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HAL Id: hal-02267209

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02267209

Submitted on 19 Aug 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Place, recreation and local development

J. Dehez, G. Lambert, L. Ginelli, K. Ben Adj Abdallah

To cite this version:

J. Dehez, G. Lambert, L. Ginelli, K. Ben Adj Abdallah. Place, recreation and local development. Dehez, J. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas (MMV9), Aug 2018, Bordeaux, France. Irstea, 488 p., 2018. �hal-02267209�

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The 9

th

International Conference on

M

onitoring and

M

anagement of

V

isitors in

Recreational and Protected Areas (MMV9)

Place, recreation and local development

29-31 August 2018, Bordeaux, France

ABSTRACT BOOK

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The 9th International Conference on Monitoring

and Management of Visitors in Recreational and

Protected Areas (MMV9)

ABSTRACT BOOK

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The 9th International Conference on Monitoring and

Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas

(MMV9)

ABSTRACT BOOK

29-31 August 2018, Bordeaux, France

ISBN 978-2-9551251-1-3 Editor in Chief Jeoffrey Dehez Editorial Board Grégory Lambert Ludovic Ginelli

Kaouther Ben hadj Abdallah

M

BORDEAUX

SCIENCES AGRO

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Introduction

Welcome

It is our pleasure to welcome you to the 9th international Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas (MMV9) with a program including keynote speeches, organized and poster sessions, a half-day field trip, social events and post conference trips.

This is the first time that France has hosted an MMV Conference. Our country is ranked as the world’s top tourist destination, thanks largely to its culture, art, and gastronomy, as well as popular cities such as Paris and Bordeaux. On the other hand, France’s potential as a destination for outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism is not hugely publicized, despite its many unique features in this respect: varied climate and natural assets (shoreline, mountains, lakes, and forests), large expanses of countryside, and a network of protected natural areas, to name but a few.

France’s protected areas are often free to access for the general public. However, in contrast with other countries, nature conservation in specific areas is much less widespread. Where it does take place, it is often centered on territories that are perceived to be “attractive”, and where many conflicting activities are practiced. This may be one of the reasons why contractual tools and regional park systems are quite popular in France. The MMV Conference offers an excellent opportunity to discuss the situation in France in greater depth.

The theme proposed for the conference was “recreation, place and local development”. This reflects our assumption that recreational areas are not just physical assets designed to receive visitors for the purpose of leisure - which in itself would already be something of great importance - but that they reflect deeper social phenomena, as demonstrated through the range of organized sessions dedicated to discussing questions such as environmental education and economic development, but also emerging themes such as social integration, community resilience, environmental justice, and health. The traditional topics covered by MMV Conference reflect an evolving society: with innovations in monitoring techniques (both on people and nature), focus on new populations (Y generation, ethnic minority) and a larger concern for individual engagement and participative management.

The 9th Edition of MMV is co-hosted by Irstea and BSA. This would not have been possible without significant contributions from a large number of additional partners and sponsors as well as our national scientific and organizing committee. We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for their help.

After two years of planning, we are proud to announce that we have more than 160 presentations from 30 countries, meaning that the conference will host over 200 participants from across the globe. We are honored that the International Steering Committee has given us the opportunity to be part of this great MMV community, which organized its first meeting in 2002. We hope you will enjoy the conference as much as we enjoyed organizing it.

If you can’t be with us in person, we hope that you will enjoy reading our publications. All the very best from the organizing committee.

Jeoffrey Dehez Chair of MMV9 Conference

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CONFERENCE ORGANISATION

International steering committee

• Tetsuya Aikoh - Hokkaido University, Japan

• Arne Arnberger - University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences, Austria • Robert Burns - University of West Virginia, USA

• Don English - United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service, USA • Peter Fredman, Mid-Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden

• Martin Goossen - Wageningen University and Research Centre, Alterra, The Netherlands • Marcel Hunziker - Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research, Switzerland • Yu-Fai Leung - North Carolina State University, USA

• Teresa C. Magro L. - University of Sao Paulo, Brazil

• Robert E. Manning - School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont, USA • Andreas Muhar - University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences, Austria • Catherine Pickering - Griffith University, Australia

• Ulrike Pröbstl - University of Natural Resources & Applied Life Sciences, Austria • Mart Reimann - University of Tallinn, Estonia

• Dominik Siegrist - University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Switzerland • Liisa Tyrväinen - Natural Resources Institute Finland

Local steering committee

• Dr Jeoffrey Dehez (Chair of the conference), researcher, economics, Irstea Bordeaux • Dr Jean-Pierre Augustin, professor, geography, Bordeaux University

• Dr Olivier Bessy, professor, sociology, Pau University • Dr Christophe Bochet, researcher, economics, Irstea Bordeaux • Dr Clarisse Cazals, researcher, economics, Irstea Bordeaux • Dr Valérie Deldrève, researcher, sociology, Irstea Bordeaux • Dr Emmannuelle George, researcher, planning, Irstea Grenoble • Dr Ludovic Ginelli, researcher, sociology, Irstea Bordeaux

• Dr Christophe Guibert, associate professor, sociology, Angers University • Dr Jean-Bernard Marsat, researcher, management, Irstea Clermont-Ferrand

• Dr Clémence Perrin-Malterre, associate professor, sports, Savoie Mont Blanc University • Dr Ingrid Peuziat, associate professor, geography, Bretagne Occidentale University • Dr Mbolatiana Rambonilaza, researcher, economics, Irstea Bordeaux

• Dr André Suchet, associate professor, sports, Bordeaux University • Dr Stéphanie Truchet, researcher, economics, Irstea Clermont-Ferrand • Dr Luc Vacher, associate professor, geography, La Rochelle University

Local planning committee

• Jeoffrey Dehez (co-chair of the conference), Irstea Bordeaux • Lambert Gregory (co-chair), Irstea Bordeaux

• Ludovic Ginelli (co-chair), Irstea Bordeaux • Kaouther Ben hadj abdallah, Irstea Bordeaux • Clarisse Cazals, Irstea Bordeaux

• Philippe Camoin, Irstea Bordeaux

• Annabelle Decombe, Bordeaux Sciences Agro • Gabrielle De Almeida, Irstea Bordeaux • Zoe Ginter, Irstea Bordeaux

• Camille Herbreteau, Irstea Bordeaux • Fattallah Kerouaz, Irstea Bordeaux • Catherine Rodriguer, Irstea Bordeaux • Antoinette Rollin, Bordeaux Sciences Agro • Stéphanie Touvron, Irstea Bordeaux

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CONTENTS

KEYNOTE LECTURES ... 1

OUTDOOR, CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITIES ... 2

RECREATIONAL TRANSITION AND MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS.THE CULTURAL TURN ? ... 4

BEYOND RECREATION EXPERIENCE AND EXPENDITURE:WELL-BEING AND RESILIENCE IN NATURAL AREA-HUMAN COMMUNITY SYSTEMS ... 5

RECREATION ECOLOGY ... 7

UNDERSTANDING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN HUMANS AND BROWN BEARS THAT TOURISTS CONSIDER APPROPRIATE:ACASE STUDY AT SHIRETOKO NATIONAL PARK,JAPAN ... 8

SPATIAL SEGMENTATION OF HIKERS AND WILD REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS TARANDUS) AT HARDANGERVIDDA NATIONAL PARK: MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS ... 11

BEAR TOURISM IN SOUTH KAMCHATKA SANCTUARY (RUSSIA): VISITORS AND WILDLIFE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT ... 14

RECREATION ECOLOGY IN BRAZIL: A PRELIMINARY REVIEW. ... 18

RECONCILING OUTDOOR SPORT, BIODIVERSITY AND WOOD PRODUCTION IN A PERI-URBAN FOREST – USING THE EXAMPLE OF FONTAINEBLEAU FOREST ... 20

VISITOR INFLUX AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT - PARADOXES AND DILEMMAS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES ... 23

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING FOR NATURE-BASED TOURISM AND PLACE-MAKING ...26

VISITOR MANAGEMENT FOR NATURE-BASED TOURISM AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT:PARTICIPATION ACROSS PROTECTED AREA BORDERS ... 27

PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT TO ENGAGE SOCIETY WITH THE PLANNING OF PROTECTED AREAS: A MOUNTAIN BIKE TRAIL PLANNING ... 30

