Induceerbaar weerbaar

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Induceerbaar weerbaar

Leerbaar Weerbaar Workshop Delft, 18 september 2012

Green Biology Utrecht University

Molecular Plant Physiology Plant-Microbe Interactions

Plant Ecophysiology

Ecology & Biodiversity

Sjef Smeekens Corné Pieterse Rens Voesenek George Kowalchuk

Learning from nature to enhance and protect crops Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for translational research to crops

Institute of Environmental Biology (>100 plant scientists)

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Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana

Zandraket

Learning from nature to enhance and protect crops

Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for translational research to crops

Aphids Myzus persicae Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Botrytis cinerea brassicicola

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Plant diseases: economical impact

Are plants helpless?

Herbivore Carnivore HIPVs Pollinator Plant pathogen Competitor or parasitic plant Mycorrhizae Herbivore Entomopathogenic nematode Systemic HIPVs Competitor or parasitic plant Herbivore Carnivore HIPVs Pollinator Plant pathogen Competitor or parasitic plant Mycorrhizae Herbivore Entomopathogenic nematode Systemic HIPVs Competitor or parasitic plant Rhizobacteria

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NO TRESPASSING

Hmm

Animation: Remco van Poecke

Structural and chemical barriers

Constitutive defenses

NO TRESPASSING

Animation: Remco van Poecke

9 NO TRESPASSING ZZZAPPP Induced defenses fungi bacteria viruses insects

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Plant immune system

Plant immune system

13 W IR WIR W IR

WI

R

Jasmonic acid (JA)

pathogen S_A R SAR S_A R

SA

R

Systemic acquired resistance Salicylic acid (SA)

15 IS_R ISR IS_R

IS

R

IS

_R

Induced systemic resistance

Jasmonic acid (JA) Ethylene (ET)

Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR

Broad spectrum of effectiveness

Control Induced

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+

-Radish -Fusarium oxysporum

ISR:greenhouse trials

Plant responses to beneficial rhizobacteria > Growth promotion

The plant microbiome

>1010_{cfu/ g}

>1010_{microbes/gram soil} >33.000 species/gram in the rhizosphere

The totality of microbes and their interactions on the plant are important for plant health

Years wheat monoculture

T a k e -a ll d is e a s e s e v e ri ty conducive suppressive 2,4-DAPG producing Pseudomonads

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Crop rotation Wheat monoculture

Development of microbial community important for plant health

Wheat – take all disease (Gaeumannomyces graminis)

Berendsen, Pieterse, Bakker (2012) Trends in Plant Science, in press

WIR The bad

The ugly

Cross talk

Plant immune system

> Induced defense pathways

JA ET

JA ISR

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Poelman, van Loon, Dicke (2008) Trends Plant Sci. 13: 534–541 Induced plant defenses

> Consequences for biodiversity at higher trophic levels

Hyaloperonospora Pieris PR-1 VSP2 Pieris rapae Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis SA JA Defense against biotrophs Defense against Microbially-induced SA

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Feeding for 11 days on Arabidopsis Spodoptera exigua

Low SA:

> high JA-dep. defense

SA/JA crosstalk: SA antagonizes insect resistance

High SA:

> low JA-dep. defense

Vivian van Oosten

Van Oosten et al. (2008) MPMI 21: 919-930

SA/JA crosstalk: SA antagonizes insect resistance

Eggs of the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) on SA-responsive PR-1::GUS reporter line

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Unravel hormonal interactions in the web of induced defense signaling pathways

Effect of drought stress and herbivory on level

of disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea

Drought Pieris rapae

Effect of drought stress and herbivory on level

of disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea

---- 316 Arabidopsis accessions (ecotypes)

% o f le a v e s w it h s p re a d in g l e s io n s (r e la ti v e t o a c c e s s io n C o l-0 )

Plant immune system

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• Wat zijn de belangrijkste positieve en negatieve interacties tussen verschillende stressors? pathogenen, insecten, abiotische stress, nutrienten stress (teveel, te weinig)

• Kunnen we deze interacties chemisch/biologisch sturen (b.v. biologische middelen)?

• Kunnen we genen/merkers identificeren die gerelateerd zijn aan vermogen plant om met diverse biotische/abiotische stressen tegelijk om te gaan?

• Learning from nature

Leerbaar weerbaar > Belangrijke onderzoeksvragen Marcel Dicke Wageningen University Johan Memelink Leiden University Alain Goossens VIB, Ghent, Belgium Robert Schuurink University of Amsterdam

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Microbes and insects on Arabidopsis

Pseudomonas fluorescensPseusomonas syringae

Xanthomonas campestris

Fusarium oxysporumAlternaria brassicicola Botrytis cinerea

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis

Turnip crinkle virus

Myzus persicae

Green peach aphid

Frankliniella occidentalis

Western flower thrips

Spodoptera exigua Beet armyworm Pieris rapae Cabbage white butterfly

Photos:Hans van Pelt

Dynamics of hormone crosstalk

>high density time series RNA seq modeling hormone crosstalk

RNA seq >1000 DVDs per treatment Marcel van Verk Richard Hickman Saskia van Wees

• Identificeer belangrijkste positieve en negatieve interacties (kunnen per plantensoort verschillend zijn)

• Chemisch/biologisch sturen van de interactie (b.v. biologische middelen die de SA pathway stimuleren)

• Genen/markers identificeren die gerelateerd zijn aan vermogen plant om met diverse biotische/abiotische stressen tegelijk om te gaan. WIR The bad The ugly Cross talk JA ET JA ISR

37 ISR SAR H y a lo p e ro n o s p o ra p a ra s it ic a P s e u d o m o n a s s y ri n g a e X a n th o m o n a s c a m p e s tr is A lt e rn a ri a b ra s s ic ic o la T u rn ip c ri n k le v ir u s F u s a ri u m o x y s p o ru m B o tr y ti s c in e re a P ie ri s r a p a e S p o d o p te ra e x ig u a

oomyc. bacteria fungi virus insects

Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR