environmental Cracking Tests 76 Specimen Types Used in Environmental Cracking Tests 77 Planned Interval Corrosion Test

78 Corrosion Rate Conversion Factors 79 Densities of Common Alloys

(21)

21

Atmospheric Corrosion

80 Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel vs Time in an Industrial Atmosphere

81 Corrosion Rates of Carbon Steel Calibrating Specimens at Various Locations 82 Corrosion of Structural Steel in Various Environments

83 Effect of Amount of Zinc on Service Life of Galvanized Sheet in Various Environments 84 Development of Rust on Zinc- and Cadmium-Plated Steels in a Marine Atmosphere 85 Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc in Various Locations as a Function of Time

86 Atmospheric Corrosion of Various Metals and Alloys 87 Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Marine Atmospheres

88 Relative Performance of Stainless Steels Exposed in a Marine Atmosphere

Seawater and Cooling Water Corrosion

89 Corrosion Factors for Carbon Steel in Seawater 90 Zones of Corrosion for Steel Piling in Seawater

91 Rates of General Wastage of Metals in Quiet Seawater

92 Suggested Velocity Limits for Condenser Tube Alloys in Seawater 93 Galvanic Series in Seawater

94 Practical Galvanic Series

95 The Major Constituents of Seawater

95 Chemical Composition of Substitute Seawater

96 Calculation of Calcium Carbonate Saturation Index (Langelier Index) 97 Water Analysis Conversion Factors

98 Common Groups of Algae

98 Common Types of Bacteria Causing Slime Problems

99 Microorganisms Commonly Implicated in Biological Corrosion 100 Microbiocides Used in Cooling Water Systems

Cathodic Protection

101 Approximate Current Requirements for Cathodic Protection of Steel 102 Design Criteria for Offshore Cathodic Protection Systems

103 Effect of Applied Cathodic Current on Corrosion and Potential of Steel in Flowing Seawater

104 Energy Capabilities and Consumption Rates of Galvanic Anode Materials in Seawater 104 Consumption Rates of Impressed Current Anode Materials

105 Platinum Consumption Rates for Cathodic Protection Anodes 106 Resistance of Galvanic AnodesDwight’s Equation

108 Typical Resistivities of Some Waters and Soil Materials 109 Properties of Concentric Stranded Copper Single Conductors 109 Temperature Correction Factors for Resistance of Copper 110 Steel Pipe Resistance

110 Alloy Pipe Resistance

111 Corrosion of Galvanized Pipe in Various Soils 112 Estimating Service Life of Galvanized Steel in Soils

Process and Oil Industries Corrosion

113 Caustic Soda Service Chart 114 Alloys for Sulfuric Acid Service 117 Alloys for Nitric Acid Service 118 Alloys for Hydrochloric Acid Service 119 Alloys for Hydrofluoric Acid Service

(22)

120 Calculated Sulfuric Acid Dewpoint in Flue Gas

121 Operating Limits for Steels in Hydrogen Service to Avoid Decarburization and Fissuring 122 Combinations of Alloys and Environments Subject to Dealloying

123 Liquid Metal Cracking

124 Stress Corrosion Cracking Systems 125 Hydrogen Degradation

126 Potential Sulfide Stress Cracking Region as Defined by the 0.05 psia Criterion

127 Maximum Temperature for Continuous Service in Dry Hydrogen Chloride and Chlorine 128 Maximum Service Temperature in Air for Stainless Steels and Alloy Steels

129 High Temperature Sulfidic Corrosion of Steels and Stainless Steels 130 High Temperature H2S/H2Corrosion of 5Cr-0.5Mo Steel

131 High Temperature H2S/H2Corrosion of Stainless Steels

132 Ash Fusion Temperatures of Slag-Forming Compounds

133 Distribution Ratio of Ammonia and Amines in Steam and Steam Condensate 134 Oilfield Corrosion InhibitorsMolecular Structures

136 Design Details to Minimize Corrosion 138 Common Types of Scale Forming Minerals 139 Chemical Cleaning Solutions for Specific Scales 140 Components of Boiler Deposits

