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THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS

Working Paper No. 5

41, 2000

Should Mergers be Controlled?

by Sven-Olof Fridolfsson and Johan Stennek

IUI, The Research Institute of Industrial Economics P.O. Box 5501

SE-114 85 Stockholm Sweden

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(26)

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(27)

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(28)

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(29)

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(30)

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(31)

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(32)

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(33)

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(35)

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(36)

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(38)

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