COMMUNITY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COLLECTIVE ORIENTATION AT THE INTERSECTION OF PLACE-MAKING AND NATURE-BASED TOURISM .. 33

STORYTELLING AS AN INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND VISITORS IN NATURE-BASED TOURISM ... 36

LINKING NATURE AND CULTURE IN WORLD HERITAGE MANAGEMENT.LESSONS LEARNED IN NORWAY ... 39

WHATSALP –A HIKING STUDY ON PROTECTED AREA TOURISM ACROSS THE ALPS ... 42

WHY COUNT? BEST PRACTICIES IN THE FIELD OF DATA COLLECTION TO PRESERVE AND MANAGE NATURAL AREAS1 .45 GLOBAL ATTENDANCE STUDY IN THE ESTÉREL MASSIF TO PRESERVE AND MANAGE A PROTECTED AREA ... 46

WHY COUNT VISITORS?TWENTY YEARS OF EXPERIENCES ON VISITOR MONITORING IN FINLAND’S PROTECTED AREAS ... 50

MONITORING RECREATIONAL USE IN PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS.ALT PIRINEU NATURAL PARK 2011-2017.SPAIN ... 53

“MASTER OF DATA” SHOWS SOME JEWELS FROM HIS VISITOR MONITORING DRAWER (INTERESTING RESULTS FROM VISITOR MONITORING IN CZECHIA) ... 56

MONITORING SYSTEM OF TOURIST TRAFFIC (MSTT) IN STOŁOWE MTS.NATIONAL PARK IN SWPOLAND ... 58

AN ASSESSMENT OF INTERRATER RELIABILITY FROM THE SYSTEM FOR OBSERVING PLAY AND RECREATION IN COMMUNITIES (SOPARC) IN URBAN PARKS IN NEW YORK CITY ... 62

NEW METHODS FOR MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF VISITORS IN RECREATIONAL AND PROTECTED AREAS: LESSONS LEARNED, BENEFITS AND CONCERNS 1 ...67

USING FLICKR IMAGES TO ASSESS HOW VISITORS VALUE AND USE NATURAL AREAS: LESSONS FROM A POPULAR NATURAL AREA ON THE GOLD COAST,AUSTRALIA ... 68

A MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE ON USING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION GIS TO MONITOR VISITORS ... 70

HOW CAN WE USE SOCIAL MEDIA TO KNOW MORE ABOUT VISITORS TO NATURAL AREAS? ... 72

MONITORING WALKERS AND HIKERS OF MADEIRA ISLAND THROUGH WEB-SHARE SERVICES ... 75

VGI CROWDSOURCING OF RECREATIONAL USE PATTERNS AND EXPERIENTIAL PLACE VALUES FOR NATIONAL PARK PLANNING IN DENMARK .... 78

ASSESSING VISITOR SPATIAL BEHAVIOUR IN MOUNTAIN PROTECTED AREAS WITH CROWDSOURCED PHOTOS:EXAMPLES FROM ARGENTINA AND AUSTRALIA ... 81

OUTDOOR SPORTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROVERSIES ...84

COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT METHODS FOR OUTDOOR SPORTS IN THE VANOISE NATIONAL PARK ... 85

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IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF VISITORS: A KEY ELEMENT TO AWARENESS RAISING IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROVERSY IN

PROTECTED AREAS. ... 90

RIDING HORSES IN PROTECTED AREAS – HERITAGE AND/OR HARM? ... 92

NATURE SPORTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS : WHAT DO PARTICIPANTS THINK? ... 95

NEW DIRECTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE RECREATION RESEARCH:RESULTS OF A U.S.NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP ... 97

REGIONAL PARKS AND TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...99

CARRYING OUT BOTH MANAGEMENT OF VISITORS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN A LABELLED PROTECTED AREA: THE ROLE OF A REGIONAL NATURE PARK (RNP) ... 100

ISSUES ON FOOTPATHS LINKING ATTRACTIVE PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN HOKKAIDO: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RECREATIONAL USE OF THE COUNTRYSIDE... 102

APPROVAL OF BLACK FOREST NATIONAL PARK BY LOCAL COMPANIES ... 105

NEGOTIATING CO-EXISTENCE IN MULTIFUNCTIONAL LANDSCAPES: TRAILS AS FACILITATORS FOR COMMUNICATION ... 108

SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS IN THE CERRADO PROTECTED AREAS OF CHAPADA DOS VEADEIROS: A DISCURSIVE TREATMENT OF TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL ... 110

FROM CANYONING TO AGRITOURISM AND CULTURAL TOURISM.THE DIVERSIFICATION IN LOWER OR MID-ALTITUDE SKI RESORT,FRENCH ALPS ... 113

WHY COUNT? BEST PRACTICES IN THE FIELD OF DATA COLLECTION TO PRESERVE AND MANAGE NATURAL AREAS 2 ... 115

VISITOR COUNTING COMBINING NEW TECHNOLOGIES;PIR&LORA WITH ARDUINO ... 116

COMPLEX SURVEYS FOR MONITORING CLIMBERS IN MT.FUJI,JAPAN ... 118

PREDICTING VISITOR DENSITIES IN PROTECTED AREAS – RULES OF THUMB FOR MANAGERS BASED ON GPS-TRACKS ... 120

GPS-BASED VISITOR MONITORING IN PROTECTED AREAS USING MOBILE TRACKING APPLICATION DATA –ACASE STUDY IN BLACK FOREST NATIONAL PARK ... 124

MONITORING VISITOR NUMBERS WITH COMPUTER VISION ... 127

NEW METHODS FOR MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF VISITORS IN RECREATIONAL AND PROTECTED AREAS: LESSONS LEARNED, BENEFITS AND CONCERNS 2 ... 130

MONITORING METHODS OF WINTER BACKCOUNTRY RECREATION IN A WILDLIFE SANCTUARY ... 131

THE IMPACT OF HIKING ON VISITORS’ CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ON THE FRENCH SHORES ... 135

LOOKING BACK AT RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN PROTECTED AREAS USING VGI FROM WEB-SHARE SERVICES ... 138

USING VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION TO ASSESS THE VISITOR USE OF PARKS ... 141

MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS A PROPOSAL OF REVITALIZATION OF THE ANCESTRAL TRAILS OF THE SERRA DA ESTRELA NATURAL PARK (PNSE) . 144 A DECADE WORTH OF PROGRESS IN THE PARTICIPATORY MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF VISITORS IN RECREATIONAL AND PROTECTED AREAS ... 147

NATURE BASED INTEGRATION ... 151

NATURE BASED INTEGRATION IN EUROPE – A REVIEW ... 152

NATURE-BASED INTEGRATION IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES – PRACTICES AND PERSPECTIVES ... 154

PERCEPTION OF FORESTS AND FOREST MANAGEMENT BY GERMANS AND MIGRANTS USING PHOTOVOICE ... 156

NATURALNESS AND PERCEIVED SAFETY IN URBAN GREEN AREAS.CASE STUDY FROM TALLINN,ESTONIA ... 158

URBAN, PROXIMATE NATURE - HOW IS IT IMPORTANT IN A NORWEGIAN AND MULTI-CULTURAL CONTEXT? ... 161

MANAGING VISITORS IN ICELAND’S RECREATIONAL AREAS ... 164

SEAL WATCHING IN ICELAND:ETHICAL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT ... 165

HYDROPOWER AND TOURISM:VISITOR AND OPERATOR PERSPECTIVES ON PREFERRED USE OF NATURAL AREAS ... 168

TOURISM AS A TOOL FOR NATURE CONSERVATION? ... 171

HOW THE „ESSENCE OF THE ATTRACTION" PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT FOUNDATION FOR DECISIONS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE-BASED TOURISM DESTINATIONS ... 174

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EXPANDING CARRYING CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FROM THE SITE-LEVEL TO THE NATIONAL-LEVEL:AN ICELANDIC CASE STUDY ... 178

NATURE-BASED TOURISM TRENDS, MARKETS AND INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS ... 180

PROMINENT TRENDS IN NATURE-BASED TOURISM –AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON ... 181

E-MOUNTAIN BIKING –POTENTIAL FOR SWISS TOURISM DESTINATIONS ... 184

NATURE-BASED TOURISM FIRMS AND COMMUNITY RESILIENCE ... 187

CUSTOMER JOURNEY MAPPING FOR NATURE ORGANIZATIONS; IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICABILITY ... 190

