197803 pdf

- ---/---.--_._--- ... ~.

The XL40 delivers powerful, concurrent, transaction-oriented distributed processing for your management network. With a series of new features specifically designed to solve your long-range needs.

More accessibility, with 3270-mode host inter-activity to permit retrieval of data not available . on local XL40 files.

More expand ability, with up to 512K bytes of • memory and 70 megabytes of disk, combined with our turnkey software, to offer an exceptional application range.

Remote Subsystem enables XL40 terminals and station printers to operate at remote locations

More versatility, with terminals and station printers that can be local or remote,and operate just as if they were XL40 cable-connected, wherever phone lines can be installed. More flexibility, with both 480-character production screens and 2000-character large document screens, so' we can configure the optimum mix for your requirements. More source capability, with station printers under user program control that combine keyed' data with disk file information to provide hard copy at local or remote sites.

Large Disk increases disk capacity to

a

March,

Not only does our 7350 offer all you expect from Itel disk drives, like our exclusive Dual-Port Feature, our patented Advanced Function Capability and the industry's fastest access time (4 ms track to track vs. 10 ms for IBM's 3350), but another unique technological innovation as well. Our exclusive microprocessor makes Itel's new 7350 the most maintainable drive in its class. And with other Itel standard features, the 7350 provides improved perfor-mance of up to 25% over IBM's equivalent, the 3350.

Our exclusive Dual-Port Feature (dynamic device switching), which

increases subsystem availability by up to 87.5%, is a marked improve-ment over IBM's string switching. And Itel's patented Advanced Function Capability increases the effectiveness of dynamic device switching and provides a potential system throughput improvement over.lBM's Write Format Release. These standard features, plus the fastest access time currently available, allow an increase in throughput of up to 25%. In addition, the microprocessor also provides substantial diagnostic capability which further enhances the 7350's performance. And as always, Itel

CIRCLE 27 ON READER CARD

offers superior performance and 100% compatibility at a significantly lower cost.

When it comes to price/perfor-mance, Itel has always been a sensible alternative to IBM. Now, when it comes to reliability, availa-bility and serviceaavaila-bility, the 7350, with its built-in computer. makes Itel the only alternative.

J:TEL

CORPORAT1ON

VOLUME'

FEATURES

80 LET'S PUT INFORMATION NETWORKS INTO PERSPECTIVE

Hal B. Becker. It's so appealing, but it's so tough to do.

87 A BRITISH EXAMPLE OF DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

Alan J. Shepherd. As expected, the management problems were the toughest.

92 IBM'S STRATEGY IN

TERMINALS AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING

Henry F. Sherwood. "What's good for the industry" can probably be turned to IBM's advantage in the end.

102 COMMUNICATING WORD PROCESSORS

Amy D. Wohl. More like general purpose terminals every day.

117 "DESIGNING BY COMMITTEE" WORKS-SOMETIMES

Dennis J. Streveler. When time is short this is the way to go.

NEWS IN PERSPECTIVE

201 DATA FLOW

Curbs on data flow could strangle world economies.

, 203' COMMUNICATIONS

The telephone as a computer. Shared networks for banking.

206 TECHNOLOGY

Backen<;l processors: is REM the answer?

207 HISTORY

NSA's computer story. How NSA influenced commmercial offerings.

212 TRANSPORTATION

BART is going distributed.

213 INTERNATIONAL

The tv as a terminal. Viewdata is no more complicated than a washing machine. Europeans entering, U.S. micro market.

DEPARTMENTS

8 LOOKING BACK

17 LOOK AHEAD

23 LETTERS

Computer science as a discipline; transborder data flow; change; a real self-starter; are computer people humorless?

41 PEOPLE

Carl T. Bergeman: a conversion and a five-year plan; Glen A. Malmquist: after six months of job hunting; others in new posts.

46 CALENDAR

What's big in April; software quality papers sought; a peek at the rest of the year.

55 SOURCE DATA

Book Reviews: Structured Systems Analysis and Heathkit on Micro-processors. In reports & references: new DATAMATION survey.

March,1978

125 SHOULD SOFTWARE BE COPYRIGHTED?

Edith D. Myers. The real question is: "Can copyright law be stretched that far?"

141 CAN TODAY'S MIS MANAGER MAKE THE

TRANSITION?

John C. Gilbert. Four new roles to play, some unfamiliar.

153 THE WORLD'S TOP 50 COMPUTER IMPORT MARKETS

Bohdan

o.

174 COMPUTING'S WARRING CAMPS '

Ronald S. Lemos. Specialization and inbreeding have gone too far. '

184 THE KNIGHTS AND THE SQUIRES

w.

195 WHAT YOU SAY MAY BE HELD AGAINST YOU

Daniel A. Mersich. A court makes a decision on accountability.

196 BABBAGE'S FAMILIAR QUOTATIONS

Paul F. Roth and George E. Lindamood. Infamous last words.

219 COMPANIES

Perkin-Elmer's "one vendor" approach.

221 LITIGATION

David vs. Goliath.

224 GOVERNMENT

How dp sharing works.

228 SOFTWARE

Assurance for package buyers.

228 ADMINISTRATION

The CIO would head information functions.

230 BENCHMARKS

Tax hearing postponed; Propos~d I/O standard; Court upholds FCC; No primary instrument now; ITT buys Courier; Pertec buys into Tally; Modcomp ends negotiations; New scanning prices; Medical systems growth; New name for WEMA; A profit for Cray.

79 EDITOR'S READOUT

Distributed proceSSing is bringing happiness to editors, copy-writers, and even a few users. But just what is it? And how long will it last?

234 HARDWARE

Computers, automating the home, word processing, smart color graphics, and a reel of tape.

