Sci10_TG_U3

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10

Science

Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

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Teacher’s Guide

Unit



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Science – Grade 10 Teacher’s Guide First Edition 2015

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Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC

Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD

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Development Team of the Teacher’s Guide

Authors: Herma D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre,

Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Aurelia S. Garcia, Arlen Gatpo, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Marivic S. Rosales and Nilo G. Salazar.

Reviewers: Eligio C. Obille Jr., Marlene Ferido, Ma. Helen DH Catalan,

Vic Marie Camacho, Lilia M. Rabago and Cerilina M. Maramag

Illustrators: Joseph V. Bales, Ramon C. Gatpo, Regaele A. Olarte, Marivic

S. Rosales, Ruel C. Quindoy, Antonio I. Basilla, and Jose Leo Vic O. Albaño

DepEd Specialists: Joseph R. Jacob and Maria Amparo R. Ventura

Photo Credits: Herma D. Acosta, Dave G. Angeles, Liza A. Alvarez, Ruby

D. Arre, Aurelia S. Garcia, Judith F. Marcaida, Regaele A. Olarte, Jane Chavarria and Nilo G. Salazar,

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UNIT 3. Living Things and their Environment

Introduction...164

Module 1. Coordinated Functions of the Nervous, Endocrine, and Reproductive System...165

Pre-assessment...166

The Nervous System...167

Activity 1. Break It Down!...167

The Nerve Cell...168

Control of Body Processes through the Nervous System...170

Activity 2. How Fast Is Your Reaction?...172

Activity 3. A Nervous Trip...173

The Endocrine System...176

Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones...176

Activity 4. Who’s in Control?...177

Activity 5. What Went Wrong?...179

Menstrual Cycle...181

Activity 6. Mark My Calendar!...181

Nervouse System Working Together with Endoctrine System to Maintain Homeostasis...183

Performance Task: Vidoe Making...184

Summary...185

Answers to Summative Assessment...187

Glossary...188

References and Links...189

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Module 2. Heredity: Inheritance and Variation...191

Overview...191

Answers to Pre-assessment...192

Activity 1. Getting to Know the DNA and RNA Structures...193

Activity 2. DNA Makes DNA...195

Activity 3. What’s the Message...199

Activity 4. Relay the Message...203

Activity 5. Trace the Code...207

Activity 6. Chromie Change...210

Summary...214

Answers to Summative Assessment...215

Glossary of Terms...216

References and Links...217

Module 3. Biodiversity and Evolution...221

Overview...221

Answers to Pre-assessment...222

Sources of Evidences in the Study of Evolution...223

Activity 1A. Where Do I Belong?...224

Activity 1B. What’s My Age?...226

Evolutionary Patterns from Comparative Anatomy...227

Activity 2. AHA! Analogous! Homologous!...228

Activity 3. So, Who is My Relative?...229

Activity 4. Let’s Compare...230

Activity 5. Follow The Track...232

Activity 6. Survivor...233 Performance Task...235 Summative Assessment...236 Summary of Concepts...237 Glossary...238 References...238

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Module 4. Ecosystem: Biodiversity...240

Overview...240

Pre-assessment...241

Biodiversity and Stability Activity 1. Classifying the Value of Biodiversity...242

The Ups and Downs of Population Growth...242

Limiting Factors...243

Activity 2. Dependent of Independent...245

Environmental Problems and Issues...246

Activity 3. Analyzing Environmental Issues...247

Activity 4. Biodiversity Status in the Community...248

Activity 5. Product Creation...249

Activity 6. Showcasing of Products...252

Answers to Summative Assessment...253

Glossary of Terms...254

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Re pu bl ic of th e Ph ilip pi ne s De pa rtm en t o f E du ca tio n De pE d Co m pl ex , M era lco Av en ue Pa sig C ity D ec em ber 2 01 3

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K t o 12 B AS IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M CO N CE PT UA L F R AM EW O R K Sc ien ce ed uc ati on ai m s to d eve lo p sc ien tif ic liter ac y am on g lea rn er s th at w ill pre par e th em to b e in fo rm ed a nd p ar tic ip at ive citi zen s w ho ar e ab le to m ake ju dg m en ts an d dec isi on s re gar di ng ap pl icati on s of s cien tif ic kn ow led ge th at m ay have so cial , h ea lth , o r en vi ro nm en tal im pac ts . Th e sci en ce cu rr icu lu m r eco gn izes th e pl ac e of s cien ce an d tec hn ol og y in ever yd ay hu m an af fai rs . I t in te gra tes s cien ce an d tec hn ol og y in th e so cial , ec on omi c, per so nal an d eth ica l as pec ts o f lif e. T he sc ien ce cu rr icu lu m p rom otes a str on g lin k betw ee n sc ien ce an d tec hn ol og y, in clu di ng in di gen ou s tec hn ol og y, th us p re ser vi ng o ur co un try’ s cu ltu ra l h er itag e. Th e K to 1 2 sc ien ce cu rr icu lu m w ill prov id e lea rn er s w ith a re per to ire o f c om pete nc ies im po rtan t i n th e w or ld o f w ork an d in a kn ow led ge -b as ed s oc iety. It en vi sio ns th e devel op m en t of s cien tif ica lly, tec hn ol og ical ly, an d en vi ron m en tal ly liter ate an d prod uc tive m em ber s of s oc iety w ho ar e cri tic al p rob lem s ol ver s, re sp on sib le st ew ar ds o f natu re , i nn ovati ve an d cre ati ve cit izen s, in fo rm ed d ec isi on m aker s, an d ef fec tive co m m un icators . T hi s cu rr icu lu m is d es ig ned ar ou nd th e th re e do m ai ns o f l ea rn in g sc ien ce: un der stan di ng an d ap pl yi ng s cien tif ic kn ow led ge in lo cal s ett in g as w el l a s gl ob al c on text w hen ever p os sib le, p er fo rm in g sc ie nti fic p roc es se s an d ski lls , an d de vel op in g an d dem on str ati ng s cien tif ic at titu des an d val ues . Th e ac qu isi tio n of th es e do m ai ns i s fac ilitate d us in g th e fo llo w in g ap proac hes : m ul ti/i nt er di sc ip lin ar y ap pr oac h, s cien ce -te chno lo gy -s oc iety ap proac h, c on textu al lea rn in g, p ro bl em /is su e-bas ed lea rn in g, an d in qu iry -b as ed ap pr oac h. T he ap proac hes ar e ba sed o n so un d ed uc ati on al p ed ag og y nam el y, c on str uc tivi sm , s oc ia l c og ni tio n lea rn in g m od el , l ea rn in g st yl e th eo ry, an d bra in -b as ed lea rn in g. Sc ien ce co nten t an d sc ien ce pr oc es se s ar e in ter tw in ed in th e K to 12 C urr icu lu m . Wi th ou t th e co nten t, lea rn er s w ill have di ffi cu lty ut iliz in g sc ien ce proc es s ski lls s in ce th es e proc es ses ar e be st lea rn ed in c on text . O rg an izi ng th e cu rr icu lu m ar ou nd s itu at io ns an d prob lem s th at ch al len ge an d ar ou se lea rn er s’ cu rio sity m ot ivate s th em to lea rn an d ap pre ciate s cien ce as re le van t an d us ef ul . Ra th er th an re lyi ng s ol el y on textb oo ks , var ied h an ds -o n, m ind s-on , an d hea rts -o n ac tiv iti es w ill be u sed to d evel op lea rn er s’ in ter es t an d let th em b ec om e ac tive lea rn er s. As a w ho le , th e K to 12 s cien ce cur ric ul um is le ar ne r-cen ter ed an d in qu iry -b as ed , em ph as izi ng th e us e of ev id en ce in c on str uc tin g expl an ati on s. C on cep ts an d sk ills in Li fe Sc ien ces , P hys ics , C hem istr y, an d Ear th S cien ces ar e pre sen ted w ith in cre as in g le vel s of c om pl ex ity from o ne gra de le vel to an oth er in s pi ra l p rog re ss io n, th us p avi ng th e w ay to a dee per u nd er stan di ng o f co re c on cep ts . Th e in teg ra tio n ac ro ss s cien ce to pi cs an d oth er d isc ip lin es w ill lea d to a m ean in gf ul u nd er stan di ng o f co nc ep ts an d its ap pl icati on to re al -li fe situ at io ns.