THE DIGITAL FUTURE AND ITS POSSIBLE INFLUENCE ON WINTER TOURISM IN THE EUROPEAN ALPS ... 192

PARK VISITOR SEGMENTATION TO INFORM PARK MANAGEMENT, MARKETING AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. ... 194

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS – NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR VISITOR MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT? ... 196

LIMITED AWARENESS BY RECREATION USERS’ OF FRENCH MARINE PROTECTED AREA: IS THERE A FLIP SIDE TO THE SOFT MANAGEMENT APPROACH? ... 197

VISITATION ‘BAROMETER’ AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND AWARENESS: THE BERLENGAS NATURE RESERVE CASE-STUDY ... 200

PROFILES OF WATER-ORIENTED OUTDOOR RECREATION GROUPS IN DENMARK ... 204

UKNATIONAL MARINE PARKS:MANAGING TOURISM AND RECREATION THROUGH APARADIGM SHIFT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR). ... 206

NAUTICAL TOURISM ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTING (NATEF)– EXPERIENCES FROM EAST ADRIATIC IN DEVELOPING ASSESSMENTS ... 208

THE PARTICIPATION OF TOURISM AND OUTDOOR RECREATION INTERESTS IN COASTAL NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT IN NORWAY – A LACK OF INTEGRATION? ... 211

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORT IN RECREATIONAL AND PROTECTED AREAS AT RISK FROM INEQUALITY ... 214

IMPACT BASED MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL USES: A FAIR SHARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORT?A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH APPLIED TO TWO FRENCH NATIONAL PARKS ... 215

MANAGING VISITORS AND ENVIRONMENTS:RESIDENT PERSPECTIVES ON AMENITY VALUES IN MEXICO ... 218

RECONCILING SMALL SCALE PROTECTED AREA DESIGNATION WITH LOCAL AND TRADITIONAL LAND USES: TWO NOVA SCOTIA CASES ... 220

COLLABORATION WITH COMMUNITIES LIVING NEXT TO PROTECTED AREAS, FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY,LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE IN ISRAEL ... 223

TOWARD RECOGNITION JUSTICE THROUGH EMPOWERMENT IN NATURA 2000 ECOTOURISM. ... 226

CONSERVATION, TOURISM AND FISHERMEN COMMUNITIES IN THE TOLIARA REGION (SWMADAGASCAR). ... 229

INTERPRETATION AS A TOOL FOR CONNECTING VISITORS TO AND MANAGING VISITORS IN PROTECTED AREAS ... 231

INTERPRETATION PROGRAM PERCEPTIONS:A COMPARISON OF ALBERTA PARKS STAFF VIEWS OF VISITOR TRENDS, PROGRAM OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND OUTCOMES ... 232

SOCIAL MEDIA IN PARKS AND CONSERVATION AREAS:A CASE STUDY OF “VIRTUAL VISITORS” FROM THE FACEBOOK PAGE OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK ... 234

LEARNING DURING GUIDED WILDLIFE TOURS IN PROTECTED AREAS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE AND STEWARDSHIP.. 237

NATURE INTERPRETATION IN PROTECTED AREAS:CONNECTING WITH GEN Y ... 240

MOBILE APPS AS NATURE-BASED TOURISM EXPERIENCE FACILITATOR:A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH ... 243

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPRETATIVE TRAILS IN BRAZILIAN PROTECTED AREAS ... 246

THE EFFECT OF INTERPRETATION BY LOCAL GUIDES IN BURABAY ASPIRING GEOPARK,KAZAKHSTAN ... 249

MONITORING OF OUTDOOR RECREATION ON NATIONAL LEVEL – METHOD UPDATES AND CHALLENGES ... 251

ESTIMATING DAILY EXITING TRAFFIC FROM NATIONAL FOREST RECREATION SITES USING SHORT-TERM OBSERVATIONAL COUNTS ... 252

NATURE BASED SPORTS IN FOREST AREAS IN FRANCE.RESULTS FROM THE 2015FRENCH NATIONAL SURVEY “FOREST AND SOCIETY” ... 255

RECREATION MONITORING: EXPERIENCES OF RESPONDING IN WEB-SURVEYS AND PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE ... 258

ACCOUNTING FOR CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A CASE OF RECREATION SERVICES IN FINLAND ... 260

A SYNTHESIS OF RECREATION VALUES OF EUROPEAN FORESTED AREAS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL BENEFIT TRANSFERS ... 262

VISITOR NUMBERS FOR PROTECTED AND NATURE AREAS:AGLOBAL DATA SHARING INITIATIVE ... 264

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USE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF DATA IN DECISION-MAKING:A TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDY IN SEATTLE,WASHINGTON,USA ... 269

MANAGING GEOCACHING IN A PROTECTED AREA – WHAT ACTIONS WERE TAKEN IN THE DONAU-AUEN NATIONAL PARK,AUSTRIA OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS?... 271

QUANTIFYING EFFECTS OF SIGNS ON VISITOR FLOW IN NPKRKA ... 274

USE OF GAME CAMERAS AND INTERVIEWS TO MONITOR VISITORS: IS THERE CROWDING IN THE IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK -BRAZIL? ... 276

ELABORATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CULTURAL SERVICES’ INDICATOR OF IMPACTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: A FIRST DIAGNOSIS ... 278

COUNTING VISITORS IN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND AFTER?A STATISTICAL MODELLING EXPERIMENT TO ESTIMATE THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF RECREATIONAL COASTAL ACTIVITIES ... 281

TRAIL RUNNING AND SPORTING EVENTS IN PROTECTED AREAS: PROGRESS ON RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT ... 284

ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION OF LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS IN THE ICELANDIC HIGHLANDS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN 2007 AND 2018 ... 285

MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONISTS ALONG LONG-DISTANCE NATIONAL SCENIC TRAILS ... 287

TRAIL DEGRADATION AND ORGANIZED SPORTING EVENTS IN HONG KONG ... 288

ISSUES ON TRAIL RUNNERS,TRAIL RUNNING AND RECREATIONAL AND PROTECTED AREAS IN PORTUGAL ... 290

ASSESSING AND MANAGING TRAIL USE AND ENDURANCE ACTIVITIES IN GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK,USA ... 294

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAIL STATION: AN INNOVATION TO SERVE TOURIST DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIES?TWO EXAMPLES OF SAINT-PIERRE DE CHARTREUSE (ALPS) AND OSSAU-PYRENEES (PYRENEES) STATIONS ... 295

PLACE BASED KNOWLEDGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGAGEMENT ... 296

INVOLVING RECREATIONAL USERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: INVASIVE AQUATIC PLANTS IN LAKES ON FRANCE’S ATLANTIC COAST 297 SHARING THE STEWARDSHIP OF A CANADIAN CONSERVATION PARK ... 300

UNPLANNED TRAIL CREATION IN GATINEAU PARK,CANADA: ENGAGING USERS IN FINDING A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION ... 301

A FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING VALUES INTO PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION:VALUE ORIENTATIONS, ELABORATION, AND THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR ... 302

UNDERSTANDING THE VALUE OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR TOURIST SUPPORT IN MANAGING NON-NATIVE INVASIVE SPECIES ... 305

RECONCILING TRADITIONAL AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE 100WILD ISLANDS ... 309

OUTDOORS ECONOMICS 1 - CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ECONOMY ... 312

REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM IN GERMAN BIOSPHERE RESERVES ... 313

INTRODUCING THE OUTDOOR RECREATION SATELLITE ACCOUNT ... 315

THE FOOTPRINT OF OUTDOOR RECREATION ON THE DANISH NATIONAL ECONOMY ... 318

MEASURING TOURISM IN PUBLIC NATURAL PARKS IN JAPAN ... 322

MEASURING THE SPENDING OF VISITORS TO U.S. NATIONAL FORESTS OVER TWO DECADES ... 325

U.S.FEDERAL RECREATION:DIVERSE LANDS,DIVERSE AGENCIES –COMPARING AGENCY METHODS OF MONITORING VISITATION AND ESTIMATING ECONOMIC IMPACTS ... 328