244 SOFTWARE & SERVICES

PLl1, commercial FORTRAN, extended RPG, Coursewriter, and FORTRAN 77 on a microprocessor.

252 MARKETPLACE

261 ADVERTISERS' INDEX

About the cover

Only one comoany

deliuers a

rnatrill printer

with

a·

500.000.000-character

head lile

warranty

Ollidata

The Okidata Model 22 125-lpm, 132-column . printer. No other printer can deliver so much

quality for so long ... and at 'so competitive a price.

Only Okidata cc;tn say that, and back it up. With a head warranty that's unprecedented in the industry. 500,000,000 characters. At 100% duty cycle. Two years of performance. Made possible by Okidata's proprietary printing method.

With features like industry-compatible parallel interface, microprocessor RS232 serial

interface (with optional current loop), electronic 12-channel VFU,

10-million-character life ribbon, and operator-controlled self-test. I n stand or tabletop

versions.

And it's backed by a nationwide sales-service network. A committed management team with

the resources to back it ""*"'='"'' up. And a growing base of installed printers throughout the world.

From Okidata. We build more than just printers. We build confidence.

OI(l DATA

111 Gaither Drive

Mt. Laurel, New Jersey 08054 Telephone: 609/235/2600

TWX: 710/897/0792

Okidata Corporation also offers

a

a

a

CIRCLE 147 ON READER CARD

4

C'RTR

MRTI C

Nil

EDITORIAL STAFF Editor Articles Editor International Editor European Editor Products Editor Copy Editor Articles Assistant News Editor Bureau Managers

San Francisco Los Angeles Greenwich New York Washington, D.C. Boston Correspondents Minneapolis Southwest Australia Editorial Advisor Technical Advisor Contributing Editors

EDITORIAL OFFICES

John L. Kirkley Richard A, McLaughlin Angeline Pantages Ralph Emmett Bill Musgrave John Waterhouse Sarah Rolph Tom McCusker Edward K. Yasaki Edith D. Myers Angeline Pantages Laton McCartney Linda J. Flato Vin McLellan James K. Johnson Robert F. Alexander Ken McGregor Robert L. Patrick Lowell Amdahl Paul Armer, Ralph G. Berglund, Howard Bromberg, Philip H. Dorn, John M. Eger, William Helgason, Portia Isaacson. Louis B. Marienthal, Carl Reyn-olds, F. G. Withington Headquarters: 1801 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los An-geles, CA 90035. Phone (213) 559-5111. Eastern: 35 Mason St., Greenwich, CT 06830, (203) 661-5400. 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017, (212) 682-7760. 134 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, (617) 354-2125. 6605 Burlington PI., Springfield, VA 22152. (703) 569-3383. Southwestern: 11500 Stem mons North, Suite 152, Dallas, TX 75299, (214) 247-5221. Western: 2680 Bayshore Frontage Rd., Suite 401, Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 965-8222. Foreign: 15 A St. Ann's Terrace, St. John's Wood, London, NW8, England; (01) 722-5088; 24 Stafford Road, Artarmon, Sydney, NSW 2064, Australia, 41-5748.

,GRAPHIC DESIGN & PRODUCTION Art & Production

Director Advertising Production Manager Production Assistant CIRCULATION

Cleve Marie Boutell Marilee Pitman Alberta R. Martin 35 Mason Street, Greenwich, CT 06830 Circulation Manager Suzanne A. Ryan Marketing Research

Manager Publisher Assistant Publisher

Deborah Dwelley James M. Morris F. Douglas De Carlo

-

by Business Publications Audit

~ABP

~! DATAMATION is published monthly on or

IIfij about the first day of every month by Tech-nical Publishing Company, A Dun and Bradstreet Company, 1301 South Grove Ave" Bar-rington, Illinois 60010; James B, Tafel, Chairman of the Board; John K, Abely, President. Executive and Advertising offices, 35 Mason Street, Greenwich, CT 06830, (203) 661-5400, Editorial offices, 1801 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90035. Published at Chicago, III. DATAMATION is circulated without charge by name and title to certain qualified indivi-duals in the United States and Canada who are employed by companies involved with automatic information handling equipment. Available to others by subscription at the rate of $26. Reduced rate for qualified students, $14. Foreign subscriptions $50, or £27.50; for airmail, additional charge $40, or £24.50. Japan and Australia $65, or £36.50 (air shipped), Sole agent for all subscriptions outside the U.S.A, and Canada is J.B. Tratsart, Ltd. 154 A Greenford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA13QT, England, No subscription agency is authorized by us to solicit or take orders for subscriptions. Con-trolled circulations paid at Columbus OH. © Copy-right 1978 Technical Publishing Company. ® "Data-mation" registered trademark of Technical Publish-ing Company. Microfilm copies of DATAMATION may be obtained from University Microfilms, A Xerox Company, 300 No. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Printed by Beslow Associates, Inc. Circulation Office: 34 East Putnam Avenue, Green-wich, CT 06830. POSTMASTER: Form 3579 to be sent to Technical Publishing Company, P.O. Box 2000, Greenwich, CT 06830.

Publication Number: 148800. Single copy: $3.00 in U.S.A.

SYSTEMS CORPORATION

~.

,

~~

~!'. £-~

H~RDWORI<lNG-

~~

THEI\OATA BASE MANAGEMENT COMPANY ~;~~

:.~ !;-:..:'"

,

~.:: j:

Series/I. One of the most efficient

•

pr

cesslng

ystem.

Today more and more

com-panies are benefiting from

dis-tributed processing. They're

putting the power of the

com-puter to work in warehouses,

plants, branch offices and

dis-tribution centers. In fact,

wher-ever there's work to be done.