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M The Co ncep tual F ra mew or k of S ci en ce E duca ti on Deve lo pi ng a nd Demo ns tr at in g Sc ie nt ifi c A tt itude s a nd V al ue s Br ain -ba se d le ar ni ng

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M C OR E L EA R N IN G A R EA S TA N D A R D : (S CI EN CE F O R TH E EN TI R E K TO 1 2 ) Th e lea rn er s dem on str ate u nd er stan di ng o f b as ic s ci en ce co nc ep ts an d ap pl ic ati on o f s ci en ce -in qu iry sk ill s. T hey exh ib it sc ien tif ic atti tu de s an d val ue s to s ol ve prob lem s cr iti cal ly , i nn ovate ben ef ic ial p ro du cts , pro tec t th e en vi ron m en t an d co ns er ve re so urc es , en han ce th e in teg rity an d w el ln es s of p eop le, m ake in fo rm ed dec is io ns , an d en gag e in d is cu ss io ns o f re lev an t is su es th at in vo lve sc ien ce, tec hn ol og y, an d en vi ron m en t. K EY S TAG E S TAN DA R DS : (S TA N D A R D S F O R S CI EN C E L EA R N IN G A R EA S F O R K -3 , 4 -6 , 7 -10 A N D 11 -2) K – 3 4 – 6 7 – 10 11 -12 At th e en d of Gr ad e 3, th e lea rn er s sh ou ld h ave ac qu ire d hea lth fu l h ab its an d haved evel op ed c uri os ity ab ou t sel f an d th ei r en vi ro nm en t usi ng b as ic p ro ce ss sk ill s of ob se rv ing , c om m uni ca ting , co m pa rin g, c la ss ify in g, m ea su rin g, i nf er rin g an d pre di cti ng . T hi s cu rio si ty w ill hel p lea rn er s val ue sc ien ce as an im po rt an t to ol in h el pi ng th em c on tin ue to expl ore th ei r natu ra l an d ph ys ic al en vi ron m en t. T hi s sh ou ld a ls o in cl ud e de ve lo pi ng s ci en tif ic kn ow led ge or co nc ep ts . At th e en d of Gr ad e 6, th e lea rn er s sh ou ld h ave deve lo ped th e es sen tia l sk ill s of s ci en tif ic in qu iry – de si gn in g si m pl e in ves tig at io ns , u si ng ap prop riate proc ed ure , m ate ria ls an d to ol s to g ath er evi den ce, o bs er vi ng p atte rn s, de ter m in in g rel at io ns hi ps ,dr awi ng co nc lu si on s ba sed o n ev id en ce, an d co m m un ic ati ng id ea s in var ied w ays to m ake m ea ni ng o f th e ob ser vati on s an d/o r ch an ges th at o cc ur in th e en vi ron m en t. T he co nt en t an d s ki lls lea rn ed w ill b e ap pl ied to m ai nta in g oo d hea lth , en su re th e protec tio n an d im prov em en t of th e en vi ron m en t, an d pra cti ce saf ety m ea su re s. At th e en d of Gr ad e 10 , th e lea rn er s sh ou ld have devel op ed s ci en tif ic , tec hn ol og ic al , an d en vi ron m en tal li ter ac yan d can m ake th at w ou ld lea d to ra tio nal c ho ic es o n is su es co nf ron tin g th em . H avi ng b ee n expo sed to sc ien tif ic in ves tig ati on s re lat ed to re al li fe, th ey sh ou ld re co gn iz e th at th e cen tr al fea tu re of an in ves tig ati on is th at if on e vari ab le is ch an ged (w hi le co ntr ol lin g al l o th er s), th e ef fec t of th e ch an ge on an oth er vari ab le can be m ea su re d. T he co nte xt of th e in ve sti gat io n can b e prob lem s at th e lo cal o r nati on al le vel to al lo w th em to co m m un ic ate w ith le ar ner s in o th er p ar ts o f th e Ph ili pp in es o r even from oth er c ou ntr ies u si ng ap prop riate tec hn ol og y. Th e lea rn er s sh ou ld d em on str ate an un der stan di ng o f s ci en ce co nc ep ts an d ap pl y sc ien ce in qu iry ski lls in ad dre ss in gre al -w or ld prob lem s th rou gh s ci en tif ic in ves tig ati on s. At th e en d of Gr ad e 12 , th e lea rn er s sho ul d ha ve g ai ne d sk ill s in ob ta ini ng sc ien tif ic an d tec hn ol og ic al in fo rm ati on from vari ed s ou rc es ab ou t gl ob al is su es th at have im pac t o n th e co un tr y. T hey sh ou ld h ave ac qu ire d sc ien tif ic att itu des th at w ill al lo w th em to in no vate an d/ or cre ate p rod uc ts us ef ul to th e co m m un ity or co un tr y. Th ey sh ou ld b e ab le to p roc es s in fo rm ati on to g et re le van t data fo r a prob lem at han d. I n ad di tio n, le ar ner s sh ou ld h ave m ad e pl an s re late d to th ei r in ter es ts an d expe rt is e, w ith con si de ra tion for th e n ee ds o f th ei r co m m un ity an d th e co un tr y — to pu rs ue ei th er em pl oym en t, en tr ep re neu rs hi p, o r hi gh er ed uc ati on .

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G R A D E/ LE V EL G ra de -Lev el S ta nd ar ds K ind er ga rt en Th e lea rn er s w ill d em on str ate an em er gi ng u nd er stan di ng o f th e par ts o f th ei r bo dy an d th ei r gen er al f un cti on s; p lan ts , an im al s an d var ied m ate rial s in th ei r en vi ron m en t an d th ei r ob ser vab le ch ara cter is tic s; g en er al w ea th er c on di tio ns an d ho w th es e in flu en ce w hat th ey w ea r; an d oth er th in gs in th ei r en vi ron m en t. U nd er stan di ng o f th ei r bo di es an d w hat is ar ou nd th em is ac qu ire d th ro ug h expl ora tio n, q ue sti on in g, an d car ef ul o bs er vat io n as th ey in fer p atte rn s, s im ilar iti es , an d di ff er en ces th at w ill a llo w th em to m ake so un d co nc lu si on s. G ra de 1 At th e en d of Gr ad e 1, lea rn er s w ill u se th ei r sen ses to lo cate an d des cri be th e extern al p ar ts o f th ei r bo dy; t o id en tif y, e xter nal p ar ts o f an im al s an d pl an ts ; to t el l th e sh ap e, c ol or, t extu re , ta ste, an d si ze of th in gs ar ou nd th em ; to d es cri be si m ilar iti es an d di ff er en ces g iven tw o ob jec ts ; to di ff er en tiate s ou nd s pr od uc ed b y an im al s, v eh ic les c ar s, an d m us ic al in str um en ts ; to il lu str ate h ow th in gs m ov e; to , de sc rib e th e w ea th er an d w hat to d o in d iff er en t si tu ati on s; t o us e ap prop riate te rm s or vo cab ul ar y to de sc rib e th es e fea tu re s; to c ol lec t, s ort , co un t, d ra w , ta ke th in gs ap ar t, o r m ake so m eth in g ou t of th e th in gs ; to p ra cti ce h ea lth y hab its (e .g ., w as hi ng h an ds p ro per ly , ch oo si ng n utr iti ou s fo od ) an d saf ety m ea su re s (e .g ., h el pi ng to c lea n or pac k aw ay to ys , as ki ng q ues tio ns an d gi vi ng s im pl e an sw er s/ des cr ip tio ns to p rob in g qu es tio ns ). G ra de 2 At th e en d of Gr ad e 2, lea rn er s w ill u se th ei r sen ses to expl ore an d de sc rib e th e fu nc tio ns o f th ei r sen se s, co m par e tw o or m ore o bj ec ts an d us ing t w o or m ore p rop er ties , s ort th in gs in d iff er en t w ays an d gi ve a re as on f or do in g so , d es cri be th e ki nd o f w ea th er o r cer tai n even ts in th e ho m e or sc ho ol an d expr es s ho w th es e ar e af fec tin g th em , do s im pl e m ea su re m en ts o f l en gth , tel l w hy so m e th in gs ar ou nd th em ar e im po rt an t , dec id e if w hat th ey do is s af e or dan ger ou s; g ive su gg es tio ns o n ho w to p re ven t ac ci den ts at ho m e, p ra cti ce el ec tr ic ity, w ate r, an d pap er co ns er vati on , hel p ta ke car e of p ets o r of p lan ts , an d tel l s ho rt s to ries ab ou t w hat th ey do , w ha t th ey have see n, o r w hat th ey fee l. G ra de 3 At th e en d of Gr ad e 3, lea rn er s can d es cri be th e fu nc tio ns o f th e di ff er en t par ts o f th e bo dy an d th in gs th at m ake up th ei r sur ro und ing s roc ks an d so il, p lan ts an d an im al s, th e Su n, M oo n an d star s. T hey can al so c la ss ify th es e th in gs a s so lid , liq ui d or ga s. T he y can d es cri be ho w o bj ec ts m ove an d w hat m akes th em m ove. T hey can al so id en tif y so urc es an d de sc rib e us es o f lig ht, h ea t, s ou nd , an d el ec tr ic ity . Lear ner s can d es cri be ch an ges in th e co nd iti on s of th ei r su rr ou nd in gs . T hes e w ou ld lea d lea rn er s to b ec om e m ore c uri ou s ab ou t th ei r su rr ou nd in gs , ap pre ci ate n atu re , an d pra cti ce hea lth an d saf ety m ea su re s. G ra de 4 At th e en d of Gr ad e 4, lea rn er s can in ves tig ate c han ge s in s om e ob ser vab le pr op er tie s of m ate rial s w hen m ix ed w ith o th er m ate rial s or w hen fo rc e is ap pl ied o n th em . T hey can id en tif y m ate ria ls th at do n ot dec ay an d us e th is kn ow led ge to h el p m in im iz e w as te at ho m e, s ch oo l, an d in th e co m m un ity. Lear ner s can d es cri be th e fu nc tio ns o f th e di ff er en t in ter nal p ar ts o f th e bo dy in o rd er t o pra cti ce w ay s to m ai ntai n go od h ea lth . Th ey can c la ss ify pl an ts an d an im al s ac co rd in g to w her e th ey live an d ob ser ve in ter ac tio ns am on g livi ng th in gs an d th ei r en vi ron m en t. T hey can in fer th at pl an ts an d an im al s have tr ai ts th at hel p th em s urv ive in th ei r en vi ron m en t. Lear ner s can in ves tig ate th e ef fec ts o f pu sh o r pu ll on t he si ze , sh ap e, an d m ovem en t of an o bj ec t. Lear ner s can in ves tig ate w hi ch typ e of s oi l i s bes t fo r cer tai n pl an ts an d in fer th e im po rt an ce of w ate r in d ai ly ac tivi ties . Th ey lea rn ed ab ou t w hat m akes u p w ea th er an d ap pl y th ei r kn ow led ge of w ea th er c on di tio ns in m ak in g dec is io ns f or th e day . Th ey can in fer th e im po rt an ce of th e Su n to lif e on E ar th .