141 Nondestructive Methods for Evaluating Materials

148 Dimensions of Seamless and Welded Wrought Steel Pipe 152 Standard Wall Steel PipeDimensions, Capacities, and Weights

Metallic Materials

153 Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys 154 Common Names of UNS Alloys

156 Comparable Alloy Designations

Compositions and Typical Mechanical Properties 158 Aluminum Alloys

160 Copper Alloys

162 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 164 Cast Irons

165 Cast Heat Resistant Stainless Steels 166 Cast Corrosion Resistant Stainless Steels 168 Austenitic Stainless Steels

170 Austenitic Stainless Steels (High Mn) 171 Martinsitic Stainless Steels

172 Ferritic Stainless Steels 174 Duplex Stainless Steels

176 Precipitation-Hardenable Stainless Steels 178 Nickel Alloys

180 CrMo Nickel Alloys 184 Cobalt Alloys

186 Refractory Alloys (Mo, Cb, Ta, W, Zr) 187 Titanium Alloys

188 Lead Alloys 188 Magnesium Alloys

189 Precious Metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd) 189 Zinc Alloys

(23)

23

(24)

192 Maximum Allowable Stress in Tension (ASME Code) 192 Aluminum Alloys

192 Copper Alloys

193 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 194 Stainless Steels

196 Nickel Alloys

197 Titanium and Zirconium Alloys 198 Creep Strength of Metals

200 Temper DesignationsCopper Alloys 201 Temper DesignationsMagnesium Alloys 202 Temper DesignationsAluminum Alloys 205 Melting Temperatures of Common Alloys

206 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Common Alloys 207 Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram

208 Critical Transformation Temperatures for Steels 209 Temper and Radiation Color of Carbon Steel

210 Annealing Temperatures for Austenitic Stainless Steels and Related Alloys 211 Annealing Treatments for Ferritic Stainless Steels

211 Annealing Temperatures and Procedures for Martensitic Stainless Steels

212 Schoefer Diagram for Estimating Ferrite Content in Austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni Alloy Castings 213 Delta Ferrite Content of Stainless Steel Weld Metals

214 Overview of Joining Processes

218 Preheat Temperatures for Welding Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 220 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steels

222 Filler Metals Suitable for Welding Joints Between Dissimilar Austenitic Stainless Steels 223 Electrodes and Filler Metals for Dissimilar Joints Between Nickel Alloys and Other Metals

Nonmetallic Materials

224 Typical Property Ranges for Plastics 230 Properties of Elastomers

234 Oxygen and Water Permeability in Plastic Films 236 Polyethylene Line PipeDimensions and Properties 238 PVC and CPVC Line PipeDimensions and Properties

240 Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Line PipeDimensions and Properties 242 Types of Portland Cement

243 Chemical Requirements for Portland Cement 244 Hydraulic Cements

245 Chemical Resistant Mortars and Grouts 246 Properties of Graphite and Silicon Carbide 246 Properties of Glass and Silica

247 Properties of High Temperature Refractories

248 Typical Properties of Ceramic Bricks and Chemical Stoneware

Protective Coatings

250 Surface Preparation Standards 251 Abrasive/Profile Comparative Chart

252 Summary of SSPC Surface Preparation Specifications

253 Comparative Maximum Heights of Profile Obtained with Various Abrasives 254 Properties of Abrasives

(25)

25

256 Alkyd CoatingsProperties 257 Solvent Dry LacquersProperties 258 Epoxy CoatingsProperties 259 100% Solids CoatingsProperties 260 Urethane CoatingsProperties

261 Heat-Condensing CoatingsProperties 262 Coalescent-Emulsion CoatingsProperties 263 Zinc CoatingsSummary of Properties 264 Zinc CoatingsProperties

266 Compatibility of Coating Materials with Various Primers 267 Resistant Properties of Binders for Coatings

268 Properties of Generic Coatings for Atmospheric Service 270 Temperature Limits of Coatings

270 Radiation Toleration of Coatings

271 Coefficient of FrictionSlip Factors for Various Coatings and Surface Finishes 272 Chemical Resistance of Coatings for Immersion Service

276 Typical Physical Properties of Coatings for Concrete

278 Dry Film Thickness of Coatings as a Function of Solids Content and Coverage Rate 279 Effect of pH on Corrosion of Zinc in Aerated Aqueous Solutions

280 Rust Preventives 282 Pressure Loss in Hose

284 Approximate Square Feet per Linear Foot and per Ton for Different Steel Members 288 Surface Area per Ton of Steel for Various Types of Construction

289 Square Feet of Area and Gallon Capacity per Foot of Depth in Cylindrical Tanks 290 Properties of Flammable Liquids Used in Paints and Lacquers

291 Do’s and Don’ts for Steel Construction to be Coated 292 Surface Finishing of Welds in Preparation for Lining

Standards

294 Standards Organizations

296 Metallic Materials SpecificationsAPI, ASTM, CSA 300 Nonmetallic Materials SpecificationsAPI, ASTM, AWWA 301 Nonmetallic Materials StandardsASTM

301 Protective CoatingsNACE, ASTM, SSPC

305 Pipeline CoatingsNACE, ASTM, AWWA, CSA, DIN 306 Metallic and Anodic CoatingsASTM

306 Cathodic ProtectionNACE, ASTM 307 Atmospheric CorrosionASTM 307 Oil ProductionNACE, API 309 Oil ProductsASTM 309 Automotive, AircraftASTM

309 Process and Power IndustriesNACE, ASTM, API 311 GeneralNACE, ASTM

312 ElectrochemistryASTM 312 Localized CorrosionASTM

312 Erosion, Wear, and AbrasionASTM 313 Environmental CrackingASTM

(26)

Boyer, H.E., and Gall, T.L., eds., ASM Handbook: Volume 13, Corrosion, ASM International, Metals Park, OH. (Item # 37714)

15 Fundamentals of Corrosion

17 Introduction

18 Thermodynamics of Aqueous Corrosion 29 Kinetics of Aqueous Corrosion

37 Effects of Environmental Variables on Aqueous Corrosion 45 Effects of Metallurgical Variables on Aqueous Corrosion 50 Fundamentals of High-Temperature Corrosion in Molten Salts 56 Fundamentals of High-Temperature Corrosion in Liquid Metals 61 Fundamentals of Corrosion in Gases

77 Forms of Corrosion

79 Introduction 80 General Corrosion 104 Localized Corrosion

123 Metallurgically Influenced Corrosion 136 Mechanically Assisted Degradation 145 Environmentally Induced Cracking 191 Corrosion Testing and Evaluation

193 Planning and Preparation of Corrosion Tests 197 In-Service Monitoring

204 Simulated Service Testing 212 Laboratory Testing

229 Evaluation of Uniform Corrosion 231 Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion 234 Evaluation of Galvanic Corrosion 239 Evaluation of Intergranual Corrosion 242 Evaluation of Exfoliation Corrosion 245 Evaluation of Stress-Corrosion Cracking 283 Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement 291 Evaluation of Corrosion Fatigue 303 Evaluation of Crevice Corrosion 311 Evaluation of Erosion and Cavitation 314 Evaluation of Microbiological Corrosion

316 Interpretation and Use of Corrosion Test Results 319 Designing to Minimize Corrosion

321 Materials Selection

338 Design Details to Minimize Corrosion 344 Corrosion of Weldments

369 Corrosion Economic Calculations 375 Corrosion Protection Methods

377 Fundamentals of Corrosion Protection Aqueous Solutions 380 Cleaning for Surface Conversion

383 Phosphate Conversion Coatings 389 Chromate Conversion Coatings 396 Aluminum Anodizing

(27)

27

(28)

432 Hot Dip Coatings 446 Porcelain Enamels

453 Chemical-Setting Ceramic Linings 456 CVD/PVD Coatings

459 Thermal Spray Coatings 463 Anodic Protection 466 Cathodic Protection

478 Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Production 485 Corrosion Inhibitors for Crude Oil Refineries