Distributed processing can

extend the capabilities of your

data processing system and

re-duce the workload on your

cen-6

tral computer by utilizing

smaller, versatile and lower cost

systems located where key data

is generated. Systems capable of

providing timely, accurate

infor-mation to the people who need it

most. IBM Series/l is just such

a system.

Series/l has been designed

to function as a standalone

sys-tem or online with your host

computer. Software packages

are available to assist you in the

development of your distributed

processing system. And, because

Series/l is rnodular, it can grow

with your business, providing

re-markable flexibility at a

reason-able cost.

All in all, Series/l offers data

processirigusers the opportunity

to develop an efficient, effective

distributed processing system

closely tailored to their specific

needs.

Naturally, Series/l is

sup-ported by IBM's extensive

Series/l

Approximately $29,000 as shown.

Includes a 48K ModelS processor with programmer's console,

disk/ diskette storage unit, 120 character per-second bi-directional matrix

printer, rack enclosure and two 1,920 character display stations.

ways to build your distribut d

ice organization, backed by a

sophisticated parts inventory

system and a variety of portable

diagnostic tools to supplement

special diagnostic features built

into the system.

What's more, on site

installa-tion by IBM customer engineers

Hardware and Software

Series/1 offers a choice of eight rack-mountable processor units featuring both 16K and 32K byte storage cards, matrix and line printers, standard and custom-ized display stations and a variety of I/O devices.

In addition, there's a full function, disk-based operating system that includes multi-programming and multi-tasking capability in either batch or realtime modes: a Program Preparation Subsystem, two high level languages (PL/I and FORTRAN IV) plus a Mathematical and Functional Subroutine Library, Control Program Support and extensions.

March,

plus a three months parts and

labor warranty are included in

the Series/I purchase price.

To find out more about how

your company can benefit from a

distributed processing system

using Series/I, get in touch with

your IBM Series/I Marketing

representative or write the IBM

General Systems Division,

P. O.

Box 2068, Atlanta, Georgia 30301.

....

-- -- -- -- --

-

-

_-

_-

- - -

...

-- .

----

-

-

---==-= ":'

Do You Have A

Language Barrier?

If communicating in Arabic, Farsi, German. Hebrew, Russian, or any other language presents an obstacle to your data processing, MEGADAT A's 700jDL Dual Language Terminal will help to overcome this problem. This intelligent programmable terminal can display two completely different char-acter sets simultaneously or separately, using the same bilingual keyboard, and it provides complete text. writing capability for two different languages. The software for the 700jDL is no problem either, because it is tailored speci-fically for your application. Furthermore, the entire software package can be adapted ea'sily to your requirements, minimizing any change in the existing program. Hardware obsolescence is eliminated by simply updating the soft-ware capability. Interactive Data Entry, Complex

Interrupt Capability, Forms Control, Format Storage, Validation - they are all available with the 700jDL.

For further information about the 700jDL or the many other application-oriented MEGADA T A ter-minals, call or write TODAY.

8

CORPORATION

35 Orville Drive. Bohemia, New York 11716 Tel. 516-5.89-6800 • Telex: 14-4659

Central Regional Office

2200 E. Devon Avenue. Suite 217 • Des Plaines, Illinois 60018 • Tel. 312-296-1900 Western Regional Office"

15910 Ventura Boulevard. Suite 800 • Encino, California ?1316 • Tel. 213-990-9777

CIRCLE 144 ON READER CARD

Looking Back in

CRTRMRTICN.

Marchi Ap'ril 1958

Technology: A new electronic revolution

was reported "in the making" with the , conventional transistor expected to be replaced by a new form "which may be called" the transistor diode.

People: Dr.

Her-bert R.J. Grosch was appointed assistant to the director of sales for the data processing division of IBM in White

Plains. A survey article showed that

I typical data

pro-cessing division

~eads were earning from $675/ month to

$1,000 while pro- GROSCH

grammers were pulling from $400 to I' $455.

Companies: Philco Corp. introduced a

new "high speed" electronic data pro-cessing system called Transac S-2000 with an average speed for addition and subtraction of one microsecond.

Meetings: An article previewing the

Western Joint Computer Conference noted that electronic computers, "are being employed in steadily widening areas of activity_"

March 1968

Companies: Announcement of Control

Data Corp.'s "new supercomputer," the 7600, was deemed imminent. The machine was characterized as a "bigger, faster 6600." NCR launched its Century

Series and demonstrated the I 00 and the 200. IBM ceased accepting orders for the

360/91.

Trends: Malcolm K. Lee, Malcolm K.

Lee Associates, Minneapolis, predicted the demise of the keypunch. The American Bankers Assn. came out in sup-port of use of the Social Security number as the nationwide standard for personal identification in the banking industry.

Patents: A proposed ban on patents for

computer programs was deemed "pre-mature" by Patent Commissioner Edward J. Brenner.

Communications: AT&T proposed a wide band dataphone service, Data 50, that it said "seems to meet at lea,st some of the dp industry's demands."

Systems: IBM'S 360/85 was called the

"fastest generally available" System/360. #

'i\.DR's LOOK®

spots

problems

in time

to take

action.'

- Kenneth

J.

UROSCOE®

gives Carte Blanche

a competitive edge in attracting

blue chip clients and programmers."

"Our division is now an independent profit center, serving outside clients, in addition to meeting the internal needs of Carte Blanche. In our business, lost time quickly means lost revenue. To prevent that, our operations group uses LOOK throughout the day to see what is in the computer, what resources are being used, and what jobs are waiting to be processed. LOOK lets us see where the inefficiencies are and take corrective action," Mr. Kenneth Panzarella commented.