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G R A D E/ LE V EL G ra de -Lev el S ta nd ar ds G ra de 5 At th e en d of Gr ad e 5, lea rn er s can d ec id e w heth er m ater ial s ar e saf e an d us ef ul b y in ves tig at in g ab ou t so m e of th ei r prop er tie s. T hey can in fer th at new m ate rial s m ay fo rm w hen th er e ar e ch an ges in p rop er ties d ue to c er ta in c ond iti ons . Lear ner s have deve lo ped h ea lth fu l an d hyg ien ic p ra cti ces re late d to th e re prod uc tive sys tem af ter d es cri bi ng c han ges th at ac co m pan y pu ber ty. Th ey can c om par e di ffer en t m od es o f re prod uc tio n am on g pl an t an d an im al g ro up s an d co nd uc t an in ves tig ati on o n po lli nat io n. T hey have bec om e aw ar e of th e im po rtan ce of es tu ar ie s an d in ter tid al z on es an d hel p in th ei r pre ser vati on . Lear ner s can d es cri be th e m ovem en t of o bj ec ts in ter m s of d is tan ce an d tim e tr ave lled . Lear ner s re co gn iz e th at di ffer en t m ate rial s re ac t di ffer en tly w ith h ea t, li gh t, an d so un d. T hey can re late th es e ab ili ties o f m ate rial s to th ei r sp ec ifi c us es . Lear ner s can d es cri be th e ch an ges th at ea rt h m ate rial s un der go . T hey can m ake em er gen cy pl an s w ith th ei r fam ili es in p re par at ion for ty ph oon s. Th ey can o bs er ve patte rn s in th e natu ra l e ven ts b y ob ser vi ng th e ap pea ra nc e of th e M oo n. G ra de 6 At th e en d of Gr ad e 6, lea rn er s re co gn iz e th at w hen m ix ed to geth er , m ate ria ls m ay no t fo rm n ew o nes th us th es e m ate ria ls m ay be re co ver ed us in g d iff er en t sep ar at io n tec hn iq ues . T hey can p re par e us ef ul m ix tu re s su ch as fo od , d rin ks an d her ba l m ed ic in es . Lear ner s un der stan d ho w th e di ffer en t org an s ys tem s of th e hu m an b od y w ork to geth er . T hey can c las si fy pl an ts b as ed o n re prod uc tive str uc tu re s, an d an im al s bas ed o n th e pre sen ce or lac k of b ac kb on e. T he y can d es ig n an d co nd uc t an in ves tig ati on o n pl an t pr op ag ati on . T he y can d es cri be lar ger ec os ys tem s su ch as ra in fo re sts , c or al re ef s, an d m an gro ve sw am ps . Lear ner s can in fer th at fri cti on an d gra vi ty af fec t ho w p eopl e an d ob jec ts m ove . T he y have fo un d ou t th at hea t, li gh t, so un d, e lec tr ic ity, an d m oti on s tu di ed ea rli er ar e fo rm s of en er gy an d th es e un der go tr an sf orm ati on . Lear ner s can d es cri be w hat hap pen s du rin g ea rt hq uake s an d vo lc an ic er up tio ns an d dem on str ate w hat to d o w hen th ey oc cu r. T hey can in fer th at th e w ea th er fo llo w s a patte rn in th e co urs e of a ye ar . T hey have lea rn ed ab ou t th e so lar s ys tem , w ith em ph as is o n th e m oti on s of th e Ear th as p re re qu is ite to th e stu dy of s ea so ns in an oth er g ra de level .