487 Control of Environmental Variables in Water Recirculating Systems 498 Surface Modification

507 Corrosion of Specific Alloy Systems

509 Carbon Steels 531 Alloy Steels 547 Stainless Steels 566 Cast Irons 573 Cast Steels

583 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 610 Copper and Copper Alloys 641 Nickel-Base Alloys

658 Cobalt-Base Alloys

669 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 707 Zirconium and Hafnium 722 Niobium and Niobium Alloys 725 Tantalum

740 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 755 Zinc

770 Tin and Tin Alloys 784 Lead and Lead Alloys 793 Noble Metals

808 Beryllium

813 Uranium and Uranium Alloys 823 Powder Metallurgy Materials 846 Cemented Carbides

859 Metal Matrix Composites 864 Amorphous Metals

871 Electroplated Hard Chromium 876 Brazed Joints

887 Clad Metals

891 Corrosion in Specific Industries and Environments

893 Marine Corrosion 927 Nuclear Power Industry 985 Fossil Fuel Power Plants 1011 Automotive Industry 1019 Aircraft Industry 1058 Aerospace Industry 1107 Electronics Industry 1127 Telephone Cable Plants 1134 Chemical Processing Industry

(29)

29

1186 Pulp and Paper Industry 1221 Brewery Industry 1226 Pharmaceutical Industry

1232 Petroleum Production Operations

1262 Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations 1288 Pipelines

1293 Mineral Industry 1299 Structures

1311 Metal Processing Equipment

1317 Batteries and Fuel-Cell Power Sources 1324 Metallic Implants and Prosthetic Devices 1336 Dental Alloys

1367 Emission-Control Equipment 1371 Metric Conversion Guide

Nathan, C.C., Corrosion Inhibitors, NACE, 1973. (Item # 37515)

1 Scope and Importance of Inhibitor Technology

7 Theoretical Aspects of Corrosion Inhibitors and Inhibition 28 Methods of Evaluation and Testing of Corrosion Inhibitors

Corrosion Inhibitors in Refineries and Petrochemical Plants

42 Part 1

55 Part 2 - Control of Fouling

61 Corrosion Inhibitors in Petroleum Production Primary Recovery 76 Corrosion Inhibition in Secondary Recovery

89 Control of Internal Corrosion of Pipelines Carrying Refined Petroleum Products 95 Control of Internal Corrosion of Pipelines Carrying Crude Oil

96 Inhibition of Natural Gas Pipelines

98 Inhibition of Tanks and Other Structures Handling Crude Petroleum 100 Inhibition of Tankships Transporting Refined Petroleum Products 102 Controlling Corrosion in Petroleum Drilling and in Packer Fluids 114 Inhibitors for Potable Water

126 Inhibition of Cooling Water 148 Inhibitors in Desalination Systems 156 Inhibitors in Acid Systems

173 Application of Inhibitors in Automobiles and Their Environment 190 Inhibitors in Organic Coatings

196 Inhibition and Corrosion Control Practices for Boiler Waters Inhibitors for Temporary Protection

220 Part 1 - Oil and Grease Coatings

224 Part 2 - Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 228 Microbiological Corrosion and Its Control

236 Controlling Corrosion in Pulp and Paper Mills 240 Inhibition of Aluminum

(30)

(31)

31

Atkinson, J.T.N., and Van Droffelaar, H., Corrosion and Its Control: An Introduction to the

Subject, NACE, 1994, Second Edition. (Item # 37552)

1 Chapter 1 - Electrochemical Background for Corrosion 23 Chapter 2 - Electrochemistry of Corrosion Cells

37 Chapter 3 - Metallurgical Aspects of Corrosion and Its Control 47 Chapter 4 - The Corrosion Product as a Factor in Corrosion Control 67 Chapter 5 - Oxidation and High Temperature Corrosion

83 Chapter 6 - Synergistic Modes of Attack

105 Chapter 7 - Control Measures - Modification of the Environment 125 Chapter 8 - Control Measures - Protective Coatings

141 Chapter 9 - Control Measures - Action at the Design State 149 Chapter 10 - Corrosion Economics

165 Chapter 11 - Corrosion Testing

179 Chapter 12 - Detecting and Monitoring Corrosion 195 Chapter 13 - Regulations and Specifications 203 Chapter 14 - Safety and the Corrosion Engineer 219 Chapter 15 - Engineering Materials

263 Chapter 16 - Stainless Steels 289 Chapter 17 - Failure Analysis

311 Chapter 18 - Computers in the Practice of Corrosion

Gellings, P.J., Introduction to Corrosion Prevention and Control, Delft University Press, 1985.

1 Chapter 1 - Definition and Importance of Corrosion

1 Definition of Corrosion 2 Importance of Corrosion

3 Corrosion Resistance and Materials Selection 4 General Plan of the Book

5 References 5 Problems

6 Chapter 2 - The Driving Force for Corrosion Reactions

6 Introduction

8 Thermodynamics of Oxidation Reactions 8 Reactions in Solution

9 Electrochemical Cells

11 Electrodes and Electrode Potentials

13 Electrochemical Series and Their Applications 16 Potential-pH Diagrams

21 Limitations of Thermodynamic Consideration 22 Summary

26 Chapter 3 - The Rates of Electrochemical Reactions

26 Introduction

(32)

29 Polarization of Single Polarization 30 Charge-Transfer Polarization 32 Diffusion Polarization

33 Passivity and Polarization 35 Summary

36 Problems

37 Chapter 4 - Rates of Electrochemical Corrosion Reactions

37 Introduction

39 Polarization Diagrams for Polyelectrodes 41 Corrosion in Acid Solutions

45 Corrosion in Neutral Solutions: ‘Oxygen Corrosion’ 47 Influence of Electrolyte Resistivity on Corrosion Rate 49 Bimetallic Corrosion

51 Cathodic Protection 54 Passivity

58 Problems

59 Chapter 5 - Characteristic Forms of Electrochemical Corrosion

59 Introduction

59 Rusting and Atmospheric Corrosion of Iron and Steel 63 Pitting Corrosion

66 Crevice Corrosion and Deposit Attach 67 Selective Dissolution

69 Intercrystalline Corrosion

73 Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue 77 Erosion and Cavitation Corrosion. Impingement Attack 81 Fretting Corrosion

82 Concluding Remarks 82 References

83 Chapter 6 - Prevention and Control of Electrochemical Corrosion

83 Introduction

83 Obtaining and Using Corrosion Data 85 Protective Coatings

85 Metallic Coatings

88 Inorganic Non-metallic Coatings 89 Organic Coatings

91 Temporary Corrosion Preventives 92 Designing Against Corrosion

97 The Economics of Corrosion Control 101 References

102 Chapter 7 - High Temperature Oxidation and Its Control

102 Introduction

103 Kinetic Equations for High Temperature Oxidation 105 Parabolic Oxidation

106 Rate of Parabolic Oxidation

109 Prevention and Control of High Temperature Oxidation 112 Dew Point Corrosion

(33)

33

Hack, H.P., Corrosion Testing Made Easy : Galvanic Corrosion Test Methods, NACE, 1993. (Item # 37537)

1 Chapter 1 - Introduction

1 The Nature of Galvanic Corrosion 2 Galvanic Corrosion Testing 2 Galvanic Corrosion Theory 2 The Importance of Theory 2 Electricity and Corrosion

4 Determining the Rate of Corrosion 4 Current vs Corrosion - Faraday’s Law 5 Current vs Potential

6 The Galvanic Couple 7 Complicating Factors

9 References 10 Bibliography

11 Chapter 2 - Factors to Consider When Testing

11 Making the Test Resemble Reality 11 Materials 13 Environment 13 Composition 13 Dissolved Gases 14 Minor Constituents 14 Conductivity 14 Organics 14 Bio-Constituents 15 Temperature 15 Flow 16 Atmospheric Variables 16 Geometry