POST-DATA COLLECTION USES OF VISITOR MONITORING DATA 2 ... 331

USING VISITOR MONITORING DATA TO MANAGE MOUNTAIN-BIKING USE IN THE WIENERWALD BIOSPHERE RESERVE,AUSTRIA ... 332

STATUS OF, ISSUES WITH, AND MANAGER ATTITUDES TOWARD VISITOR MONITORING IN JAPAN’S NATIONAL PARKS ... 334

EXPERIMENTAL LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF MEASURES TO REDUCE BIKER-HIKER CONFLICTS – AN EXAMPLE OF AN URBAN FOREST IN SWITZERLAND ... 336

MAKING USE OF VISITOR INCIDENT DATA IN KARIJINI NATIONAL PARK:AWESTERN AUSTRALIAN CASE STUDY ... 339

MONITORING OF ILLEGAL HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE TATRA NATIONAL PARK,POLAND ... 342

ESTIMATING ANGLING IMPACTS ON REMOTE FISHERIES:AN ANGLER USE AND PREFERENCE STUDY IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, USA ... 345

ACCURACY OF ESTIMATED NUMBER OF VISITORS GAINED THROUGH DIFFERENT MONITORING METHODS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ... 347

MODE EFFECT AND RESPONSE RATE ISSUES IN NORTH AMERICAN MIXED-MODE SURVEY RESEARCH:IMPLICATIONS FOR RECREATIONAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ... 349

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UNDERSTANDING THE DEMAND FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY PARKS AND GREEN SPACES:USING THE PARTIAL PROFILE CHOICE

EXPERIMENT ... 353

BACK TO THE NORTH JAPAN ALPS:ACOMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF INCIDENT CAUSES AND RISK PROFILES OF DIFFERENT ALPINE AREAS ... 356

NATURE FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROMOTION –ROLE OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN FINLAND ... 360

FUTURE STEWARDS?CONNECTION TO NATURE STARTS FROM CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN NATURE AREAS ... 363

HEALTHY PARKS,HEALTHY PEOPLE FINLAND ... 365

TRANQUILITY MAPPING FOR SOUNDSCAPE MANAGEMENT:FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY ... 367

PREFERENCES AND REPRESENTATIONS OF NATURE ... 371

WILDERNESS IN GERMAN NATIONAL PARKS:THE GAP BETWEEN RHETORIC AND REALITY ... 372

SOUNDS AS AN ELEMENT OF HUMAN-COUPLED SYSTEMS:SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM MUIR WOODS NATIONAL MONUMENT ... 375

ASSESSMENT OF THE SCENIC BEAUTY AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS DEADWOOD EXPERIMENT PLOTS IN THE BAVARIAN FOREST NATIONAL PARK, GERMANY... 378

LANDSCAPE PREFERENCES OF TOURISTS HIKING IN THE TRAILS OF S.MIGUEL ISLAND (AZORES,PORTUGAL): IMPORTANCE FOR CONSERVATION ... 381

MAPPING OF LANDSCAPE ATTRACTIVENESS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MONITORING INDICATOR FOR MEDITERRANEAN WETLANDS: "LANDSCAPE PERCEPTION INDICATOR".ICHKEUL PROTECTED AREA CASE STUDY,TUNISIA ... 384

BIODIVERSITY OF PAKLENICA NATIONAL PARK AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL TYPES OF TOURISM ... 387

OUTDOORS ECONOMICS 2 - MARKETS, VALUES AND ORGANIZATIONS ... 390

REVEALED AND STATED PREFERENCES AND THEIR DETERMINANTS FOR CROSS-BORDER VISITS OF PROTECTED AREAS IN THE POLISH-GERMAN BORDER REGION ... 391

PLACE-BASED APPROACH TO OUTDOOR RECREATION ECONOMICS: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RECREATIONAL DEMAND IN FORESTS ... 394

GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF WHALE-WATCHING.THE CASE OF EL VIZCAÍNO BIOSPHERE RESERVE,BAJA CALIFORNIA,MEXICO ... 397

HOW TO SUSTAINABLY MANAGE RECREATIONAL FISHING: A META-ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL REGULATION INSTRUMENTS? ... 400

SUSTAINABLE FINANCING OF NATIONAL AND NATURE PARKS IN CROATIA AND POSSIBILITIES FOR INTRODUCING THE NEW FINANCE MECHANISMS FOR BIODIVERSITY ... 402

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TOURISM IN A BRAZILIAN NATIONAL PARK AT THE FRONTIER OF THE CERRADO BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT . 405 POSTERS SESSION ... 407

TRENDS AND AWARENESS OF FOREIGN VISITORS IN NATIONAL PARKS – A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL PARKS IN JAPAN ... 408

STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON THE CHOICE OF PLACES FOR ADVENTURE RACES ... 411

DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEMATIC VISITOR MONITORING PROGRAM FOR BRAZIL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS ... 413

INFORMED VISITOR MANAGEMENT IN PROTECTED AREAS – LESSONS LEARNED FROM CROATIAN EXPERIENCES ... 415

PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON EVALUATING AND MODELLING IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL TRAILS IN THE AZOREAN NATIVE FORESTS ... 418

IMPACTS OF VISITATION ON A TRAIL EVALUATED THROUGH A COMBINED METHODOLOGY ... 420

A SURVEY OF VISITING RATE TO NATIONAL PARKS OF GREECE... 423

HAS CRUISE TOURISM PUSHED MARINE ECOSYSTEMS TO THE ‘TIPPING-POINT’ OF THEIR PHYSICAL-ECOLOGICAL CARRYING CAPACITY?– PERCEPTIONS OF STAKEHOLDERS. ... 426

OPTIMIZING THE USE OF THE ECO-COUNTERS TOOL.A CASE OF STUDY ... 429

PRESERVE AND MANAGE MERCANTOUR NATIONAL PARK USING PEDESTRIAN DATA COLLECTION ... 433

EXPLORING RESPONSIBILITY-SHARING BETWEEN VISITORS AND MANAGERS:RESULTS OF A DELPHI STUDY ... 436

ASTUDY ON COMFORT EVALUATION USING BRAIN WAVES AND QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY IN GREEN SPACES CG... 440

A STUDY ON THE “PATTERNS” OF OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES IN TOURIST DESTINATIONS THAT MAKE THE SIGHT ATTRACTIVE ... 443

FREQUENCY OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S OUTDOOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND RELATIONS TO BODY MASS INDEX AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE . 447 RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRACTICING MOUNTAINBIKING ON SINGLE-USE BIKEPARK TRAILS ... 450

CAN WE PREDICT VISITOR LOYALTY IN PROTECTED AREAS?THE CASE OF KORNATI NATIONAL PARK ... 453

HOW DO GLOBAL CHANGES AFFECT SKI RESORTS AND HOW DO SKI RESORTS ADAPT TO GLOBAL CHANGES?GENERAL TRENDS AND LOCAL RESPONSES ... 457

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RECREATIONAL BOATING AND VISITORS OBSERVATIONS IN MPAS: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH AND CHALLENGES ... 463

SHARK PROBLEMATIC ISSUESIN LA RÉUNION :A SUSTAINABLE MONITORING OF THE SEA TERRITORY ? ... 467

USE OF A MOBILE DATA APPLICATION TO MONITOR LAW OFFENSE CASES AT BLACK FOREST NATIONAL PARK... 470

ESTIMATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD OF MOUNTAINEERING ACTIVITIES IN THE MT.MANASLU REGION... 473

KRUGER NATIONAL PARK BUSH BRAAI EXPERIENCES – CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS, VISITOR PREFERENCES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY ... 476

MANAGING VISITOR IMPACTS ON WORLD HERITAGE SITE ŠKOCJAN CAVES,SLOVENIA ... 479

TOWARDS STANDARDS FOR QUANTIFICATION OF RECREATIONAL USE IN FOREST AREAS – INDICATORS AND DATA COLLECTION TOOLS APPLIED BY THE STATE FORESTS NATIONAL FOREST HOLDING,POLAND ... 481

ASSESSING RECREATIONAL IMPACT IN A PROTECTED PERI-URBAN PARK.THE CASE OF COLLSEROLA NATURAL PARK (BARCELONA -SPAIN) .. 484

INTERPRETATION PLANS AND VISITOR MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN CZECH PLAS ... 487

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 2

Outdoor, conservation and environmental inequalities

Cécilia Claeys, Aix Marseille University, Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement

(LPED) research unit, France, cecilia.claeys@univ-amu.fr

Valérie Deldrève, National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Agriculture and

Environment (Irstea, Bordeaux, France, valerie.deldreve@irstea.fr

Policies aimed at the creation of protected natural areas, and notably national parks, are originally related to western and elitist recreational practices towards nature which developed during the 19th century. Since the second half of the 20th century, these protected natural areas have become field of outdoor recreation massification, bringing managers and naturalists to worry about its impacts on ecosystems. This observation originated the development of reflections and methodologies to assess the environmental impact of the frequentation of natural areas protected, such as the research carried out within the MMV network.