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC E D UCA T IO N CU R R IC ULU M G R A D E/ LE V EL G ra de -Lev el S ta nd ar d s G ra de 7 At th e en d of Gr ad e 7, lea rn er s can d is tin gu is h m ix tu re s from s ub stan ces th rou gh s em i-gu id ed in ves tig ati on s. T hey re al iz e th e im po rt an ce of a ir tes tin g w hen c on du cti ng in ves tig ati on s. A fter s tu dyi ng h ow o rg an s ys tem s w or k toge th er in p lan ts an d an im al s in th e lo w er g ra de leve ls , lea rn er s can u se a m ic ros co pe w hen o bs er vi ng ver y sm al l o rg an is m s an d str uc tu re s. T he y rec og ni ze th at livi ng th in gs a re o rg an iz ed in to d iff er en t le vel s: Ce lls, ti ss ues , org an s, o rg an s ys tem s, an d org an is m s. T hes e org an is m s co m pri se po pu lati on s an d co m m un iti es , w hi ch in ter ac t w ith n on -li vi ng th in gs in ec os ys tem s. Lear ner s can d es cri be th e m ot io n of o bj ec ts in ter m s of d is tan ce an d sp ee d, an d re pre sen t th is in tab le s, g ra ph s, c har ts , an d eq uati on s. T hey can des cri be ho w var io us f orm s of en er gy tr av el th rou gh d iff er en t m ed iu m s. Lear ner s des cri be w hat m akes u p th e Ph ili pp in es as a w ho le an d th e re so urc es f ou nd in th e ar ch ip el ag o. T he y can expl ai n th e occu rr en ce o f bre ez es , m on so on s, an d IT CZ , an d ho w th es e w ea th er s ys tem s af fec t peopl e. T hey can exp lai n w hy sea so ns c han ge an d dem on st ra te ho w ec lip se s occu r. G ra de 8 At th e en d of Gr ad e 8, lea rn er s can d es cri be th e fac to rs th at af fec t th e m oti on o f an o bj ec t bas ed o n th e Law s of M oti on . T he y can d iff er en tiate th e co nc ep t of w ork as u sed in s ci en ce an d in la ym an ’s lan gu ag e. Th ey kn ow th e fac to rs th at af fec t th e tr an sf er o f en er gy, s uc h as tem per atu re di ff er en ce, an d th e typ e (s ol id , l iq ui d, o r ga s) of th e m ed iu m . Lear ner s can expl ai n ho w ac tive fau lts g en er ate ea rth qu akes an d ho w tr op ic al c yc lo nes o rig in ate f rom w ar m o cea n w ate rs . Th ey re co gn iz e oth er m em ber s of th e so lar s ys tem . Lear ner s can expl ai n th e beh avi ou r of m atte r in ter m s of th e par tic les it is m ad e of . T hey re co gn iz e th at in gre di en ts in f oo d an d m ed ic al p ro du cts ar e m ad e up o f th es e par tic le s an d ar e ab so rb ed b y th e bo dy in th e fo rm of io ns . Lear ner s re co gn iz e re prod uc tio n as a proc es s of c el l d iv is io n re su lti ng in g rowth o f org an is m s. T hey have del ve d dee per in to th e proc es s of di ges tio n as s tu di ed in th e lo w er g ra des , gi vi ng em ph as is o n prop er n utr iti on f or over al l w el ln es s. T hey can p art ic ip ate in ac tivi ties th at protec t an d co ns er ve ec on om ic al ly im po rt an t sp ec ie s us ed f or fo od . G ra de 9 At th e en d of Gr ad e 9, lea rn er s have gai ned a a dee per u nd er stan di ng o f th e di ges tive, re sp ira to ry, an d ci rc ul ato ry sy stem s to p rom ot e over al l hea lth . Th ey ha ve bec om e fam ili ar w ith s om e tec hn ol og ies th at in tr od uc e des ire d tr ai ts in ec on om ic al ly im po rt an t pl an ts an d an im al s. Lear ner s can expl ai n ho w n ew m ate rial s ar e fo rm ed w hen atom s ar e re ar ra ng ed . Th ey re co gn iz e th at a w id e var iety of u sef ul c om po un ds m ay ar is e from su ch re ar ra ng em en ts . Lear ner s can id en tif y vo lc an oe s an d di sti ng ui sh b etw ee n ac tive an d in ac tive on es . T hey can exp lai n ho w en er gy from vo lc an oes m ay be tap ped fo r hu m an u se. T hey ar e fam ili ar w ith c lim ati c ph en om en a th at oc cu r on a gl ob al s cal e. T hey can exp lai n w hy cer tai n co ns tel la tio ns c an b e see n on ly at c er ta in ti m es o f th e year . Lear ner s can p re di ct th e ou tc om es o f in ter ac tio ns am on g ob jec ts in re al li fe ap pl yi ng th e law s of c on ser vat io n of en er gy an d m om en tu m .

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G R A D E/ LE V EL G ra de -Lev el S ta nd ar ds G ra de 1 0 At th e en d of Gr ad e 10 , l ea rn er s re al iz e th at vo lc an oes an d ea rt hq uakes o cc ur in th e sam e pl ac es in th e w or ld an d th at th es e ar e re late d to p late bo un dar ies . T hey can d em on str ate w ay s to en su re s af ety an d re du ce dam ag e du rin g ea rt hq uakes , ts un am is , a nd vo lc an ic er up tio ns . Le ar ner s can expl ai n th e fac to rs af fec tin g th e bal an ce an d stab ili ty of an o bj ec t to h el p th em p ra cti ce ap prop riate p os iti on s an d m ove m en ts t o ac hi eve ef fic ien cy an d saf ety su ch as in s po rt s an d dan ci ng . T hey can an al yz e si tu at io ns in w hi ch en er gy is h ar nes sed fo r hu m an u se w her eb y hea t is re lea sed , af fec tin g th e ph ys ic al an d bi ol og ic al c om po ne nts o f th e en vi ron m en t. L ea rn er s w ill h ave co m pl ete d th e stu dy of th e en tire o rg an is m w ith th ei r dee per s tu dy of th e exc re to ry an d re prod uc tive sys tem s. T hey can exp lai n in g re ate r deta il ho w g en eti c in fo rm ati on is p as sed f rom par en ts to o ff sp rin g, an d ho w d iver si ty of s pec ies in cre as es th e prob ab ili ty of ad ap tati on an d su rvi va l i n ch an gi ng en vi ron m en ts . Lear ner s can expl ai n th e im po rt an ce of c on tr ol lin g th e co nd iti on s un der w hi ch a ch em ic al re ac tio n oc cu rs . Th ey re co gn iz e th at cel ls an d tis sue s of t he hum an bo dy ar e m ad e up o f w ate r, a few ki nd s of io ns , an d bi om ol ec ul es . T hes e bi om ol ec ul es m ay al so b e fo un d in t he fo od th ey ea t. S EQU EN C E OF D OM A IN /S TR A N D S P ER QU A R TE R G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G1 0 1 st Q uar ter M atte r M atte r M atte r M atte r M atte r Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Ear th & S pa ce 2 nd Q uar ter Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Ear th & S pac e M atte r Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy 3 rd Q uar ter Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy Fo rc e, M ot io n & En ergy Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy M atte r Ear th & S pac e Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t 4 th Q uar ter Ear th & S pac e Ear th & S pac e Ear th & S pac e Ear th & S pac e Ear th & S pa ce Li vi ng T hi ng s an d Th ei r En vi ron m en t Fo rc e, M ot io n, & En ergy M atte r

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K t o 12 B A SI C ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M SP IR A LL IN G OF C ON C EP TS G R A D E 3 – G R AD E 10 M A TTE R G ra de 3 G ra de 4 G ra de 5 G ra de 6 PR O PE R TI ES O F M A TT ER Wh en lea rn er s o bs er ve di ffer en t ob jec ts an d m ate rial s, th ey bec om e aw ar e of th ei r di ffer en t ch ar ac ter is tic s su ch as sh ap e, w ei gh t, def in iten es s of v ol um e an d ea se of fl ow . U si ng c har ac ter is tic s, ob jec ts an d m ate rial s can b e grou ped in to s ol id s, li qu id s or g as es . As ide fr om be in g gr ou pe d in to so lid s, li qu id s, o r ga se s, m at er ia ls m ay al so b e grou ped ac co rd in g to th ei r ab ili ty to ab so rb w ate r, ab ili ty to flo at or si nk , an d w heth er th ey dec ay or no t Af ter lea rn in g ho w to re ad an d in ter pre t prod uc t lab el s, le ar ner s can c riti ca lly dec id e w heth er th es e m ate ria ls ar e har m fu l o r no t. The y can al so d es cri be w ays in w hi ch th ey can u se th ei r kn ow led ge of s ol id s an d liq ui ds in m ak in g us ef ul m at er ia ls a nd prod uc ts . In Gr ad e 4, th e lea rn er s have ob ser ved th e ch an ges w hen m ix in g a so lid in a liq ui d or a liq ui d in a no th er li qu id . Fro m th es e in ves tig ati on s, lea rn er s can n ow des cri be th e ap pea ra nc e of m ix tu re s as uni fo rm or no n-un ifo rm an d cl as si fy th em as ho m og en eou s or hete ro gen eou s m ix tu re s. CHA N G ES T H A T M A TT ER UN D ER G O U si ng th e ch ar ac ter is tic s ob ser ved am on g so lids , l iqu ids , a nd ga se s, lea rn er s in ve sti gate w ay s in w hi ch s ol id tu rn s in to li qu id , s ol id in to g as , l iq ui d in to g as , a nd li qu id in to s ol id , a s af fec ted b y te m per atu re . Ch an ges in s om e ch ar ac ter is tic s of s ol id m ate rial s can b e ob ser ved w hen th es e ar e ben t, h am m er ed , pr es se d, a nd cut . After in ves tig ati ng th e ch an ges in so m e ob ser vab le ch ar ac ter is tic s of m ate rial s du e to tem per atu re in Gr ad e 3, lea rn er s can n ow in qu ire ab ou t ch an ges o bs er ved w hen a so lid is m ix ed w ith a liq ui d or w he n a liq ui d is m ix ed w ith an oth er li qu id . Lear ner s lea rn th at so m e ch an ges in th e ch ar ac ter is tic s of a prod uc t su ch as fo od o r m ed ic in e m ay af fec t its q ual ity. O ne w ay of fin di ng ou t is by r ea di ng an d in ter pre tin g prod uc t lab el s. T hi s in fo rm ati on h el ps th em d ec id e w hen th es e prod uc ts b ec om e ha rm ful . In G rad e 4, lea rn er s in ves tig ate d ch an ges in m ate rial s th at take pl ac e at c er tai n co nd iti ons , s uc h as a pp ly ing fo rc e, m ix ing m ate rial s, an d ch an gi ng th e tem per atu re . I n Gr ad e 5, th ey in ves tig ate c han ges th at take pl ace und er t he fo llo w ing c ond iti ons : pre sen ce or lac k of o xyg en ( in ai r) , an d ap pl yi ng h ea t. T hey lea rn th at so m e of th es e co nd iti on s can re su lt in a new prod uc t. K no w in g th es e co nd iti on s en ab le th em to ap pl y th e “5R m eth od ” (r ec yc lin g, redu ci ng, r eu si ng, r ec ov eri ng an d repa iri ng) at ho m e an d in s ch oo l. Bas ed o n th e ch ar ac ter is tic s of th e co m po nen ts of a hete rog en eou s m ix tu re , l ea rn er s in ves tig ate w ay s of s ep ar at in g th es e co m po nen ts from th e m ix tu re . T hey w ill in fer th at th e ch ar ac ter is tic s of ea ch o f th e co m po nen ts re m ai n th e sam e even w hen th e com pon en t is p ar t o f th e m ix tu re .