"We really don't know how much it would cost us if we didn't have LOOK, because it shows us things that are just starting to happen. With LOOK, we can stop and change before serious time losses occur. We are sure that LOOK has paid for itself many times over."

"We needed a programming system which would allow us to work efficiently at remote client locations," Mr. Panzarella continued. "We looked at ROSCOE - as well as competing systems. After comparing cost, productivity gains, and CPU overhead requirements, we chose ROSCOE."

"ROSCOE's on-line programming capabilities allow our programmers to work at peak efficiency regardless of location. Our programmers are happier and they have a higher degree of professionalism. It keeps costs down and makes us more

competitive. ROSCOE has increased our ability to do a better job for both our service bureau customers and Carte Blanche. We're positive we made the right choice."

Each ADR product is not just a program but a complete package with full documentation and on-site support. ADR is the only software company with 50 branch offices and representatives in over 30 countries-each staffed with ADR-trained technicians.

For more information on what ADR software can do for you, call or write: .

-,:.. APPLIED DATA RESEARCH

Route 206 Center, Princeton, N.J. 08540, Phone: 609-924-9100

ADR software products: In use at over 8000 Installations worldwide. U.S. offices in Atlanta (404) 252·9130, Boston (617) 245·9540, Chicago (312) 694·2244, Cleveland (216) 826·0190, Houston (713) 526·3188, Los Angeles (213) 826·5527, New York (212) 986·4050, Princeton (609) 924·9100, San Francisco (415) 391·0690, Washington, D.C. (703) 281·2011. International offices in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Holland, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Ne:-v Zealand: Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Republic of South Africa, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Venezuela. ~

March,

PROVEN HIGH-RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

Intelligence enters the

Now big-screen graphics

in better time.

.

The 4014-1 Computer

Display Terminal has just

added time-saving local

control. Now you can put local

graphics intelligence to work on

the 4014-1's 12 million viewable

points. You can decrease

transmission delays and

time-sharing costs, while increasing

throughput dramatically.

With new options, you can

easily cut data transmission

and computer time in half.

Save graphics, symbols and

alphanumerics for instant recall.

Display 28K of graphics with

one keystroke. Develop your

own symbols and character

sets locally. Then use them in

your application with local

scaling, rotation, and clipping.

Design. Map. Plot preview.

With the depth of detail you

need for sophisticated

graphic applications. With

optional capabilities like

positioning, scaling and rotation

of locally saved symbols.

Tektron~

COM\IIITTEO 10 EXCEllENCE

These enhancements can be

added into your present 4014-1.

It's almost as easy as plugging

in our peripheral hard copiers.

Plotters. Graphic tablets and

storage devices.

Complete the picture

with our Plot 10 family of

graphic software, our easy

interfacing and excellent

after-sale service. We're there

when you need us. So call your

local Tektronix Sales Engineer

soon. Have him show you how

the neWly-enhanced 4014-1 can

make a world of difference in

your workload.

Or write:

Tektronix, Inc.

Information Display Group

P.O. Box 500

Beaverton, Oregon 97077

CIRCLE 89 ON READER CARD

Tektronix Datatek NV

P.O. Box 159

Badhoevedorp

The Netherlands

Copyright © 1978, Tektronix,lnc.

All rights reserved. OEM information available. Display courtesy of Dr. Eric Teicholz Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis Harvard University

Get the

4014-1.

TEKTRONIX 4014-1

picture:

This means

you're

savlngmoneyl

Multi-part carbon interleaved business forms may leave a smudge. But they save you money on forms processing. They're the most economical continuous forms for minicomputer and mainframe terminals. That's because tHey cost

15 percent less than carbonless forms.

They're also cheaper to use than non-impact printing. Carbon interleaved forms save YOll between 32 percent and 35 percent off

the cost of non-impact printing. Whether you use under a million copies a month or over 3 million.

The fact is: forms processing costs are lowest with multi-part carbon interleaved forms and impact printers.

It's simple arithmetic.

For some thumbs up cost comparisons and a copy of our free brochure "The Case For One-TIme Carbon Paper" just

complete and mail the coupon to: The One-TIme Carbon Paper Council, 260 Madison Avenue

New York, N.Y.10016

I

One.Time I

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C

~·11:

Name

Title

Company

Street

City State Zip

Telephone

Dunn Paper Co., International Paper Co.,

Port Huron Paper Co., Thilmany Pulp and Paper Co. D378

---

_----

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--What will

you do

with

all the space

Magic

Aisle®

saves

you?

--Add an office?

Enlarge a room?

Widen a hall?

Or triple your filing capacity?

--Let's face it. Conventional filing cabinets and open

shelf units waste spa~e.

Lots of it that could be put to

better use. That's reason enough to consider Acme

Visible's Magic Aisle high density filing system,

with 5 second access.

Magic Aisle's compact mobile shelving is secured on

floor-mounted tracks-until you press a button.

Then the Magic Aisle lights up and slides open

where you wish entry. In seconds, you have two-way

access to computer reels, microforms, print-out

reports, binders and books, small parts, insurance

policy/claim folders, purchasing/inventory master

Canadian Sales: Acme Seeley Limited. Highway 17. Renfrew, Ontario. Canada. Office in Principal Cities.

MA·77R

\

files, or any combination

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. color-coded KromaKode®

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faster and end misfiling.

With up to eight adjustable tiers on each side,

Magic Aisle utilizes every cubic foot of space

available! So you can control up to three times as

many records in the same space.

Acme Visible offers the Magic Aisle in five manual,

mechanical and motorized systems. Whatever

system you select, you'll get the strongest, all-steel

carriages for long-life, the largest track for flexibility,

and Acme Visible service for dependability.

Write for our free booklet today. It's filled with space

and time-saving ideas that can save

Y01:l .

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and substantially increase efficiency.

. .

[t!X:~IVISIBLE

IInfocenters

We Simplify

Acme Visible Rec?rds, Incorporated. Crozet. Virginia 22932

"Why do I need UCC-6? My people

don't mind a little PDS compression."

Even if they

don't,

you should!

Because PDS compression is not only a

pain-in-the-neck, it's an

expensive

pain-in-the-neck. Consider the machine time and staff

costs for scheduled compressions ... and

unscheduled compressions. Remember the

schedules you've missed because of 0-37

ABENDs. Think of the disk space you have

that is utilized inefficiently in order to avoid

some of these problems ... some of the tlme.

There's no doubt about it. PDS compression

is costing your shop money, time and a lot of

hassle. Now, you can do something about it.

You can get rid of it ... with UCC-6.

The UCC-6 PDS Space Management

System automatically inventories and controls

your partitioned data sets. You get more

efficient use of your existing disk space. You

avoid ABENDs caused by exhausted PDS disk

space. You recover

all

of the machine and staff

time normally required for the whole

compression procedure.

Now, you can eliminate PDS compression.

Completely. And forever. Call us at

1 (800) 527-3250 (in Texas, call

214-688-7313) or circle 92

Ask about our other software packages, too:

A Tape Management System that insures

against loss or destruction of data (UCC-1).

Circle 93

A DOS Under OS System that lets you use

DOS programs, without reprogramming, while

you convert to OS (UCC-2). Circle 94

A Disk Management System you should

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QUY

another disk

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A Data Dictionary/Manager that will really

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A Job/Recovery Management System that

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A General Ledger/Financial Control System

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dreaming of (UCC-FCS). Circle 98

A broad line of Banking and Thrift software.

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Software packages like these: One

more

way-We're helping the computer

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ucc

Member SIA ~ Software Industry Association

First, we brought you

AOS, the most intelligent

multiprogramming

oper-ating system to be found

on a small computer. Now

we bring you the fastest,

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version of PLfI ever

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And

that's

not just

talk. It's available now on

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General ECLIPSE

sys-. ternssys-. So now you can take

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PLfI is just one more reason

why Data General is the

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really talks sense.

Call (617) 366-8911,

Exten-sion 4735. Or write.

-. Data

General

We make computers that make sense

Data General Corporation, Westboro. MA 01581. (617) 366-8911. Data General (Canada) Ltd .• Ontario. Data General Europe: 61 rue de Courcelles. Paris. France. 766.51. 78. Data General AustraIia. (03) 82-1361. Data General Ltda .• Sao Paulo. Brazil. 543-0138 © Data General Corporation. 1978. ECLIPSE is a registered trademark of the Data General Corporation.

~~

LOOK

AHEAD

~

THE IBM SERIES I:

EMPHASIS ON SOFTWARE

IBM's Series 1 is nearly 18 months old but relatively few of the

minicomputers--less than 500--have been del ivered.

That number,

however, is deceiving because it represents initial machines in

mUltiple machine configurations.

Insiders say IBM has a 10,000

cpu backlog and that figure is growing rapidly. Although at

least three more models of the small computer are under

develop-ment at the General Systems Div. in Atlanta, the current big

emphasis is on software.

has a large software contingent

working on the machine, concentrating on operating systems and

operating system support for peripherals that will be announced

in the future.

Operating system support for the PCS

communica-tions processor shOuld be out in late spring. Most conspicuous

by its absence in the

I is COBOL.

IBM, of course, does

not overlook such things and we hear the firm is close to offering

COBOL developed by an independent company.

DEC TO GROW VAX 11/780 FAMILY DOWNWARD

There are hints surfacing that Digital Equipment Corp. will break

tradition with its VAX 11/780 computer and grow the family downward

rather than upward.

The most obvious recent tip of DEC's hand is

its new DECsystem 2020, which, in some ways, tops off the VAX

machine.

(At the same time, DEC is topping off its Series 20

family with the new 2060.) One thing, though, is certain about

VAX--there is a big family coming, but don't look for much more in

the way of hardware announcements this year.

Coming soon for VAX

should be COBOL and Database capability ... In another development

at DEC, the firm is consol idating its large scale integration (LSI)

design operation in Hudson, Mass., and that is regarded as a signal

that DEC will be designing and manufacturing more of its

microelectronic components in the future.

BASEMENT BARGAINS FOR 360 SHOPPERS

A large user has acquired several 360/65s in the last few years,

and today finds some fantastic buys in the used-hardware

marketplace.

The user recently bought a 65 with a half-megabyte

and channels for $200K.

A two-meg IBM LCS (large core storage)

recently traded for $5K.

How about $13K for a one-by-four string

controller and four IBM 2401 (800-bpi) tape drives?

A broker tells of a 65 that recently traded for as low as

$IIOK, but the value of those mainframes reportedly depends

heavily on the channels that come with them.

Without channels,

theY're virtually valueless.

He says a 2314 disc drive fetches

$16K and up, prices that are up from six months ago.

And IBM

3420 tape drives are more expensive today than they were two years

ago.

But 360 main memory sells for $3K to $5K per half-megabyte.

FLAKES AND BUSINESS PREDATORS BEWARE!

Intel Corp. is prepared to wage war in the courts to protect its

investment in developing its newer microprocessors and major

supporting peripheral chips.

The firm already has sued the U. S.

Copyright Office to force it to grant a registered copyright for

lOOK AHEAD

Roger S. Borovoy, calls a "photographic rip-off" of successors to the

8080 microprocessor, 1 ike the 8085, the 8086, and the 8046, to get into

another legal fray.

Borovoy is sure this will happen and Intel, he said, "is willing to

spend whatever it costs us."

He said he knows of one company in Japan

and others in the U, S. and Canada that can take a chip and return a

full set of masks within 30 days for $20,000 to $30,000.

With the

masks a competitor could dupl icate the chip with a minimum investment.

Borovoy said Intel spent $28 mill ion on research and development for

the fiscal year just ended, up from $21 mill ion a year ago.

He has

taken his cause to the National Commission on New Technological Uses

of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) and feels that, while this is not within

the scope of CONTU's charter, the commission will say in its final

report that this is an area Congress should look at.

He feels Intel's

strong position on legal action will scare legitimate companies away

from copying but "the flakes and the business predators are out there."

So far the only infringement of an Intel design has been of the 8080

and Borovoy decl ined to name the infringer.

ROYDEN SANDERS' NEW PRINTER

When we last left Royden C. Sanders, founder of Sanders Associates and

Sanders Data Systems, he was summarily sacked by his board of directors

and he fought back, aggressively--but unsuccessfully--at the firm's

annual meeting.

Many figured Sanders' business career was over, but

those who knew his engineering capabil ities thought he just might be

able to make a comeback.

He has and the vehicle is R.C. Sanders

Technology Systems Inc., of Derry, N. H.

Moreover, the firm has

begun to ship evaluation models of an unusual seven dot matrix head

electronic printer that the company claims has print quality competitive

with ink jet and daisywheel printers.

The device, which sells for

$1,700 in large oem quantities, can print characters in virtually any

language including Chinese and Japanese.

The plain paper sheet-fed

device can also digitize handwriting.

The company believes the printer

will find its way into a wide variety of applications including word

processing, small computer systems, and proof printing for photo

typesetting.

And the printer was designed by Royden Sanders, who

serves as engineering manager of the company as well as its chief

operating officer.

MOODY GETTING HIGH MARKS AT TELETYPE

Now that J. Roger Moody has settled in at Teletype Corp. as executive

vice president in charge of sales and service, and research and

development, his appointment appears to be taking on more than routine

significance. As the former right-hand man of Archie McGill, the

ex-IBMer who has been given the charter of leading AT&T into the

promised land of data, Moody can be expected to continue to work closely

with his former boss.

The Bell system's operating companies have been

slow to take to AT&T's new data drive and a strengthened Teletype

could become a more effective national force for AT&T in the data area.

Already Moody, also a former IBMer, has been moving to beef up

Teletype's relatively small marketing force of some 35 salesmen and

although he has been on the job at Skokie,

111.,

for just a few weeks

-he is already getting high marks for his decisiveness, marketing savvy

and organizational ability. Moreover, Moody just received a nice

"When we first looked at MARK IV, we weren't even interested in acquiring software - we were just doing an evaluation of data base management systems. MARK IV sounded so good that we had to take a closer look. Because of the capability and productivity improvements it offered, we decided to go with it immediately.

"We've had such tremendous success with the system that we have made it the standard programming language -the only Cobol work we do now is maintenance of existing systems.

"We're extremely happy with the way MARK IV works with our data base. We installed IMS with DL/1, and that afternoon we were processing off the data base with MARK IV.

"An important part of our success has been in getting MARK IV out to our users. For example, the Director of Budget uses the MARK IV On-Line Query Language for evaluations and projections. Our Registrar people do the same with the MARK IV batch facility. When the user can get his own report out quickly, it creates immense satisfaction and reduced costs for all of us.

"As far as the productivity of my own programmers, I've found that what takes a week-plus in Cobol takes only a day with MARK IV. We're going to use'MARK IV to do all

the batch work. ,

"When people ask me what I think of MARK IV. I tell them they can't afford not to look at it. I am a firm believer in the results and benefits of MARK IV. It's one of the best pieces of software I've ever used."

Get the facts about MARK IV. MARK IV is the most versatile and widely used software product in the world for application implementation, data management and information

process-"MARK

I

'V®

Univac 70190, Siemens 4004, Amdahl 470 and Itel Advanced System computers at over . 1,300 installations in 44 countries. Programs

in MARK IV require only about one-tenth the

MARK IV applications,

· h

b'

IS

t

e

est

a~d t~me

piece of software

I've ever

used!"

Administration Department, ,University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia

•

informatics inc

I

Software Products

®

I

World's Leading Independent Supplier of Software Products

M~mber SIA ~ Software Industry Association

r---.

Informatics Inc., Software Products, Dept. D 378 21050 Vanowen St., Canoga Park, Calif. 91304 Name ________________________________ __ Title ________________________________ _ Dept. ________________________________ _ Computer ____________________________ _ Firm ________________________________ _ Address ______________________________ __ City __________________________________ _ State/Province _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ _ Phone ________________________________ _

---~

Views expressed are those of Mr. Baker and not necessarily those of the University.

There's only one thing

non-It's non-stop.

Where others faD. It's simple. You must have a stop system to have non-stop COBOL. And only Tandem has it. A unique multiple processor on-line system which ensures protection of the data base, and that no transactions are lost or duplicated, even if a processor, I/O channel, disk controller or disk should fail. Best of all, the system keeps running.

Multiple Processor

COBOL. Easy.

Bearding the Lion. You'd think that programming for a multiple processor on-line system would put you in a jungle, but Tandem COBOL purrs. Completely standard.

Because Tandem COBOL runs under our Guardian Multiple Processor Operating System, no custom system software is required. No special devel-opment tools are required. None. Our COBOL program development is standard. Our run-time software is standard. Everything you've always liked about COBOL, easy to use and trouble-free. And COBOL programs can run concurrent with other languages.