Despite the massification of leisure, the populations less well endowed with economic and cultural capital, as well as those belonging to ethno-phenotypic minorities tend to be under-represented among users of protected natural areas. In addition, the slavery and/or post-colonial legacy in many territories tends to exacerbate the social inequalities of access to environmental amenities, which can take the form of territorial dispossession processes. Concerning this double challenge of nature protection versus social equity, this article proposes an analysis in terms of environmental inequalities. The concept of environmental inequalities gathers different forms of unequal access to resources and natural amenities, exposure to risk, environmental impact, ability to participate in and reap the benefits of environmental policies, and contribution to the effort required by these policies.

The framework of environmental inequalities helps to base the analysis on an eco-focused ethical approach breaking the dichotomous stalemate of anthropocentrism versus biocentrism, to analyse social inequalities regarding access to natural environment in all their diversity (socio-economic, cultural, gendered, ethno-phenotypic, etc.), and to understand the process of mutual reinforcement or conversely of compensation. However, can this framework completely address the numerous taxonomic and methodological issues inherent to the measurement of inequalities? And, to what extent is this framework appropriate to address the difficult transition from ethics to practice, questioning the empirical feasibility of complementarity or at least compatibility between social equity of access to nature and protection of ecosystems?

From these questions, this article proposes to test the framework of environmental inequalities through field surveys conducted in mainland and ultramarine France. Selected territories allow a comparison between different environmental and socio-historical contexts: Ranging from West Indies to Réunion, from Côte d'Azur to the Calanques of Marseille, the goal is to understand the formation of inequalities in access and use of these territories. How are regulated the access to protected areas and uses of walkers, climbers, pickers, boaters, fishers, picnickers...? According to which ecological, philosophical principles and belief of justice?

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These fieldworks carried out over the past ten years in different research projects show that the creation processes, including concerted ones, and decision-making processes related to nature protection policies tend today to favour the recreational actors from middle and upper classes, who are organized and most “visible” in the public space. Concomitantly, these same processes tend to make invisible, or even to delegitimise, the most popular autochthonous practices. The definition of “good uses” of a protected natural area is based on values and standards, or even economic interests, which reflect the membership of social groups.

Our research shows that the tension between nature conservation and social justice depends largely on the feelings of justice or injustice that the various users and local residents have. Again the question is how to measure and which methods use to capture the dual dimension of environmental inequalities, as an objectivable process and subject of feeling by individuals. This demanding approach requires different methodologies combining quantitative techniques (questionnaires), visual techniques (to observe flows, spatial occupation, distribution of uses, avoidance strategies, etc.) and qualitative techniques (participant observation, semi-structured interviews, etc.).

Work on such a framework implies, finally, to question the limits and scope of the underlying concepts. What define ultimately an environmental inequality? Is it lesser when accessibility to outdoor activities limited to an elite is promoted? But, in this case, might this not be a form of class ethnocentrism? Unless reducing environmental inequalities might require also, if not first, recognition of a wider variety of relations to nature and potential forms of conservation?

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 4

Recreational Transition and management of protected

areas. The Cultural turn ?

Philippe Bourdeau, Institute of Alpine Geography, Grenoble University,

philippe.bourdeau@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr

Jean Corneloup, UFR STAPS - Clermont-Ferrand university and PACTE research group on

territories - Grenoble University, j.corneloup@libertysurf.fr

Cultural dilemmas in transition pathways of recreational areas:

looking for recreational laboratories

Confronted with multiple injunctions for change in the face of climate and energy crises and changes in lifestyles and recreational practices, tourism in recreational and protected areas is required to adapt and even to "reinvent itself". At the scale of the places, sectors and trades, various processes of transition and transformation are already active. At the same time, inertia and (mis)adaptation seem to take precedence in a logic of simple updating of the development model inherited from the epic of sports tourism in the 20th century.

This duality, which bears functional contradictions and strategic conflicts, can be partly described as an undecidable dilemma between dynamics of acceleration and deceleration, of opening and locking in, which are illustrated in the cultural, ideological, economic and sociotechnical aspects of recreation.

Based on various illustrations drawn from observations and research programs conducted in different tourist configurations in the French Alps, the key-note will define recreational transition as a set of processes, approaches and actions by which tourism practices and policies are transformed into becoming coherent and resilient with change in fields such as climate, energy, culture, and the economy. We’ll examine the contradictory processes, ambivalences and conditions in which the sustainable recreational transition is and is not being operated.

This perspective will draw attention to factors and actors of transformative practices that can be analysed as signals of change and indicators of transition. These include many practices, experiments and in particular experiments undertaken by professional operators, stake holders and places that play the role of "recreational laboratories" at the crossing of a variety of potential development initiatives.

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 5

Beyond recreation experience and expenditure: Well-being

and resilience in natural area-human community systems

Kreg Lindberg, Oregon State University, Tourism, Recreation, and Adventure Leadership program,

1500 SW Chandler Avenue, Bend, Oregon 97702, USA. Kreg.Lindberg@osucascades.edu

Natural area agencies have managed outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism with varied priorities and considerations, from sustaining quality experiences and the natural resources on which they depend to contributing to local economies and sustaining public support for agencies themselves. The above priorities remain important, but societal goals evolve, and there is increasing recognition of the importance of natural area visitation’s broader benefits. This presentation focuses on well-being and resilience effects of local (e.g., outdoor recreation) and non-local (e.g., nature-based tourism) visitation.

Well-being and community resilience provide new lenses through which to understand, develop, and manage natural experiences. They complement a traditional focus on experiences and the benefits of visitor expenditure. In so doing, they can enhance policy maker and general public support for the provision and management of natural experiences. Although well-being can include many aspects, the focus here is on subjective well-being (SWB), which reflects affective (emotional) states and evaluations of one’s life. Natural area visitation potentially combines the SWB benefits of both leisure and in-nature experiences. In recent years, researchers have found that nature experiences enhance hedonic (affective), evaluative (life satisfaction), and eudaimonic (flourishing) well-being (e.g., Wolsko and Lindberg, 2013). Moreover, natural area visitation may affect resident SWB not only via an individual’s recreation engagement but also via the tourism – and associated SWB effects – catalyzed by nature experiences (Uysal et al, 2016).

Nature-based tourism (NBT) also may contribute to community resilience, which refers to a community’s ability to thrive in the face of change; more broadly, Adger (2000, p. 347) refers to resilience as “the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change.” Norris et al (2008) provide a foundation for community resilience concepts and evaluation, while Steiner and colleagues (e.g., Steiner and Atterton, 2015) provide a foundation for understanding the specific contribution of firms.

Resilience is complex, with interdependence across the traditional dimensions of economic, social, and ecologic. In the economic dimension, NBT can enhance sectoral, livelihood, and job type diversity. In the social dimension, NBT can enhance networks (both professional and personal), promote net in-migration (or reduce net out-migration), contribute flexibility and creativity, strengthen community identity, and sustain local institutions, facilities, and services. In the ecologic dimension, NBT may provide a complementary source of income for landowners, thereby reducing pressure to harvest natural resources in a manner that could cross ecological thresholds (Walker and Salt, 2012).

The sometimes part-time and/or seasonal nature of NBT employment illustrates relationships across dimensions. Such employment provides job type diversity and may contribute to livelihood diversity. On the other hand, it may limit contributions with respect to net migration and associated benefits in the social dimension.