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G ra de 7 G ra de 8 G ra de 9 G ra de 1 0 P RO P ER TI ES A N D S TRU C TU RE O F MA TT ER In Gr ad e 6, lea rn er s lea rn ed h ow to di st ing ui sh ho m og en ous f ro m hete rog en eou s m ix tu re s. I n Gr ad e 7, lea rn er s in ve sti gate p rop er ties o f so lu tio ns th at ar e ho m og en eou s m ix tu re s. T hey lea rn h ow to e xp re ss co nc en tr ati on s of s ol uti on s qu al itat ivel y an d qu an titati vel y. T he y di sti ng ui sh m ix tu re s from s ub st an ces bas ed o n a set of p rop er tie s. Lear ner s beg in to d o gu id ed an d se mi -g ui ded in ves tig ati on s, m aki ng sur e th at th e expe rim en t th ey ar e co nd uc tin g is a fai r te st. U si ng m od el s, lea rn er s le ar n th at m atte r is m ad e up o f par tic les , th e sm al le st of w hi ch is th e atom . Th es e par tic les ar e to o sm al l to be see n th rou gh a m ic ros co pe . Th e prop er ties o f m ate ria ls th at th ey ha ve ob ser ved in ea rli er g ra des c an n ow b e expl ai ned b y th e typ e of p ar tic les in vo lved an d th e attr ac tio n betw ee n th es e par tic les . U si ng th ei r un der stan di ng o f atom ic str uc tu re lea rn ed in Gr ad e 8, lea rn er s des cri be ho w at om s can f orm u ni ts cal led m ol ec ul es . Th ey al so le ar n ab ou t io ns . Fu rt her , th ey exp lai n ho w a to m s fo rm b on ds (i on ic an d co val en t) w ith oth er atom s by th e tr an sf er o r sh ar in g of el ec tr on s. They al so lea rn th at th e fo rc es h ol di ng m eta ls t og eth er ar e cau sed b y th e attr ac tio n betw ee n flo w in g el ec tr on s an d th e po si tivel y ch ar ged m eta l i on s. Lear ner s exp lai n ho w c oval en t bo nd in g in c ar bo n fo rm s a w id e vari et y of ca rb on co m po und s. Reco gn iz in g th at m atte r co ns is ts o f an extrem el y lar ge nu m ber o f ver y sm al l par tic les , co un tin g th es e par tic les is no t pra cti cal . So , le ar ner s ar e in tr od uc ed to th e un it— m ol e. Lear ner s in ve sti gate h ow g as es b eh ave in di ff er en t co nd iti on s ba sed o n th ei r kn ow led ge of th e m ot io n of an d di stan ces betw ee n gas p ar tic les . Lear ner s th en co nf irm w heth er th ei r expl an at io ns ar e co ns is ten t w ith th e Ki net ic M ol ec ul ar Th eory . Th ey al so lea rn th e re lati on sh ip s betw ee n vo lu m e, t em per atu re , an d pre ss ure u si ng e stab lis hed g as law s. In Gr ad e 9, lea rn er s lea rn ed th at th e bo nd in g ch ar ac ter is tic s of c ar bo n re su lt in th e fo rm ati on o f lar ge vari ety of co m po un ds . In Gr ad e 10 , th ey lea rn m ore ab ou t th es e co m po un ds th at in cl ud e bi om ol ec ul es s uc h as c ar bo hyd ra tes , lip id s, protei ns , an d nu cl ei c ac id s. Fu rt her , th ey w ill re co gn iz e th at th e str uc tu re o f th es e co m po un ds c om pr is es r epe at in g un its th at ar e m ad e up o f a lim ited n um ber o f el em en ts s uc h as c ar bo n, h yd rog en , ox yg en , an d ni tr og en . CHA N G ES T H A T M A TT ER UN D ER G O Lear ner s re co gn iz e th at m ate rial s co m bi ne in var io us w ays an d th rou gh di ff er en t proc es ses , co ntr ib uti ng t o th e w id e vari et y of m ate rial s. G iven th is d iver si ty, th ey re co gn iz e th e im po rt an ce of a cl as si fic ati on s ys tem . Th ey bec om e fam ili ar w ith el em en ts an d co m po un ds , m et al s an d no n-m eta ls , an d ac id s an d ba ses . Furt her , lea rn er s dem on str ate th at ho m og en eou s m ix tu re s can b e sep ar at ed us ing v ar io us t ec hni que s. Lear ner s lea rn th at par tic les ar e al w ays in m oti on . T hey can n ow e xp la in th at th e ch an ge s fr om so lid to li qu id , so lid to ga s, liq ui d to s ol id , an d liq ui d to g as , in vo lv e ch an ges in th e m oti on o f an d re lati ve di stan ces b etw ee n th e par tic les , as w el l as th e attr ac tio n betw ee n th em . They al so re co gn iz e th at th e sam e par tic les ar e in vo lved w hen th es e ch an ges o cc ur. I n ef fec t, n o new s ub stan ces ar e fo rm ed . Lear ner s exp lai n ho w n ew c om po un ds ar e fo rm ed in ter m s of th e re ar ra ng em en t of p ar tic les . T hey al so re co gn iz e th at a w id e var iety of u sef ul co m po un ds m ay ari se from s uc h re ar ra ng em en ts . In Gr ad e 9, lea rn er s de sc rib ed h ow p ar tic les re ar ra ng e to f orm n ew s ub stan ces . In Gr ad e 10 , th ey lea rn th at th e re ar ra ng em en t of p ar tic les h ap pen w he n su bs tan ces u nd er go c hem ic al re ac tio n. T hey fu rt her expl ai n th at w hen th is re ar ra ng em en t hap pen s, th e to tal n um ber of atom s an d to tal m as s of n ew ly fo rm ed su bs tan ces re m ai n th e sam e. T hi s is th e Law o f Co ns er vati on o f M as s. A pp ly in g th is law , l ea rn er s lea rn to b al an ce ch em ic al eq uati on s an d so lve si m pl e m ol e-m ol e, mo le -m ass, a nd m ass -m as s prob lem s.

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K t o 12 B AS IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M LI V IN G T H IN G S A N D T H EI R E N V IR ON M EN T G ra de 3 G ra de 4 G ra de 5 G ra de 6 PA R TS A N D F U N CT ION OF A N IM AL S A N D P LA N TS In Gr ad e 3, lea rn er s ob ser ve an d des cri be th e di ffer en t p ar ts o f l iv in g th in gs fo cu si ng o n th e sen se org an s of h um an s an d th e m ore fam ili ar extern al p ar ts o f an im al s an d pl an ts . They al so e xp lo re an d des cri be ch ar ac ter is tic s of li vi ng th in gs th at di sti ng ui sh th em from n on -li vi ng thi ng s. In Gr ad e 4, th e lea rn er s ar e in tr od uc ed to th e m ajo r o rg an s of th e hu m an b od y. They al so lea rn ab ou t s om e par ts th at he lp pl an ts an d an im al s su rv ive in p lac es w her e th ey live . Af ter lea rn in g in Gr ad e 4 ho w th e m ajo r org an s of th e hu m an b od y w ork to geth er , th e lea rn er s no w fo cus o n th e org an s of th e re prod uc tive sys tem s of hu m an s, an im al s, an d pl an ts . In Gr ad e 6, lea rn er s de sc rib e th e in ter ac tio ns am on g par ts o f th e m ajo r org an s of th e hu m an b od y. They al so lea rn h ow ver teb ra te s an d in ver teb ra tes d iffe r a nd h ow n on -flo w er in g pl an ts re prod uc e, H ER EDI TY :I N H ER IT AN CE AN D V AR IAT IO N Lear ner s lea rn th at liv in g th in gs re prod uc e an d cer tai n tr ai ts ar e pas sed o n to th ei r o ffs pr in g/s . Lear ner s lea rn th at hu m an s, an im al s, an d pl an ts g o th rou gh li fe cyc les . S om e in her ited tr ai ts m ay be af fec ted b y th e en vi ron m en t at cer tai n stag es in th ei r l ife cyc les . Lear ner s lea rn h ow fl ow er in g pl an ts an d som e non -fl ow er in g pl an ts repr odu ce . They ar e al so in tr od uc ed to th e se xu al an d as exu al m od es o f re pr od uc tio n. Lear ner s le ar n ho w no n-flo w eri ng pl an ts (s po re -be ar in g an d co ne -b ea rin g pl an ts , fer ns , an d m os se s) re prod uc e. B IOD IVE R SI TY A N D E VOL U TI ON Di ffer en t ki nd s of li vi ng th in gs ar e fo un d in d iff er en t p lac es . Lear ner s in ve sti gate th at an im al s an d pl an ts liv e in s pe ci fic h ab itats . Lear ner s lea rn th at re pr od uc tive str uc tu re s ser ve as o ne of th e bas es fo r cl as sif yi ng li vi ng th in gs . Th ey lea rn th at pl an ts an d an im al s sh ar e co m m on c har ac ter is tic s w hi ch s er ve as bas es fo r th ei r c las si fic at io n. EC O SY ST EM S Lear ner s lea rn th at liv in g th in gs dep en d on th ei r en vi ron m en t f or fo od , ai r, an d w ate r t o su rvi ve. Lear ner s lea rn th at th er e ar e ben ef ici al an d har m fu l i nter ac tio ns th at oc cu r am on g liv in g th in gs an d th ei r en vi ro nm en t as th ey ob ta in th ei r b as ic n ee ds . Lear ner s ar e in tro du ced to th e in ter ac tio ns am on g co m po nen ts o f lar ger h ab itat s su ch as es tu ar ies an d in ter tid al z on es , a s w el l as th e co nd iti on s th at en ab le cer tai n org an is m s to li ve . Lear ner s ar e in tro du ced to th e in ter ac tio ns am on g co m po nen ts o f hab ita ts s uc h as tr op ic al ra in fo re sts , co ra l re ef s, an d m an grov e sw am ps .

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G ra de 7 G ra de 8 G ra de 9 G ra de 1 0 P A R TS AN D F U N C TI O N : AN IM AL AN D P LAN TS In Gr ad e 7, lea rn er s ar e in tr od uc ed to th e leve ls o f o rg an iz ati on in th e hu m an b od y an d oth er o rg an is m s. Th ey lea rn th at org an is m s co ns is t of cel ls , m os t o f w hi ch ar e grou ped in to org an s ys tem s th at per fo rm sp ec ial iz ed fu nc tio ns . In Gr ad e 8, lea rn er s ga in kn ow led ge of ho w th e bo dy bre aks d ow n fo od in to fo rm s th at can b e ab so rb ed th rou gh th e di ges tive sys tem an d tr an sp ort ed to c el ls . Lear ner s lea rn th at ga ses ar e ex ch an ged th rou gh th e re sp ira to ry sys te m . T hi s prov id es th e ox yg en n ee ded b y ce lls to re lea se th e en er gy sto re d in fo od . They al so lea rn th at di ss ol ved w as tes ar e re m oved th rou gh th e uri nar y sy stem w hi le so lid w as te s ar e el im in ate d th rou gh th e exc re to ry sys tem . Lear ner s stu dy th e co ord in ate d fu nc tio ns o f th e di ges tive, re sp ira to ry, an d ci rc ul atory sys tem s. They al so lea rn th at nu tr ien ts en ter th e bl oo ds tr ea m an d co m bi ne w ith o xyg en taken in th rou gh th e re sp ira to ry sys tem . T og eth er , th ey ar e tr an sp ort ed to th e cel ls w her e ox yg en is u sed to re lea se th e sto re d en er gy. Lear ner s lea rn th at org an is m s have fee db ac k m ec han is m s th at ar e co ord in ate d by th e ner vo us an d en do cri ne sys tem s. T hes e m ec han is m s he lp th e org an is m s m ai nta in ho m eos ta si s to re prod uc e an d su rv ive. H ER EDI TY :I N H ER IT AN C E AN D V AR IAT IO N Af ter lea rn in g ho w fl ow er in g an d no n flo w er in g pl an ts re prod uc e, Gr ad e 7 lea rn er s ar e tau gh t th at as ex ual re prod uc tio n re su lts in g en eti ca lly id en tic al o ffs pri ng w her ea s sexu al re prod uc tio n gi ve s ris e to var iat io n. Lear ner s stu dy th e proc es s of c el l d ivi si on by m ito si s an d m ei os is . T hey un der stan d th at m ei os is is an ea rly step in s exu al re prod uc tio n th at lea ds to var iat io n. Lear ner s stu dy th e str uc tu re o f g en es an d ch rom os om es , an d th e fu nc tio ns th ey per fo rm in th e tr an sm is si on o f tr ai ts from p ar en ts to o ffs pr in g. Lear ner s ar e in tr od uc ed to th e str uc tu re of th e D NA m ol ec ul e an d its fu nc tio n. They al so lea rn th at ch an ges th at take pl ac e in s ex ce lls ar e in her ited w hi le ch an ges in b od y cel ls ar e no t pa ss ed o n. B IOD IVE R S IT Y A N D E VOL U TI ON Lear ner s lea rn th at th e cel ls in s im ilar tis su es an d org an s in o th er an im al s ar e si m ilar to th os e in h um an b ei ng s bu t di ffer s om ew hat from c el ls fo un d in p lan ts . Lear ner s lea rn th at sp ec ies re fer s to a grou p of o rg an is m s th at can m ate w ith o ne an oth er to p rod uc e fer til e of fs pri ng . T hey lea rn th at bi od iver si ty is th e co llec tive vari ety of s pec ie s livi ng in an ec os ys tem . Th is s er ve s as an in tr od uc tio n to th e to pi c on h ier ar ch ic al ta xo no m ic s ys te m . Lear ner s lea rn th at m os t sp ec ies th at have o nc e exi sted ar e no w ex tin ct. Sp ec ies b ec om e ext in ct w hen th ey fai l to ad ap t to c han ges in th e en vi ro nm en t. Lear ner s re vi si t th e m ec han is m s in vo lved in th e in her itan ce of tr ai ts an d th e ch an ges th at re su lt from th es e m ec han is m s. L ea rn er s exp lai n ho w natu ra l s el ec tio n has p rod uc ed a su cc es si on o f d iver se new s pec ie s. Var iati on in cre as es th e ch an ce of li vi ng th in gs to s urv ive in a ch an gi ng en vi ron m en t. EC O S Y S TEM S Lear ner s lea rn th at in ter ac tio ns o cc ur am on g th e di ffer en t level s of org an iz at io n in ec os ys tem s. Lear ner s lea rn h ow en er gy is tr an sf orm ed an d ho w m ate rial s ar e cyc led in ec os ys tem s. Lear ner s lea rn h ow p lan ts c ap tu re en er gy from th e Su n an d sto re en er gy in su gar m ol ec ul es (p ho to syn th es is ). T hi s Lear ner s in ve sti gate th e im pac t of h um an ac tivi ties an d oth er o rg an is m s on ec os ys tem s.