17 Specifics for the Forms of Corrosion 17 Duration of Test

17 Replication 18 References 18 Bibliography

19 Chapter 3 - Laboratory Testing

19 Standardized Tests 19 Accelerated Tests 19 Common Issues

20 Mounting and Electrical Connection

21 Gasketed Mounting 22 Rod Mounting 22 Partial Immersion 23 Wall Mounting 24 Epoxy Mounting 25 Press-Fit Mounting 25 Full Immersion

(34)

26 Connecting the Wire 28 Solution Volume

(35)

35

28 Basic Tests

28 Galvanic Series 33 Galvanic Couple Test 36 Polarization Tests 36 Galvanostatic Test 36 Potentiostatic Test 37 Potentiodynamic Test 38 Preexposure 39 References 39 Bibliography

41 Chapter 4 - Component Testing and Scale Modeling

41 Full-Scale Components 41 Advantages 42 Disadvantages

42 Conducting Full-Scale Component Tests

42 Geometry

42 Initial Conditions - History of Surface 42 Operating Cycle

42 Measurements 43 Scale Modeling

43 Scaling Laws 45 Simple Size Scaling

45 Scaled Conductivity Testing 46 Selecting the Type of Scaling 47 Tank Size - Wall Effects 47 Measurements

47 Choosing Full-Scale or Scale-Model Tests 47 Bibliography

49 Chapter 5 - Atmospheric Testing

49 Special Circumstances 49 Limited Electrolyte 49 Long Exposure Duration 49 Orientation

49 Wire-on-Bolt (CLIMAT) Test 49 Advantages/Disadvantages

50 Setup

50 Measurements and Interpretation 53 Plate Test

53 Advantages/Disadvantages

55 Setup

55 Preparation of Plates 56 Assembly and Exposure

57 Measurements and Interpretation 58 Washer Test

58 Advantages/Disadvantages

58 Setup

58 Preparation of Washers 60 Assembly and Exposure

(36)

61 Special Considerations in Atmospheric Testing 62 References

62 Bibliography

Lawson, H.H., Corrosion Testing Made Easy: Atmospheric Corrosion Test Methods, NACE, 1994. (Item # 37554)

1 History of Atmospheric Testing 1 Cost of Atmospheric Corrosion 1 What is Atmospheric Corrosion? 3 Common Means of Mitigation 3 References

5 Chapter 2 - Test Sites and Facility Hardware

5 Classification of Atmospheres 5 Site Selection and Preparation 6 Hardware and Terminology 11 References

13 Chapter 3 - Test Site Instrumentation

13 Typical Weather Instrumentation 15 Additional Monitoring Equipment 18 References

21 Chapter 4 - Test Site Calibration

21 Methods and Materials 21 Corrosion Mapping 22 References

25 Chapter 5 - Test Samples and Preparation

25 Sample Size and Specimen Preparation 26 Sample/Material Identification

28 Specimen Preparation 28 Record Keeping 29 Installation 29 References

33 Chapter 6 - Post Testing Procedures

33 Removal and Storage 33 Visual Evaluation 34 Cleaning

34 Mass Loss Determination 35 Pit Evaluation 35 Destructive Evaluation 35 Other Evaluations 35 Statistics 35 Reporting 36 References

(37)

37

37 Chapter 7 - Measuring Atmospheric Corrosivity

37 The CLIMAT Test

37 Preparation, Testing, and Evaluation 41 Other Attributes of the CLIMAT Test

41 Other Procedures for Measuring Corrosivity of Test Sites 42 References

45 Chapter 8 - Special Testing Procedures

45 Different Rack and Specimen Orientations 46 Sheltering

47 Measuring Galvanic Effects

49 Stress Corrosion Cracking in the Atmosphere 51 Non-Standard Test Exposures

53 References

55 Chapter 9 - ISO Atmospheric Classifications

55 Basis of Classifications 55 Corrosivity Categories 58 References

59 Chapter 10 - Atmospheric Simulation Testing

59 Cabinet Tests 61 References

63 Appendix - Planning, Instrumentation, and Evaluation of Atmospheric Corrosion Tests

(38)

