Biomass energy
perspectives in
Mexico and Central
America
Emilio de los Ríos Ibarra,
Red Mexicana de Bioenergía
edelosrios@prodigy.net.mx
Plan
Bioenergy in Mexico.
Mexico & Central America Resource use and
Sustainability
Is there a path for Sustainable Biomass energy?
Biomass energy perspectives, The case of firewood in
Bioenergy in
Mexico
High potential, marginally used
Promising applications..
Land fill Biogas
Efficient stoves Forest by products
Energy crops
Energy use in
Mexico
Bioenergy supplies 8% of total primary energy in México (455 de 5,690 PJ/yr)
Bioenergy supplies 8% of total primary energy in México (455 de 5,690 PJ/yr)
0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Año P E T AJO U L E S firewood sugar cane bagasse Wind Geothermic Hydraulic Nuclear associated gas non associated gas Condensates Crude oil Coal
Natural Forest
38%
Manure
3%
energy crops
6%
Plantation
27%
Forest waste
2%
Agricultural by
products
19%
Agro-industrial
wastes
4%
MSW derived
1%
Total availablility : 3,000-4550 PJ/año 50-80% total energy demand
Bioenergy
Sources
in Mexico
Global
Warming
POWER GENERATION MITIGATION POTENTIAL 2030 Gt CO2 eq/ yr
Fuel switch and plant efficiency, 1.07 Nuclear, 1.88 Hydro, 0.87 Wind, 0.93 Bio-energy, 1.22 Geothermal, 0.43 Solar PV and Concentrated Solar Power, 0.25 CCS + coal, 0.49 CCS + gas, 0.22
Biodiesel: Experience
in México
• Waste vegetable oil plant in Monterrey
• Propalm Plant
• Michoacán state project (Jatropha)
• Comisión Bioenergéticos- Chiapas (Jatropha)
Nivel 3
Nivel 2
Nivel 1
Biodiesel pilot plant
Biogas
• Manure management • Land fill gas
• MDG and Climate change mittigation pottential
• (CH4 21 times more GWP than el
CO2)
• 128 of 148 Mexican CDM approved projects for Mexico are biogás.
Mexico’s Sugar Industry
Sugar is Mexico’s largest agricultural industry
Sugar cane fifth largest cultivated crop,
(614 000 ha) 58 sugar mills in 15 states, most obsolete.Fossil fuel consumption 8.5 liters/ton sugar.
More than 440,000 jobs.
(cane cutters, seasonal field workers, and factory workers)
158,000 cane growers,
Mean surface per grower < 4 ha, produce 300 tons each
.
Quensland Australia 6,500 growers with 85 ha.
Mexican sugar cane industry has been in permanent crisis, as state intervention, aims job creation not labor productivity.
Sugar cane
Ethanol
Domestic production during the 2004/2005 crop 60 million liters Domestic demand industrial ethanol 164 million liters
Imports from Guatemala, Salvador FOB mill price $372.00 Mex pesos/ ton =
Sugar Cane
Maize production costs in Mexico $ 280.48 $ 3,034.78 1.38 $ 4,188.00 TAB PV 2005 $ 269.38 $ 2,914.67 3 $ 8,744.00 GRO OI 05-06 $ 217.03 $ 2,348.24 2.5 $ 5,870.60 E MEX PV 2005 $ 216.97 $ 2,347.62 2.1 $ 4,930.00 VER PV 2005 $ 186.97 $ 2,023.00 5.5 $11,126.50 SON OI 05-06 $ 168.24 $ 1,820.33 3 $ 5,461.00 YUC PV2005 $ 154.48 $ 1,671.50 3 $ 5,014.50 TAMPS PV 2005 $ 108.84 $ 1,177.60 5 $ 5,888.00 JALISCO PV 2005 $ 95.02 $ 1,028.15 6.5 $ 6,683.00 E MEX PV 2005 $ 88.96 $ 962.57 7 $ 6,738.00 JALISCO PV 2005 $ 75.22 $ 813.86 7 $ 5,697.00 SINALOA PV 2005 $ 56.48 $ 611.15 9.15 $ 5,592.00 SINALOA OI 05-06 USCy PESOS ton Cost/ton cost/ ton yield Cost/ha State Season
Source:www.siap.sagarpa.gob.mx.viocs CBOT price $149.6 us cy/ton
380 cents/bushell 15 nov 07
How can maize be
produced at this cost
?
Cost per ton $ us/ton Cost per ton
pesos Yield ton/ha Cost pesos/ha state season $ 280.48 $ 269.38 $ 217.03 $ 216.97 $ 2,347.62 2.1 $ 4,930.00 VER PV 2005 $ 2,348.24 2.5 $ 5,870.60 E MEX PV 2005 $ 2,914.67 3 $ 8,744.00 GRO OI 05-06 $ 3,034.78 1.38 $ 4,188.00 TAB PV 2005
Maize in Mexico and C. America is:
• Base of tortillas, the staple product for most of the population.