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K t o 12 B AS IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G ra de 7 G ra de 8 G ra de 9 G ra de 1 0 O rg an ism s of th e sam e ki nd in ter ac t w ith ea ch o th er to fo rm p op ul ati on s; po pu lati on s in ter ac t w ith o th er po pu lati on s to fo rm c om m un iti es . st or ed en ergy is u se d by c el ls du rin g cel lu lar re sp ira tio n. T hes e tw o proc es ses ar e re late d to e ac h oth er . They lea rn h ow b io di ver sity in flu en ces th e stab ility of ec os ys tem s. FOR CE , M O TI ON A N D E N ER G Y G ra de 3 G ra de 4 G ra de 5 G ra de 6 FO R CE AN D M OT IO N Lear ner s ob ser ve an d exp lo re an d in ves tig ate h ow th in gs ar ou nd th em m ove an d c an b e m oved . T hey al so id en tif y th in gs in th ei r en vi ro nm en t th at can c au se ch an ges in th e m ovem en t o f o bj ec ts . Lear ner s no w le ar n th at if fo rc e is ap pl ied on an o bj ec t, its m ot io n, s ize, o r s hap e can b e ch an ged . T hey w ill fu rth er un der stan d th at th es e ch an ges d ep en d on th e am ou nt of fo rc e ap pl ied o n it (q ual itat ive). T hey al so lea rn th at m ag nets c an exert fo rc e on s om e ob jec ts an d m ay cau se ch an ges in th ei r m ovem en ts . Th is tim e, lea rn er s beg in to ac cu ra tel y m ea su re th e am ou nt of c han ge in th e m ovem en t o f an o bj ec t i n ter m s of its di stan ce trave lled an d tim e of tr ave l us in g ap prop riat e to ol s. As id e from th e id en tifi ed ca us es o f m oti on in Gr ad e 3, s uc h as p eopl e, an im al s, w in d, an d w ate r, lea rn er s al so lea rn ab ou t g ra vi ty an d fri ct io n as oth er c au ses o r f ac to rs th at af fec t th e m ovem en t o f o bj ec ts . EN ER G Y Lear ner s ob ser ve an d id en tif y di ffer en t so urc es o f l ig ht, he at , s ound , a nd el ec tri cit y in th ei r en vi ron m en t an d th ei r u ses in e ver yd ay lif e. Lear ner s lea rn th at lig ht, h ea t, an d so un d travel from th e so urc e. T hey per fo rm sim pl e ac tiv iti es th at dem on str at e ho w th ey travel u sin g vari ou s ob jec ts . No te: El ec tri city is no t i nc lu ded in Gr ad e 4 b ec au se th e co nc ep t o f ‘ flo w of ch ar ges ’ i s di ffi cu lt to u nd er stan d at th is gra de level . Th is tim e, lea rn er s ex pl or e ho w d iff er en t ob jec ts in ter ac t w ith li gh t, hea t, so un d, an d el ec tri city (e .g ., id en tif yi ng p oo r an d go od c on du cto rs o f e lec tri cit y us in g sim pl e cir cu its ). Th ey lea rn ab ou t th e re lat io ns hi p betw ee n el ec tri cit y an d m ag neti sm b y co ns tru cti ng an el ec tro m ag net. Th ey al so lea rn ab ou t th e ef fec ts o f l ig ht, hea t, so un d, an d el ec tri city on p eopl e. At th is gra de le vel , l ea rn er s ar e in tro du ced to th e co nc ep t o f en er gy. Th ey lea rn th at en er gy ex ists in di ffer en t f orm s, s uc h as li gh t, hea t, so un d an d el ec tri cit y , an d it can b e tran sf orm ed from o ne fo rm to an oth er . T hey dem on str ate h ow en er gy is tran sf er re d us in g sim pl e m achi ne s.

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K t o 12 B AS IC ED UCA TI ON CU RR IC ULU M Gr ade 7 Gr ade 8 Gr ade 9 Gr ade 1 0 FO RC E A ND M OT IO N Fro m a sim ple un der stan din g of m oti on , lea rn er s s tu dy mo re sc ien tif ic way s o f des cri bin g (in ter ms o f d istan ce, sp ee d, an d ac cel er ati on ) an d re pre sen tin g (u sin g m oti on d iag ra ms , c har ts, an d gra ph s) th e m oti on o f o bj ec ts in on e dim en sio n. Th is tim e, lea rn er s s tu dy th e co nc ep t o f fo rce an d its re lat ion sh ip to m ot ion . Th ey us e New to n’s Law s o f M ot ion to expl ain w hy ob jec ts mo ve (or do n ot m ove) th e way th ey do (a s d es cri bed in Gr ad e 7). T hey als o re ali ze th at if fo rce is ap pli ed o n a bo dy, w ork can b e do ne an d m ay cau se a c han ge in th e en er gy of th e bo dy. To de ep en th eir un der stan din g of m oti on , lea rn er s u se th e Law o f C on ser vati on o f Mo m en tu m to fu rth er expl ain th e m ot ion of o bj ec ts. Fro m m ot ion in o ne dim en sio n in th e pre vio us g ra de s, th ey lea rn at th is lev el ab out m ot ion in tw o dim en sio ns us ing proj ec tile m oti on as an ex am ple . Fro m lea rn ing th e bas ics o f f orc es in Gr ad e 8, lea rn er s exten d th eir un der stan din g of fo rces b y d es cri bin g ho w bal an ced an d un bal an ced fo rces , eith er b y s oli ds o r l iqu ids , af fec t th e m ovem en t, ba lan ce, an d stab ility of ob jec ts. EN ER GY Th is tim e lear ner s re co gn ize th at dif fer en t f orm s o f en er gy trave l in dif fer en t w ays — lig ht an d so un d trave l th rou gh w aves , h ea t tr av els th ro ug h m ovi ng o r v ibra tin g par tic les , an d elec tri cal en er gy travel s th rou gh m ov ing ch ar ges . In Gr ad e 5, th ey lea rn ed ab ou t th e dif fer en t m od es o f h ea t tr an sfer . Th is tim e, th ey ex pla in th es e m od es in ter m s of th e m ovem en t o f p ar tic les . Lear ner s re ali ze th at tran sfer re d en er gy m ay cau se ch an ges in th e prop er ties o f th e ob jec t. Th ey rel ate th e o bs er vab le ch an ges in tem pe ra tu re , am ou nt of cu rren t, an d sp ee d of so un d to th e ch an ges in en er gy of th e par tic les . Lear ner s exp lai n ho w co ns er vati on o f m ec han ical en er gy is ap pli ed in so me str uc tu re s, su ch as ro ller co as ter s, an d in natu ra l en viron m en ts like wate rfal ls. T hey fur the r d es cri be th e tran sfo rm ati on o f en er gy th at takes p lac e in hyd roe lec tri c po we r pl an ts. Lear ner s al so lea rn ab ou t th e re lat ion sh ip betw ee n hea t an d wo rk, an d ap ply th is co nc ep t to expl ain h ow g eoth er m al po wer plan ts op er ate . Af ter th ey have lea rn ed h ow e lec tri city is gen er ate d in po wer p lan ts, lea rn er s fu rth er d evel op th eir un der stan din g of tran sm iss ion o f el ec tri city from p ow er stati on s to h om es . Lear ner s ac qu ire m ore kn ow led ge ab ou t th e prop er ties o f l igh t a s ap pli ed in op tic al ins tru m en ts. Lear ner s al so u se th e co nc ep t o f m ovi ng ch ar ges an d m ag neti c f iel ds in expl ain ing th e pri nc ipl e beh ind g en er ator s an d m oto rs.