*Sedriks, A.J., Corrosion Testing Made Easy: Stress Corrosion Cracking Test Methods, NACE, 1990. (Item # 37512)

1 Stress Corrosion Cracking Terminology

2 Constituents of a Stress Corrosion Cracking Test 2 Selection of a Stress Corrosion Cracking Test 4 Alloy Grain Orientation

6 Residual Stresses 7 Surface Condition 8 Weldments

11 Chapter 2 - Making and Using Uniaxially Loaded Tensile Specimens

11 Specimen Preparation

11 Constant Strain and Constant Load Tests 13 Testing Procedure

14 Assessment and Reporting of Results 15 Slow Strain Rate Tests

16 Definition of Parameters Used in Slow Strain Rate Testing 16 Testing Procedure

17 Assessment and Reporting of Results

19 Chapter 3 - Making and Using Bent-Beam Specimens

19 Two-Point Loaded Specimens 20 Three-Point Loaded Specimens 20 Four-Point Loaded Specimens 21 Double-Beam Specimens

21 Fully Supported Bent-Beam Specimens 22 Testing Bent-Beam Specimens

25 Chapter 4 - Making and Using U-Bend Specimens

25 Specimen Preparation 28 Testing Procedure

31 Chapter 5 - Making and Using C-Ring Specimens

31 Specimen Preparation 32 Stressing the Specimen

33 Stressing With Strain Gages Attached 33 Stressing Without Strain Gages 33 Stress Considerations

35 Testing Procedure

37 Chapter 6 - Making and Using Precracked Cantilever Beam Specimens

37 Terminology

37 Ensuring Plane Strain Test Conditions 39 Specimen Preparation

41 Testing Procedure 41 Determination of KISCC

(39)

39

47 Chapter 7 - Making and Using Precracked Wedge Opening-Loaded Specimens

48 Specimen Preparation

49 Relationship Between Crack Opening Displacement and KI

50 Testing Procedure 52 Reporting of Results

53 Chapter 8 - Measurement of Crack Velocities Using Precracked Specimens

53 Variation of Crack Velocity with KI

54 Using the Compact Tension Specimen

55 Determining Crack Velocity by Visual Observation

56 Determining Crack Velocity from Crack Opening Displacement Measurements 57 Determining Crack Velocity from Load Decrease Measurements

58 Using the Double Cantilever Beam Specimen

60 Using the Wedge Opening-Loaded Specimen with an Instrumented Bolt 61 Using the Double Torsion Specimen

64 Reporting of Results

67 Chapter 9 - Making and Using Blunt Notched Specimens

67 Definition of Parameters

68 Using Plane Strain Blunt Notched Cantilever Beam and Compact Tension Specimens 70 Using Other Blunt Notched Specimens

71 Chapter 10 - Laboratory Environments for Stress Corrosion Testing

71 Preparation and Control of Test Solutions 72 Ambient Pressure-Ambient Temperature Tests 72 Electrochemical Stimulation

73 Specialized Tests

73 Ambient Pressure-Elevated Temperature Tests 75 Specialized Tests

75 Elevated Pressure-Elevated Temperature Tests 76 Static Autoclave Systems

78 Refreshed Autoclave Systems

81 Chapter 11 - Stress Corrosion Testing in Industrial and Natural Environments

81 Testing in Industrial Plant Under Operating Conditions 82 Testing in Seawater

83 Testing in Atmospheric Environments

*Verink, E.D., Corrosion Testing Made Easy: The Basics, NACE, 1993. (Item # 37538)

1 Introduction: Corrosion Testing and Those Who Engage in It

1 Before We Begin

1 What Do Corrosion Research Technicians Do? 1 Typical Activities of Corrosion Research Technicians

3 Chapter 1 - General Operations and Laboratory Procedures

5 Cleanliness and Good Housekeeping 5 Contact With Spilled Chemicals 7 Eye Protection

7 Body Protection

8 Handling Volatile Liquids and Gases 10 Gas Masks and Respirators

(40)

Senior Corrosion Technologist Study Guide PDF

1

STUDY GUIDE