Four BILLION bytes per fDe. With no limit on the total data base size. Key sequenced, entry sequenced or rela-tive file structures. With up to 255 alternate keys per file. And optional mirror copy by disk volume. It's in-credible storage and tremendous flexibility in a mini-based system. And of course, it's non-stop.

20

DYNABUS™ (Dual Independent Interprocessor Busses)

The Tandem NonStop System is composed of up to 16 multiple, inde-pendent processors with dual communications paths between all system

modules. The result is not only continuous operation, but throughput unmatched by any other system of comparable cost.

Sharing a common data base. Three new verbs, LOCKFILE, UNLOCK-FILE, and UNLOCKRECORD have been introduced to the Tandem COBOL I/O facility to permit the use of corresponding system file and record locking routines, and allow separate processes to share a common data base. READ and REWRITE verbs have been extended to allow specification of LOCK or UNLOCK operation. OPEN syntax has been

extended to specify the file access, EXCLUSIVE, SHARED, or PRO-TECTED,and to permit the SYNC-DEPTH for files opened in the OUT-PUT, I/O or EXTEND mode. With STARTBACKUP and CHECK· POINT. These are logical extensions of Tandem COBOL which implement the NonStopTM features of Guardian Mul-tiple Processor Operating System. STARTBACKUP is called once at the

standard about

our

_COBOL.

The unique interaction between Tandem NonStop Hardware and Soft-ware makes the multiple processor system easy to use and easy to expand.

March,1978

beginning of the program to set the NonStop mode. From then on, CHECKPOINT controls passing infor-mation to the backup process at critical points. CHECKPOINTS occur auto-matically at any OPEN or CLOSE after the backup is established. These two simple instructions eliminate the downtime, restart, and revalidation which plague any user without the Tandem NonStop capability.

ANSI X3.23 '74 to Level 2 in Nucleus, Table Handling, Sequential 110, Indexed I/O, and Sort-Merge right now. With Communications to Level 2 this Spring. Completely standard with CVSS and that means portability. Compiles more than 1,000 statements per minute. And that's only average. In some benchmarks, we've topped 1,250 statements per minute. It's big system COBOL at mini-based prices. And non-stop, too. Not even the largest computers can match that. It's working now. There are more than fifty Tandem NonStop Systems in-stalled in a variety of applications. In banking, distribution, department stores, utilities, legal firms, hospitals, universities, steel mills, even a munici-pal network emergency system. Wher-ever downtime or a system failure means a potentially unrecoverable loss. There's only one NonStop System on the market today. It's expandable with-out penalty. Withwith-out reprogramming. Without one cent of loss on the original investment. And it's easy to use as COBOL. Good old standard COBOL without the operational difficulties or special expense you'd expect in an on-line multiple processor system which won't quit.

For further information, contact Tandem Computers, Inc., 19333 Valleo Parkway, Cupertino, California 95014 or Tandem Computers GmBH, Bernerstrasse 50, Frankfurt 56, West Germany.

TOLL FREE 800-538-9360 or (408) 996-6000 in California.

TANDEM

22

Does

its broad

line

make Cent

.,

•

•

matrix printer

family _ .

the

besl

A

NO

Eventhough the Centronics 700

. " ,

• series is a continually expanding

. . .

•

printer family-currently 9 models and arange

. .

.

of print speeds from 60 to 180 cps

there's

much more to it than just breadth of line. For example ,there's a choice of

6 different types of forms handling capability; choice of uni- and

bi-directional operation; and choice of80 and 132-column formats. Why so

much choice? It comes from the simple, highly flexible modular 700 series

design that delivers superior reliability, exceptional parts commonality~

and competitive prices.

And like all Centronics printers,rhe 700 series is fiIlly supported by the

largest worldwide service organization of any printer company. For

com-plete 700 series information write or call today. Centronics Data Computer

Corp., Hudson, NH 03051, Tel. (603)883-0111.

See us at the Hannover Fair Stand C-71 07

DRTRMRTION

letters

Certification solution

Re "Computer Pros, Non-Pros: A Gov-ernment Quandary" (News in Perspec-tive, December 1977, p. ·207).

In the past 30 years, "computer sci-ence" has become a real discipline, but certification' and licensing remain as barriers to professional status for gov-ernment employees. Many of us en-tered the field long before universities commonly offered degrees in computer . science. Our knowledge is based on

experience.

Our certification is made by our em-ployers, who have the means to change the requirements. This creates a prob-lem somewhat different from that fac-ing employees in the competitive pri-vate industrial sector.

One solution to this problem would be for government agencies to depend on external institutions for certifica-tions of their employees. Institucertifica-tions for that purpose do exist, and are well recognized. Thus the term "computer scientist" would be reserved for those who have earned degrees from ac-, credited collegesac-, or who have passed

comprehensive examinations such as the CDP.

Humor wanted

ROBERT G. ESTELL

San Diego, California

There is an uncharitable slander that says all computer people are dull, humorless technicians. Yet it has been my experience that the exact opposite is more accurate. To substantiate my posi-tion, I am gathering a collection of ori-ginal computer humor in the form of unofficial internal memos, such as' the one announcing the addition of a new feature: the time-of-day sundial that would be ineffective after specific times each day and would require a new re-alignment of the cpu at the beginning and end of daylight saving time.

I would appreciate your readers send-ing anythsend-ing along these lines, along with the name and address of the ori-ginator (if possible) to: 403-2525 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6B 2Y9

JOHN BEAMISH

Toronto, Canada

Credit where credit Is due

I appreciated your article about my hus-band's award as Computer Science Man-of-the-Year ("People," December 1977, p. 31). The mention of his family was nice-and quite unusual from a

March, 1978

pUblication.