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Although NBT, and any associated migration, can generate important well-being and resilience benefits, literatures as diverse as recreation ecology, recreation conflict, and tourism’s social impacts remind us that it also can generate negative impacts. For example, competition across activity groups for outdoor recreation resources (recreation conflict and contested spaces) can increase bonding (intra-group) social capital but harm bridging (inter-group) social capital. This may reduce generalized reciprocity, trust, and cohesion within the community.

Likewise, though multiplier effects may lead to community-wide economic benefits, immediate employment benefits may be limited to a relatively small portion of the community. However, negative impacts may be spread more widely – especially as attractions and lodging become more spatially distributed due to social media (e.g., expanded visitor awareness of previously-unpromoted attractions) and non-traditional lodging options (e.g., Airbnb and vacation rentals in residential areas).

This presentation will review well-being and resilience concepts and recent research, describe case studies and results, and suggest opportunities for future research and management. The well-being case study is based on a general population survey in Bend, Oregon, USA, while the community resilience case study is based on a nationwide survey of NBT firms in Norway.

References

Adger, W.N. (2000) ‘Social and ecological resilience: Are they related?’, Progress in Human Geography, 24, pp. 347–364.

Norris, F.H., Stevens, S.P. Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K.F. and Pfefferbaum, R.L. (2008) ‘Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness’, American Journal of Community

Psychology, 41, pp. 127-150.

Steiner, A. and Atterton, J. (2015) ‘Exploring the contribution of rural enterprises to local development and resilience’, Journal of Rural Studies, 40, pp. 30–45.

Uysal, M., Sirgy, M.J., Woo, E. and Kim, H. (2016) ‘Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism’,

Tourism Management, 53, pp. 244-261.

Walker, B. and Salt, D. (2012) Resilience practice: Building capacity to absorb disturbance and maintain

function. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Wolsko, C. and Lindberg, K. (2013) ‘Experiencing connection with nature: The matrix of psychological well-being, mindfulness, and outdoor recreation’, Ecopsychology, 5, pp. 80-91.

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 8

Understanding the Distance Between Humans and Brown

Bears That Tourists Consider Appropriate: A Case Study at

Shiretoko National Park, Japan

Mizue Akashi, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan,

mizueakashi69@eis.hokudai.ac.jp

Yasushi Shoji, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan Tetsuya Aikoh, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan

Introduction

This study’s purpose was to understand distance between humans and brown bears that domestic and foreign tourists consider appropriate at Shiretoko National Park in northern Japan. The national park is well known as an important brown bear habitat (Itoh et al., 2013; Sato et al., 2008), and its rich ecosystem attracts many tourists. On the other hand, the management of conflicts between tourists and brown bears is a critical issue in this location. To date, there have been no recorded fatal accidents involving brown bears and tourists. Behind this is the consensus among Japanese tourists that wild brown bears are dangerous (e.g. Kubo and Shoji, 2016). Thus, keeping a safe distance from these bears is considered important. Park managers have also provided information on the park’s bears based on this idea.

In recent years, however, many foreign tourists have visited the national park (the number of foreign tourists to Japan reached 6.2 million in 2011, but increased to 24.0 million in 2016). Under these circumstances, park managers have noticed that the safe distance between brown bears and humans as considered by foreign tourists is different from that of Japanese tourists. Park managers are aware that some foreign tourists are not frightened by bear encounters. Thus, park managers need to provide different types of bear information for these foreign tourists, and may need to alter the current management system, primarily for Japanese tourists. However, little is currently known about the distance between brown bears and humans as considered safe by domestic and foreign tourists.

Methods

Regarding the desirable distance from brown bears, we applied a method to measure the social norm of acceptable change (Kim and Shelby, 2006) and asked respondents to evaluate an illustration showing varying distances between brown bear and humans. Questionnaire surveys were conducted at the Shiretoko National Park in 2016 and 2017. One survey was for domestic tourists, and the other was for foreign tourists.

In these surveys, we defined five distances and asked respondents to rate their level of desirability to maintain these distances between themselves and brown bears on a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = highly undesirable and 5 = highly desirable). The distances are as follows:

1. (Remote observation) You cannot usually observe the bear without special assistance (e.g., tour boat and/or vehicle, or guided tour).

2. (Observation by using binoculars) It is difficult to observe the bear with the naked eye, but it can be observed using binoculars.

3. (Observation with the naked eye) You can observe the bear with the naked eye. However, if you approach too closely, the bear will run away.

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4. (Nearly touching) You can observe the bear with the naked eye. If you approach too closely, it will remain.

5. (Animals approaching) The bear cheerfully approaches, even when you are not attempting to feed it.

The distances between “Nearly touching” and “Animals approaching” is not different, but the behavior of brown bear is different. The result of domestic tourists has already reported by Aikoh et al. (2016).

Results

Figure 1 shows the average rating for each distance. The figure shows a horizontal axis representing the average rating on a five-point Likert-type scale, and a vertical axis depicting each distance between the person and the brown bear.

Figure 1: Distance between humans and brown bears and the average value of evaluation *The result of domestic tourist is from Aikoh et al. (2016)

On average, both Japanese and foreign tourists considered it desirable to keep longer distances from brown bears; as the distances become shorter, the ratings drop. However, data reveal that foreign tourists consider shorter distances more appropriate than Japanese tourists on average. The ratings for distances “Observation with the naked eye” through “Nearly touching” differ between Japanese and foreign respondents (t-test; p < 0.05). The ratings for distance “Animals approaching” were not statistically significant among either group. Intuitively, these findings seem to demonstrate that both Japanese and foreign tourists negatively evaluated distance “Animals approaching”. However, this conclusion is incorrect. Rather, non-negligible foreign tourists (13.8%) regarded distance “Animals approaching” as either desirable or highly desirable. In contrast, only 0.7% of Japanese tourists responded the same. The statistical significance of distance “Animals approaching” seems to be lost because the variance of the rating for foreign tourists increased.

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Discussion

The results showed that Japanese and foreign tourists considered different distances between themselves and brown bears to be appropriate. These findings indicate that park managers need to provide different types of information on brown bears for foreign tourists. In particular, it is necessary to promptly respond to tourists who consider distance “Animals approaching” desirable.

References

Aikoh T, Kubo T, Inaba A, Shoji Y (2016) The actual situation and the attitude of visitors toward feeding of wild animals in the Japanese suburban forest. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas, pp. 27–29, 26–30 September 2016, Novi Sad, Serbia

Itoh T, Sato Y, Tsuruga H, et al (2012) Estimating the population structure of brown bears in eastern Hokkaido based on microsatellite analysis. Acta Theriol 58:127–138. doi: 10.1007/s13364-012-0095-8

Kim S-O, Shelby B (2006) Comparing Onsite and Offsite Methods for Measuring Norms for Trail Impacts. Environ Manage 37:567–578. doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0317-1

Kubo T, Shoji Y (2016) Public segmentation based on the risk perception of brown bear attacks and management preferences. Eur J Wildlife Res 62:203–210. doi: 10.1007/s10344-016-0994-0

Sato Y, Kobayashi Y, Urata T, Takatsuki S (2008) Home range and habitat use of female brown bear (Ursus

arctos) in Urahoro, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Mamm Study 39:99–109. doi:

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 11

Spatial segmentation of hikers and wild reindeer (Rangifer

tarandus tarandus) at Hardangervidda National Park:

Management implications

Sofie Selvaag, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway, sofie.selvaag@nina.no Vegard Gundersen, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway

Olav Strand, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway

Manuela Panzacchi, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway

Recent years we have seen a paradigm-shift in – primarily – national park policy in Norway, but partly also in management and planning of Norwegian national parks: the role of nature-based tourism has clearly increased in attention and importance. A national branding strategy for national park tourism and a program for development of local visitor strategies for national parks in Norway was presented in April 2015 (Norwegian Environment Agency 2015). The ambition is to increase local economic and tourism development in and around the national parks, but not on the expense of the conservation interests. The focus is to increase visitation through some main entrances and other attractive areas, primarily in the fringe areas of the NPs. The immense disturbance potential of humans becomes clear in a Norwegian National park where wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) react to the presence of tourists by avoiding high-altitude infrastructure like resort areas, tourist roads, tourist cabins, marked trails etc. (Nellemann et al. 2010; Panzacchi et al. 2013 a, b; 2015). Thus, in many areas a much deeper understanding of the responses to anthropogenic disturbance is needed to support sustainable and more flexible management strategies (Kaltenborn et al. 2014). Hence, there is an urgent need in management to carefully study human-reindeer interactions and actual carrying capacities of national parks to fulfill their multiple goals. Especially it is important to try to identify conflict areas where tourists have great impact on wild reindeer, meaning acceptable number of visitors in critical periods or in important grazing, migratory areas etc. In this paper, our ambition is to estimate visitor use intensity and spatial pattern during summer and analyze the spatial overlap with wild reindeer in Hardangervidda National Park (3 422 km²), Southern Norway.