• Specific varieties are main ingredient for delicate dishes.
• And a commodity.commodity.
CBOT price $149.6 us cy / ton 380cents / bushell 15 nov 07
Energy equiv. cost Total cost $ US / lt Feed stock cost $ us/ l $ 1.2140 $ 0.8608 $ 0.6722 TAB $ 1.1765 $ 0.8342 $ 0.6456 GRO $ 0.9996 $ 0.7088 $ 0.5201 E MEX $ 0.9994 $ 0.7086 $ 0.5200 VER $ 0.8980 $ 0.6367 $ 0.4481 SON $ 0.8347 $ 0.5919 $ 0.4032 YUC $ 0.7882 $ 0.5589 $ 0.3702 TAMPS $ 0.6339 $ 0.4495 $ 0.2608 JALISCO $ 0.5872 $ 0.4164 $ 0.2277 E MEX $ 0.5667 $ 0.4019 $ 0.2132 JALISCO $ 0.5472 Gasoline $ 0.5203 $ 0.3689 $ 0.1803 SINALOA $ 0.4570 $ 0.3240 $ 0.1354 SINALOA
Ethanol production cost maize feed stock
Domestic wood fuel
• 5 millon families, use wood fuel in Mexico.
• Efficient wood stoves are a true alternative
• Benefit cost Ratio 7 : 1 just for health benefits.
Environmental issues
have transboundary
Effects and need
transboundary actions
Biodiversity conservation
Bioenergy
&
Meso America
5 Mexican states % area
Chiapas 10% Campeche 7% Tabasco 3% Yucatán 6% Quintana Roo 5% Belice 3% Costa Rica 7% Guatemala 14% Honduras 15% Nicaragua 18% El Salvador 3% Panama 10% Total area 768,543 Km2
Biodiversity
Meso - America
bridge between North and South América. Second world’s largest reef, many different Landscapes. Mountains that reach 4,211 m. above sea level.Rainfall from 500 mm to more than 7,000 mm/year. Mean annual temperatures from 7,5 to 32,5 0 C.
24,000 vascular plant species,
5,000 (21%) endemic. (Jatropha curcas)
521 mamalian species, 210 (40 %) endémic. 1,193 bird species
Crop center of origin:
Socio-economic
data
51,072 Total 9,992 * 3,284 5,594 7,518 13,018 6,991 4,399 276 2006 7.4 13.9 Mexico 7.6 19.3 Panama 31.9 29 Nicaragua 22.6 36.3 Honduras 28.2 18.9 Guatemala 18.9 18.4 El Salvador 3.8 15 Costa Rica 5.3 N-D Belize 2005 2005 Year Agricultural labour % labour forceSource: CEPAL Anuario Estadístico 2006 *INEGI Recuento 2005 ( only 5 states )
Illiteracy Rate % Population >15 yr Population thousands Population density: 66.43 hab / sq km
Economic Growth
10 636,161.3 580,791.7 Mexico 23 14,312.3 11,629.8 Panama 16 4,579.9 3,938.3 Nicaragua 19 7,180.4 6,024.6 Honduras 13 21,849.1 19,288.9 Guatemala 11 14,634.1 13,134.1 El Salvador 22 19,470.3 15,946.5 Costa Rica 31 1,085.7 831.8 Belice %change * 1 (b) 2000 (a)Cepal Anuario estadístico 2006 * ( b/a) -1
Millions US $
Exports
2.7 TOBACCO 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.6 2.4 PEANUTCEPAL Anuario Estadístico 2006
50.9 57.4 39.9 71.5 53.2 TOTAL 4.6 2.8 BANANAS 4 2.9 4.2 SUGAR 5.2 4.9 3.3 3.9 CATTLE 7 12.1 5.6 18.8 13.7 SEA FOOD 14.4 15.2 12.8 8.3 10.8 MEAT 15.1 17.4 10.9 27.1 23.5 COFEE 2005 2004 2002 2000 1995
Percentage share of total value of exports
NICARAGUA MAIN EXPORTS Example
Remitances
FDI = foreign direct investment
ODA = official development aid GDP = gross domestic product
154.0% 24888.0% 100.0% 2.5% Mexico 58.0% 1556.0% 253.0% 6.8% Belize 35.0% 6435.0% 49.0% 1.8% Panama 24.0% 7960.0% 55.0% 1.7% Costa Rica 286.0% 385.0% 582.0% 15.1% Honduras 432.0% 127.0% 310.0% 17.8% Nicaragua 756.0% 6620.0% 655.0% 16.1% El Salvador 348.0% 3052.0% 2145.0% 10.0% Guatemala Tourism ODA FDI GDP 2004 data
Migrant worker cash remitances as percentage of :
Currently main foreign currency source
Sustainability
Soil erosion
Source Global soil degradation. (1997). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 19:35, November 17, 2007 from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/global_soil_degradation.