However, in that mention Dan was quoted as having said I helped isolate him from "family crises" at times when he was extremely busy. While I did try to solve minor disputes and problems to enable him to concentrate on his work, Dan was always here, and that was the important ingredient in resolving all the "biggies."

SHIRLEY A. COUGER

Colorado Springs, Colorado

Self-starter

I read with interest Ms. Walsh's Forum, "Computer-Controlled Computers" (December 1977, p. 245). I fully agree with her point; in fact, I offer an example of such a self-controlled system.

Since its opening to the public' in 1973, the computer exhibit at Boston's Museum of Science has controlled its own daily shutdown as well as its morn-' ing startup. This system, which I had the' pleasure of maintaining for two years, was developed by Honeywell as part of a major. computer display. The display itself is based around the H-316

minicomputer, with seven crt visitor ter-minals and two terter-minals for staff use. From each visitor terminal one can choose from among 12 games, use the "Museum Information Program," or use a specially developed algebraic pro-gramming language. In addition to the exhibit uses, a variety of administrative uses have been made of the equipment, including a mailing list system.

Since one of the museum's requiments was that little staff time be re-quired to operate the exhibit, the sPe-cially developed operating system handles a number of chores usually done by an operator.

Based on a weekly schedule, the com-puter, at each day's turn-off time, loads, in an end-of-day routine. This program cycles down the disc drive, turns off all terminals, the console device and line printer, then waits until the next day's startup time.

At the present· startup time, the com-puter cycles up its disc drive, turns on all terminals and other peripherals, boots in the operating system and ini-tializes each visitor terminal. None of

these actions require any operator intervention.

I see no reason why such techniques cannot be applied to other installations as well. If we are willing to leave the computer running without human supervision, why not trust the machine to power itself down as well? Such capa-bilities require a minimum of modifica-tions to the hardware and can end up providing significant manpower savings. STEPHEN A. KARON

Director of Exhibits Maryland Academy of Sciences Baltimore, Maryland

Dataflow progress

Re: "Is the World Building Data Bar-riers?" (December 1977, p. 90): I believe that the delegates to the Vienna Con-ference on Transborder Data Flows were not possessed of fear-laden fore-casts of evil to be perpetrated on com-puters. On the contrary, most dele-gates, and particularly computer users, were quite concerned with preserving a free flow of data across borders. It is worth remembering that one way to spread freedom of expression is to en-sure free flow of information.

Service bureaus and other users are concerned with finding practical, low cost, and fair methods of introducing regulations that balance these charac-teristics with protections against pos-sible abuses. I spoke at Vienna on behalf of the U.K. computing services industry, not just service bureaus. Some of our members have designed net-works that traverse many borders (un-like the normal U.S. experience), and they are acutely aware of the cost and the impact on efficiency that draconian regulations will have on the free flow of information. . . .

The United Kingdom Data Protection Committee is due to publish a report early in 1978. Practicality, fair-ness, and, above all, consultation are needed. We believe that the U.K. Data Protection Committee has consulted fully; we hope it will recommend sensible principles of law-which we shall welcome as citizens~and prac-tical methods or codes of practice for the use of personal data in computing systems-which we shall welcome as professionals.

We do not want haste or interna-tional arrangements that fail to recog-nize fundamental legal and cultural dif-ferences between nations.. On the contrary, sound principles and stan-dard practices are portable from one country to another, and rely on agree-ment rather than coercion. The motiva-tions and plans for an international con-vention have only been fully exposed and debated since the consultative pro-cess has been widened.

The services industry has a responsi-bility to make its professional views

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CIRCLE 136 ON READER CARD

All

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CIRCLE 142 ON READER CARD

letters

heard, for it is probably one of the best sources of information-being user, de-signer, and vendor of data and infor-mation systems.

ALAN A. BENJAMIN

Director General Computing Services Association London, England

Change and analysts

One of the great dangers of the techno-logical mentality is a tendency to trivial-ize matters dealing with human behavior. It is often easy to overlook' the all-too-human aspects of engineers and technologists, but the penalty for such oversight may turn 'out to be auite dear. William Feeney and Frea Sladek are in danger of such oversight in their article "The Systems Analyst as a Change Agent" (November 1977, p. 85); and lest some managers greet this article with too much enthusiasm, it might be worthwhile to step back and view the systems analyst as a human being.

There is no debating that a change agent is necessary; the question is whether or not the systems analyst is the appropriate person for this task. Per-haps it would be wiser to bring in ano-ther individual, one skilled as a change agent and capable of serving as the link pin between the systems analyst and those influenced by his work.

In his book Changing Organizations

Warren Bennis emphasizes the fact that a managerial change agent should have extensive professional training in the. behavioral sciences. Is it reasonable to expect a systems analyst to have such a background in addition to expertise as a computer scientist?

When change is needed, one must not

economize by expecting the systems programmer to perform two highly pro-fessional jobs simultaneously.

STEPHEN W. SMOLIAR

Assistant Professor University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Mr. Feeney replies: Systems analysts, whether they wish it or not, cause change. Procedures of an organization, and sometimes policy, are different after the visitation of the systems analyst.

Analysts I have observed, myself in-cluded, have been frequently unaware of the range of human behaviors possible. Our article was an attempt to raise the sensitivities of analysts; to pOint out the options open to them within the frame-work of a systems analysis.

The technological age is indeed fraught with dangers. One serious dan-ger is the idea that one word can mean

(Continued on page 28)

o

[f@;~~

M

C~J8~u~

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.a

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*Single quantity domestic USA price for 13" tube with 512 x 256 resolution.

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