The human use of the area during summer was monitored in 2017 by surveys with short questionnaire and map in self-registration checkpoints on site along main entrances (n=33 sites, n=4055 respondents), and by automatic counters (n=75) at main entrances and in core area. Self-registration cards include questions of respondents demography, characteristics of the trip, accommodations, and their preferences for recreational facilities and management, and were available in Norwegian, English and German. In addition, each hiking route drawn by the respondents was digitized, and all routes were overlaid to calculate the tourist volume along each trail. Each trail was divided into shorter segments, separated at the intersection point with other trail branches. These trail segments became the basic unit through which we could link survey data with data from automatic counters and thereby obtain a proxy of the daily intensity of use of each trail segment in the study area, which we called Trail Use Index, TUI.

Equipped reindeer females by GPS devices obtained data on wild reindeer in the period of 2001-2018. For each individual we selected one GPS location every 3 h during the period June 15th –October 1st, as this is the period in Norway when tourists hike in high mountain.

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In all, 148 individuals of wild reindeer were captured and GPS collared. The wild reindeer data are presented descriptive on maps including kernel density analyses.

The daily sum of TUI during summer peak between the end of July and the beginning of August. During the hunting period TUI is much lower compared to the high tourist season, and it is highest during the first week of the hunting period.

We identify large variation in the intensity of use of trails by the tourists. Some areas have a dense network of trails and that additional have high intensity of use by the tourists, and other areas have few trails and low intensity of use. In general, the most intensive used areas of Hardangervidda is in the western parts, at spectacular attractions in the fjord landscapes. In this area the attraction Trolltunga have almost an equal visitor volume as counts on all the other 74 counters at Hardangervidda. There is relatively low visitor volume in the core area of Hardangervidda, but here is the human – wild reindeer coexistence more pronounced. The density of wild reindeer shows similar spatial use during the sampling period 2001-2018. The space use is very concentrated during the low and high tourist season, but more dispersed during the hunting period. In high tourist season wild reindeer are concentrated in the southeastern part of the area, covering only less than 20 % of the summer range at Hardangervidda. The comparison of space use data for humans and wild reindeer indicates seasonal large-scale segregation and suggest that reindeer move to areas with lower density of trails or areas including trails with low intensity of use during the whole tourist season. During high season, we identified several trails that, based on findings from previous studies, are expected to function as barriers and hamper wild reindeer space use. For example, the core summer area for wild reindeer is surrounded by trails with more than 30 visitors / day (08:00-20:00), which seem difficult for wild reindeer to cross.

Our study suggests a strong potential for coexistence between wild reindeer and tourists in Hardangervidda National Park, at large spatial scale, and indicates that wild reindeer move to refuge areas with less tourist infrastructure and fewer hikers during the peak tourist season. More specifically, the study identifies popular hiking trails that are predicted to hamper the possibilities for wild reindeer to migrate and access important resources. We discuss overall management implications with the aim to reduce the impact of human activities on wild reindeer at Hardangervidda National Park.

References

Kaltenborn, B. K., O. Andersen & V. Gundersen. 2014. The role of wild reindeer as a flagship species in new management models in Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geography 68(3): 168-177. DOI: 10.1080/00291951.2014.904400

Nellemann, C., Vistnes, I., Jordhoy, P., Stoen, O. G., Kaltenborn, B. P., Hanssen, F. & R. Helgesen. 2010. Effects of recreational cabins, trails and their removal for restoration of reindeer winter ranges. Restoration Ecology 18: 873–881. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00517.x

Norwegian Environment Agency. 2015.

http://www.miljødirektoratet.no/no/Nyheter/Nyheter/2015/April-2015/Ny-merkevare--og-kommunikasjonsstrategi-for-Norges-nasjonalparker/ [08.03.2018].

Panzacchi, M., Van Moorter B., Jordhøy, P. & O. Strand. 2013a. Learning from the past to predict the future: Modeling archaeological findings and GPS data to quantify reindeer sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance in Norway. Landscape Ecology, Special Issue 28: 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9793-5

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 13 Panzacchi, M., Van Moorter, B. & O. Strand. 2013b. A road in the middle of one of the last wild reindeer migrations routes in Norway: crossing behavior and threats to conservation. Rangifer 33: 15-26. https://doi.org/10.7557/2.33.2.2521

Panzacchi, M., Van Moorter, B., Strand, O., Saerens, M., Kivimäki, I., Cassady St. Clair, C., Herfindal, I. & L. Boitani. 2015. Predicting the continuum between corridors and barriers to animal movements using Step Selection Functions and Randomized Shortest Paths. Journal of Animal Ecology, Special Issue 85: 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12386

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MMV9 ǀ Bordeaux 2018 14

Bear tourism in South Kamchatka Sanctuary (Russia):

visitors and wildlife monitoring and management

Anna V. Zavadskaya, Kronotsky Federal Nature Biosphere Reserve, Russia,

anya.zavadskaya@gmail.com

Sergey A. Kolchin, Institute of Water and Environmental Problems of the Far Eastern Branch of the

Russian Academy of Sciences

Varvara A. Sazhina, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Liya V. Pokrovskaya, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia

Introduction

A common justification for developing ecotourism opportunities within natural protected areas (PAs) is that ecotourism helps to secure long-term conservation of wildlife and habitats and also contributes to local socio-economic development.

Although Russia has a long and rich history of nature conservation (its traditions go back to the 17th century), tourism development within Russian PAs started only in the early 1980s, with establishment of Russia's first national parks. Before this Russian PAs, represented originally by Russia's distinctive system of zapovedniks (strict nature preserves), emphasized preservation of ecosystems primarily for scientific purposes; as a result, management strategies for zapovedniks excluded all economic activities including tourism (Ostergen and Hollenhorst 1999; Watson et al. 2009). After the establishment of national parks, conservation policy for almost all categories of Russian PAs broadened to include environmental education and ecotourism.

Lack of experience managing the impacts of recreational visitors, however, has created many challenges for Russian PA managers who seek to achieve sustainable environmental, social and economic outcomes. In many cases, quite rapid opening of PAs for tourism has occurred in the absence of knowledge about environmental impacts, visitors' preferences, and local social and economic effects − all essential for successful management of tourism.

Perhaps the fullest study of such impacts and effects in Russia is now in progress at a long-protected nursery area for female brown bears (Ursus arctos) and their cubs, Kurile Lake in South Kamchatka Sanctuary. This paper offers a case study showing the potential for significant and rapid adjustments, in PAs in Russia and perhaps other nations, to diminish adverse impacts of human presence in critical areas of habitat for wildlife.

Background

South Kamchatka Federal Sanctuary (figure) is one of the most attractive areas for wildlife tourism in Russia. As well as being a part of UNESCO’s World Heritage Site “Volcanoes of Kamchatka”, an area now attracting visitors due to its primeval nature and picturesque scenery, the Sanctuary provides habitat for what may be the world’s largest population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) within a single protected area. As a result, the Sanctuary is experiencing rapid growth in numbers of visitors. During the past 10 years the number of tourists, who travel to the Sanctuary mostly to view its abundant bears, grew 10 times and now has reached 4000 visitors per year. The majority of bear viewing activity occurs along the coast of Kurile Lake, where bears congregate to feed on the abundant runs of sockeye salmon that occur from the middle to the end of summer.

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Location of the study area

At the same time that the Southern Kamchatka Sanctuary is a haven for wildlife, it also must be a neighbour to adjacent settlements with a total population of about 2,500 people. In this remote and isolated area, people’s lives and local economies depend upon the exploitation of natural resources, most importantly through fishing. Ecotourism development in areas such as this can add significantly to the otherwise limited range of economic opportunities; ecotourism can simultaneously raise the level of environmental awareness of the area's residents and offer them alternatives to poaching and other forms of illegal activity.