Energy and Human
development
6.5 7.0 501.0 245.0 72.1 118 Guatemala 4.9 5.0 694.0 259.0 63.6 117 Honduras 5.5 8.7 492.0 363.0 69.3 112 Nicaragua 6.9 7.6 663.0 336.0 46.3 101 El Salvador -708.0 370.0 25.0 96 Belice 7.6 7.3 1733.0 930.0 28.5 58 Panama 5.6 5.5 2108.0 955.0 13.0 53 Mexico 9.9 10.2 1764.0 964.0 29.6 48 Costa Rica 2003 1980 2003 1980 2003 Human dev. Index RankGDP per energy unit 2000 PPP US$ / kg oil Per capita
electricity consumption Traditional fuels
% total energy
Domestic Fuel Use
7.9 11.5 3.1 Other 2.5 0.8 4.8 Electricity 12.6 3.4 24.6 Charcoal 45.3 20.3 78 LPG 5.4 8.4 1.4 Kerosene 73.6 95.4 45.2 Fuelwood Global Rural UrbanHousehold Cooking fuels in Guatemala
ESMAP- world bank 2005
% households
Multiple fuel use
Forest Area
Source Cifor 1996 Square km
288,000 52,000 70,000 68,000 71,000 27,000 1950 95,000 193,000 Total 21,000 31,000 Panama 10,000 60,000 Nicaragua 22,000 46,000 Honduras 29,000 42,000 Guatemala 13,000 14,000 Costa Rica Forest loss 1990 Year From 1990 to 2005 Central America lost 52,280 Km 2
more.
17 % of 1990 Forests 10 % of total area for Central America.
Deforestation
Cattle population
1950-1992
Source Cifor 1996
Million head
4.2
0.6
1.1
0.9
1
0.6
1950
7.6
1.2
2.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1970
10.1
1.4
2.8
1.8
2.1
2
1978
9.6
1.4
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.7
1992
Total
Panama
Nicaragua
Honduras
Guatemala
Costa Rica
Year
Land Use
Cash crop production within a capital intensive
and export oriented sector.
Cocoa, Coffee, Sugar Cane, Bananas, Sisal, Rubber, Cotton, Soybeans, Beef, Cardamom, Oil Palm, Annato, Jatropha ??
Non sustainable forestry to extract:
Chewing gum, Mahogany and other tropical timbers, dyes (palo de tinte), Barbasco, Xate palm leaves.
According to commodity
Consequences:
Environmental degradation, poverty, political unrest.Is bioenergy a new boom?
Is there a path
for Sustainable
Fao (2007) Sustainable Bioenergy a Framework for Decision Makers
FAO’s 9 key Issues, to consider
for bioenergy policy design
.
• Ability of bioenergy to provide energy services for the poor.
• Implications for agro industrial development and job creation.
• Health and gender implications of modern bioenergy.
• Implications for the structure of agriculture.
• Implications for food security.
• Implications for government budget.
• Implications for trade, foreign exchange balances and energy security
• Impacts on biodiversity and natural resource management
How do these
issues apply in a
real context?
Wood fuel in Yucatan
Mexico
Yucatan population
2005
• 1, 800, 000 inhabitants
• 36% households, use fire wood
Wood fuel
consumption
Domestic per capita comsumption 2.1 kg / day
Heat equivalent almost 10kW / hr
Biomass
Alternative
Woodfuel estimated domestic consumption 500,000 ton/year
with efficient stoves 50 % could be saved
which means
250,000 tons / year enough to generate
292 GW/hr electric assuming 30 % efficiency
11 % current electrical consumption in Yucatan
.Other Uses:
Cottage industries
Wood fuel is the energy source for many cottage industries. Most can’t afford other fuels Energy efficiency it usually very low.Other Uses:
Charcoal Production
Peasants produce charcoal to use wood that otherwise would be burnt, when clearing land for shifting agriculture.
Earth kilns have very low yields No cash investment,
Capital is the scarce production factor
Charcoal marketing
chain
in Yucatan Field (Peasant) $1.30 Small Vehicle owner ½ to 3 tonsField Agent
Wholesale Merida $1.70 retailer $2.00 Consumer $3.50 Merida Restaurant $2.00 Transport (cost $0.30) Mexico City Warehouse(cost $1.70)
Mexico City consumer
$7.00
Mexico City Restaurant
$4.00
Charcoal
Charcoal production transforms forest resources in wages at rural labor opportunity cost. Imperfect market.Wholesaler has best margin.
Waste of natural capital.
Great environmental cost.