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K t o 1 2 B A S IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M E AR T H AN D S P AC E G ra de 3 G ra de 4 G ra de 5 G ra de 6 GE O LO GY Lear ner s w ill d es cri be w hat m ake s up th ei r en vi ron m en t, b eg in ni ng w ith th e lan df orm s an d bo di es o f w ate r fo und in th ei r co m m uni ty . Af ter fam ili ar iz in g th em sel ves w ith th e gen er al lan ds cap e, lea rn er s w ill in ves tig ate tw o co m po nen ts o f th e ph ys ic al en vi ron m en t in m or e deta il: so il an d w ate r. T hey w ill c las si fy so ils in th ei r co m m un ity u si ng s im pl e cri ter ia. T hey w ill id en tif y th e di ffer en t so urc es o f w ate r in th ei r co m m un ity. T hey w ill in fer th e im po rt an ce of w ate r in d ai ly ac tivi ties an d de sc rib e w ay s of u si ng w ate r w is el y. In th is g ra de level , l ea rn er s w ill lea rn th at our s ur ro und in gs d o no t s tay th e sam e fo re ver . F or exam pl e, roc ks u nd er go w ea th er in g an d so il is c ar ried aw ay by er os io n. Lear ner s w ill in fer th at th e su rf ac e of th e Ear th c han ges w ith th e pas sag e of tim e. Lear ner s w ill lea rn th at as id e from w ea th er in g an d ero si on , t her e ar e oth er p roc es se s th at m ay al ter th e su rf ac e of th e Ear th : ea rt hq uakes an d vo lc an ic er up tio ns . O nl y th e ef fec ts o f ea rt hq uakes an d vo lc an ic er up tio ns ar e taken up in th is g ra de le vel , n ot th ei r cau se s (w hi ch w ill b e tac kl ed in Gr ad es 8 an d 9). Lear ne rs w ill al so g ath er an d re po rt d ata o n ea rt hq uakes an d vo lc an ic er up tio ns in th ei r co m m un ity or regi on . ME TE O RO LO G Y Lear ner s w ill d es cri be th e di ffer en t typ es o f l oc al w ea th er , Af ter m aki ng s im pl e des cr ip tio ns ab ou t th e w ea th er in th e pre vi ou s gr ade , l ea rn er s w ill n ow m ea su re th e co m po nen ts o f w ea th er u si ng s im pl e in str um en ts . T hey w ill al so id en tif y tr en ds in a si m pl e w ea th er c har t. Lear ner s w ill lea rn th at th e w ea th er d oes no t stay th e sam e th e w ho le yea r rou nd . Weath er d is tu rb an ces s uc h as typ ho on s m ay oc cu r. Lear ner s w ill d es cri be th e ef fec ts o f typ ho on s on th e co m m un ity an d th e ch an ges in th e w ea th er b ef ore , d uri ng , an d af ter a typ ho on . Af ter lea rn in g ho w to m ea su re th e di ffer en t co m po nen ts o f w ea th er in Gr ad es 4 an d 5, lea rn er s w ill n ow c ol lec t w ea th er d ata w ith in th e sp an o f th e sc ho ol year . Le ar ner s w ill in ter pre t th e data an d id en tif y th e w ea th er patte rn s in th ei r co m m un ity. A ST R ON O M Y Lear ner s w ill d es cri be th e natu ra l ob jec ts th at th ey see in th e sk y. Af ter d es cri bi ng th e natu ra l o bj ec ts th at ar e see n in th e sk y, le ar ner s w ill no w fo cus o n th e m ai n so ur ce o f hea t an d lig ht on E ar th : th e Su n, its rol e in p lan t growth an d devel op m en t, an d its ef fec t on th e ac tivi ties o f h um an s an d oth er an im al s. Af ter lea rn in g ab ou t th e Su n, lea rn er s w ill no w fam ili ar iz e th em se lves w ith th e M oo n an d th e star s. T hey w ill d es cri be th e ch an ges in th e ap pea ra nc e of th e M oo n an d di sc over th at th e ch an ges ar e cyc lic al , an d th at th e cyc le is re late d to th e len gth o f a m on th . Lear ner s w ill id en tif y star p atte rn s th at c an b e see n du rin g cer tai n tim es o f th e year . In Gr ad e 6, lea rn er s w ill tu rn th ei r atte nti on to Ear th as an oth er n atu ra l o bj ec t i n sp ac e (in ad di tio n to th e Su n, M oo n, an d st ar s). Lear ner s w ill lea rn ab ou t th e m ot io ns o f th e Ear th : rotat io n an d re vo lu tio n. Lear ner s w ill al so c om par e th e di ffer en t m em ber s th at m ake up th e So lar S ys tem an d co ns tr uc t m od el s to h el p th em v is ual iz e th ei r re la tive si ze s an d di stan ces .

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K t o 12 B AS IC ED UCA TI O N CU R R IC ULU M G ra de 7 G ra de 8 G ra de 9 G ra de 1 0 GE O LO GY Lear ner s w ill ex pl or e an d lo cate p lac es us in g a co ord in at e sy stem . T hey w ill di sc over th at ou r c ou ntr y’ s lo cati on nea r th e eq uator an d al on g th e Ri ng o f Fi re in flu en ces e lem en ts o f u p Ph ili pp in e en vi ron m en t (e .g ., natu ra l re so urc es an d cli m ate ). As a res ul t o f b ei ng lo cat ed al on g th e Ri ng of Fi re , th e Ph ilip pi nes is p ron e to ea rth qu akes . U sin g m od el s, lea rn er s w ill expl ai n ho w q uakes ar e gen er ate d by fau lts . T hey w ill try to id en tif y fau lts in th e co m m un ity an d di ffer en tiate ac tive fau lts from in ac tive on es. Bei ng lo cate d al on g th e Ri ng o f Fi re , th e Ph ili pp in es is h om e to m an y vo lcan oes . U sin g m od el s, lea rn er s w ill ex pl ai n w hat hap pen s w hen vo lcan oes er up t. Th ey w ill des cri be th e di ffer en t typ es o f vo lcan oes an d di ffer en tiate ac tive vo lcan oes fro m in ac tiv e on es . T hey w ill al so exp lai n ho w en er gy fro m vo lcan oes m ay be tap ped fo r h um an u se. Us in g m ap s, lea rn er s w ill di sc over th at vo lcan oe s, ea rth qu ake ep icen ter s, an d m ou nta in ra ng es ar e no t ra nd om ly sc atte re d in d iff er en t pl ac es b ut ar e lo cate d in th e sam e are as . T hi s w ill le ad to an ap pre ciati on o f p late tec to ni cs — a th eory th at bi nd s m an y ge ol og ic proc es ses s uc h as vo lcan ism an d ea rth qu akes . ME TE O RO LO G Y Lear ner s w ill ex pl ai n th e oc cu rr en ce of atm os ph er ic ph en om en a (b re ez es , m on so on s, an d IT CZ ) th at ar e co m m on ly ex per ien ced in th e co un try as a re su lt of th e Ph ilip pi nes ’ l oc at io n w ith re sp ec t to th e eq uator , an d su rr ou ndi ng bo di es o f w at er a nd lan dm as se s. Bei ng lo cate d bes id e th e Pac ifi c O cea n, th e Ph ili pp in es is p ron e to typ ho on s. In Gr ad e 5, th e ef fec ts o f typ ho on s w er e tac kl ed . Her e, lea rn er s w ill exp lai n ho w typ ho on s devel op , h ow typ ho on s ar e af fec ted b y lan df orm s an d bo di es o f w ate r, an d w hy typ ho on s fo llo w c er tai n path s as th ey m ove w ith in th e Ph ilip pi ne Are a of Re sp on sib ilit y. In th is gra de level , l ea rn er s w ill di st in gu ish betw ee n w ea th er an d cli m ate . T hey w ill expl ai n ho w d iff er en t f ac to rs af fec t th e cli m ate o f an ar ea . T hey w ill al so b e in tro du ced to c lim ati c ph en om en a th at oc cu r over a w id e ar ea (e .g ., El N iñ o an d gl ob al wa rm in g) . N ot e: T he th eory of p late tec to ni cs is th e so le to pi c in E ar th an d Sp ac e in Gr ad e 10 . T hi s is bec au se th e th eory bi nd s m an y of th e to pi cs in pre vi ou s gra de leve ls, an d m ore tim e is nee ded to exp lo re co nn ec tio ns an d dee pen lea rn er s’ un de rs ta ndi ng. AS TR ON O M Y Lear ner s w ill ex pl ai n th e oc cu rr en ce of th e sea so ns an d ec lip ses as a re su lt of th e m oti on s of th e Ear th an d th e M oo n. U sin g m od el s, lea rn er s w ill expl ai n th at b ec au se th e Ear th re vo lve s ar ou nd th e Su n, th e sea so ns c han ge, an d bec au se th e M oo n re vo lves ar ou nd th e Ear th , ec lip se s so m et im es o cc ur. Lear ner s w ill co m pl ete th ei r s urve y of th e So lar S ys tem b y des cri bi ng th e ch ar ac ter isti cs o f as ter oi ds , c om ets , an d oth er m em ber s of th e So lar S ys tem . Lear ner s w ill no w lea ve th e So lar S ys tem an d lea rn ab ou t th e star s beyo nd . T hey w ill i nf er th e ch ar ac ter isti cs o f s tar s ba sed o n th e ch ar ac ter isti cs o f th e Su n. U sin g m od el s, lea rn er s w ill sh ow th at co ns te llati on s m ove in th e co urs e of a ni gh t b ec au se of E ar th ’s rotati on , w hi le di ffer en t c on stel lati on s ar e ob ser ved in th e co urs e of a year b ec au se of th e Ear th ’s re vo lu tio n.