Until last year, tourism development in the area was carried out without any scientific or research support. But with growth in the numbers of tourists, it is becoming necessary to design mechanisms to provide appropriate visitor experiences that can protect vulnerable ecosystems, reduce the negative impact of tourism, and provide benefits for local economies.

Methods

This paper presents results of our research projects, which focused on gathering knowledge needed to create tools to support sustainable tourism development in Southern Kamchatka, particularly in the basin of the Kurile Lake.

The project, which utilised an interdisciplinary approach, included zoological studies of bear-human interactions and sociological studies of visitors' use.

Zoological studies were conducted throughout the period of salmon runs, from late June until the end of September 2017. These studies aimed to improve understanding of the potential

345000 380000 415000

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individual-level and population-level effects of recreational activities in order to help develop tools to aid managers in making decisions about further recreational activities in brown bear habitats. Studies utilized direct observations as well as photo-traps, which were set up in areas with and without tourists, in order to collect data.

Sociological studies were conducted in the region's two most-popular tourist bases (Travyanoy and Ozernoy ranger stations) throughout the period when visitors use the area (from the middle of July until the end of September) in order to assess the current nature of bear viewing opportunities, significant factors that influence the quality of those opportunities, and public acceptability of current management startegies in bear viewing. The studies included observations of tourist activities and collections of sociological data using in-depth personal interviews (semi-structured), during which 449 questionnaires were collected. Interview topics included tourists’ expectations and satisfaction, experience of crowding, feelings about interactions with brown bears, educational experiences resulting from bear-viewing programmes, and perceptions about future management of the area.

In order to develop our recommendations for sustainable tourism, we also drew on results and analysis from our previous studies devoted to assessment of ecosystem services and values of the area for local communities (Zavadskaya et al. 2017) and to attitudes of residents and tourists towards protected areas (Nikolaeva et al. 2015).

Results

Our study showed that bear viewing activities (tracking, photographing, using drones, travelling via boats and helicopters) in the basin of the Kurile Lake cause the full spectrum of impacts upon the area's population of brown bears that has been well described in other bear-viewing areas (Fortin et al 2016; Penteriani et al. 2017). Impacts on bears that we witnessed include: spatial and temporal avoidance, changes in the time spent at a habitat, changes in the number of bears present, changes in sex/age class of bears in a habitat, and changes in activity budget.

Our study of visitor use gave information for establishing acceptable carrying capacities for visitors and for developing and improving interpretative programmes intended to enrich visitors' recreational and educational opportunities. Although our study showed that most visitors give a positive evaluation to their experience in the Sanctuary, the study revealed a number of negative impressions. Some visitors contended that a discrepancy exists between ideals of ecotourism and the current impacts of tourism in the area; others expressed concerns about current management practices, about the extent of tourism development, about what could be called "touristization" of an area that is promoted to be wilderness, and about unacceptable levels of intervention by tourists in the lives of brown bears.

Combining the results of this study with those of our previous studies allowed us to reach the following principal outcomes, designed to help harmonize relationships between people and wildlife in the area:

1) A code of ethical bear viewing practices for the area was developed and implemented. 2) Hotspots with excessive recreational impacts and areas of potential conflicts over resource use in the area were identified, and as a result an optimal spatial structure for bear viewing opportunities was proposed.

3) In order to provide long-term support for management decisions designed to assure that bear viewing is compatible with conservation benefits and community-development benefits, an ongoing monitoring programme was developed and implemented − a programme that will monitor social and physical conditions, which are constantly changing and interacting in new ways, as well as monitor communities' involvement with tourism development.

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4) A programme of detailed training for rangers and tourist guides, designed to improve understanding about the area and about bears' behaviour, as well as to minimize conflicts, was developed.

5) A programme that involves local communities with tourism development − including through educational events, promotion of local products to tourists, and logistical support − was developed and implemented.

The research was supported by the Russian Geographical Society project "Ecotourism in the Land of Bears – the Ethics of Bears' Hospitality" (2017–2018).

References

Fortin, J.K., Rode, K.D., Hilderbrand, G.V., Wilder, J., Farley, S., Jorgensen, C., et al. 2016 Impacts of Human Recreation on Brown Bears (Ursus arctos): A Review and New Management Tool. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0141983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141983

Nikolaeva, E., Zavadskaya, A., Sazhina, V., Watson, A. 2015 Social Science in the Russian Far East. Understanding Protected Area Visitors’ and Local Residents’ Attitudes. International Journal of Wilderness. Volume 21, Issue 1 (April). Pp. 34–42.

Ostergren, D.M. and Hollenhorst, S.J. 1999 Convergence in protected area policy: a comparison of the Russian zapovednik and American wilderness systems. Society and Natural Resources, 12(4). Pp. 293–313.

Penteriani, V., López-Bao, J. V., Bettega, C., Dalerum, F., del Mar Delgado, M., Jerina, K., Kojola, I., Krofel, M. and Ordiz, A. 2017 Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism: A review. Biological Conservation. 206. Pp. 169–180.

Watson, A., Martin, V., Lin, C.C. 2009 Wilderness: An International Community Knocking on Asia’s Door. Journal of National Park (Taiwan), 19(4). Pp 1–9.

Zavadskaya, A., Nikolaeva, Е., Sazhina, V., Shpilenok, T., Shuvalova, O. 2017 Values and Ecosystem Services of Kronotsky Reserve and South Kamchatka Sanctuary. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy : Publishing House “Kamchatpress“. 244 p.

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Recreation Ecology in Brazil: a preliminary review.

André de Almeida Cunha, Department of Ecology, Research Centre UnB Cerrado, University of

Brasília, Brazilian, cunha.andre@gmail.com

Teresa Cristina Magro-Lindenkamp, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Brazilian,

teresa.magro@usp.br

Douglas de Souza Pimentel, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de janeiro State University,

Brazilian.

Yu-Fai Leung, North Carolina State University, USA, leung@ncsu.edu

Introduction

Visitation in Brazilian National Parks (NP) increased twofold in the last decade. Managers must take advantage of this as an opportunity for increasing environmental awareness and nature conservation support. On the other hand, NP together with other protected areas (PAs) and natural areas are not enough for the persistence of species and maintenance of environmental services. Biodiversity crisis is hampering unprecedented number of threatened species and collapsing ecosystems.

PA and particularly NP, in Brazil, are the most important tools for conservation strategies. Despite its potential, visitation in Brazilian PAs is still limited in terms of delivering direct benefits to nature conservation, to environmental awareness, and to local people. Resources to identify and monitor recreation impacts are still scarce in Brazil. PAs and PAs agencies have insufficient staff, time and resources, despite the increasing effort in capacity building for planning and managing visitation. In this context, agencies prioritize to establish new attractions, increase visitors flow, and provide basic services, mainly through public-private partnerships. Identifying and monitoring the impacts in a more systematic way is fundamental to track the sustainability of ecotourism and to support PA managers.

Research institutions, particularly universities, are better positioned to fill this gap by building transdisciplinary approaches. Research on nature tourism in Brazil, are more focused on social science using qualitative methods. Quantitative or mixed-methods to monitor tourism and recreation impacts are still in an initial stage and must be stimulated. In this study, we conduct a preliminary literature review on recreation ecology in Brazil.

Methods

We analyzed the types and numbers of studies conducted in different biomes, ecoregions, habitats, ecosystems, and upon distinct taxonomic groups; the metrics used, as well as the types of recreation activities, impacts, and specific sites sampled. We searched for papers in Web of Science and Google scholar engines, using keywords: Brazil; touris*; impact; environment; and also changing environment to nature or to biodiversity, and adding protected area. In a preliminary effort, 600 papers were analyzed, from which we selected 20 studies designed to measure the impact of recreation activities on biodiversity.

Preliminary results and next steps

Two thirds of the papers concentrated in the Marine-Coastal biome, mostly on coral reefs, but also on rocky shores, sand beaches and seagrass meadow ecosystems. Recreation activities considered on these sites were swimming, snorkeling, splashing, walking, and boat tours. Impacts evaluated were human presence (visitor occurrence and densities), trampling, and handling and removal of organisms.

References

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