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PRESENT PERFECT
IL PRESENT PERFECT È IL TEMPO VERBALE INGLESE CHE ESPRIME IL CONCETTO GENERALE DI UN’AZIONE CHE, PUR ESSENDOSI SVOLTA NEL PASSATO, HA ANCORA QUALCHE TIPO DI RAPPORTO CON IL PRESENTE.
TALE RAPPORTO CON IL PRESENTE PUÒ RIGUARDARE: - IL TEMPO IN CUI L’AZIONE SI È SVOLTA.
- L’AZIONE STESSA, CHE NON È FINITA MENTRE SI PARLA.
IN PRATICA, SI DEVE USARE IL PRESENT PERFECT QUANDO SI VERIFICA ALMENO UNA DELLE SEGUENTI CONDIZIONI. 1.L’AZIONE SI È SVOLTA NEL PASSATO, MA IL TEMPO NON È ESPRESSO (NON DICO QUANDO).
ESEMPIO:
HO VISTO QUEL FILM.
L’AZIONE DI VEDERE IL FILM È PASSATA, MA NON DICO QUANDO L’HO VISTO, PERCIÒ USO IL PRESENT PERFECT.
I HAVE SEEN THAT FILM.
2.L’AZIONE È PASSATA, IL TEMPO È ESPRESSO, MA NON È FINITO MENTRE SI PARLA. ESEMPIO:
HO VISTO QUEL FILM QUESTA SETTIMANA.
L’AZIONE DI VEDERE IL FILM È PASSATA E FINITA, IL TEMPO È ESPRESSO, QUESTA SETTIMANA, MA LA SETTIMANA NON È ANCORA FINITA.USO IL PRESENT PERFECT.
I HAVE SEEN THAT FILM THIS WEEK.
3.IN UNA FRASE AL PASSATO È PRESENTE UNO DEI SEGUENTI AVVERBI DI TEMPO:
IN INGLESE IN ITALIANO ESEMPIO
ALREADY GIÀ
(USATO IN FRASI AFFERMATIVE E INTERROGATIVE)
I HAVE ALREADY MET HIM. (L'HO GIÀ CONOSCIUTO.) HAVE YOU ALREADY MET HIM? (LO HAI GIÀ CONOSCIUTO?)
JUST APPENA I HAVE JUST MET HIM.
(L'HO APPENA CONOSCIUTO.)
EVER MAI
(USATO IN FRASI INTERROGATIVE)
HAVE YOU EVER MET HIM? (LO HAI MAI CONOSCIUTO?)
NEVER MAI
(VUOLE SEMPRE IL VERBO NELLA FORMA AFFERMATIVA)
I HAVE NEVER MET HIM. (NON L'HO MAI CONOSCIUTO.)
RECENTLY
LATELY
RECENTEMENTE I HAVE MET HIM RECENTLY.
(L'HO CONOSCIUTO RECENTEMENTE.) YET A) ANCORA (IN FRASI NEGATIVE)
B) GIÀ (IN FRASI INTERROGATIVE)
A)I HAVEN'T MET HIM YET. (NON L'HO ANCORA CONOSCIUTO.)
B)HAVE YOU MET HIM YET? (LO HAI GIÀ CONOSCIUTO?)
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ESERCIZI
1. RIORDINA LE PAROLE CON IL PRESENT PERFECT
1.BOB / VISIT / HIS GRANDMA
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1. JIMMY / PLAY / ON THE COMPUTER
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. SUE AND WALTER / WASH / THEIR CAR
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ANDREW / REPAIR / HIS BIKE
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. PHIL / HELP /ANNE WITH MATHS
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. BRAD AND LOUISE / WATCH / A FILM
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. TAMARA / TALK TO / HER BEST FRIEND
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. BRIDGETTE / DRAW / A PICTURE
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. CAROL / READ / A COMPUTER MAGAZINE
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. TOM AND ALICE / BE / TO A RESTAURANT
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. COMPLETA
1.I_________________________(NOT / WORK) TODAY. 2.WE _________________________(BUY) A NEW LAMP.
3.WE _________________________(NOT / PLAN) OUR HOLIDAY YET. 4.WHERE _________________________(BE / YOU)?
5.HE _________________________(WRITE) FIVE LETTERS.
6.SHE _________________________(NOT / SEE) HIM FOR A LONG TIME. 7._________________________(BE / YOU) AT SCHOOL?
8.SCHOOL _________________________(NOT / START) YET. 9._________________________(SPEAK / HE) TO HIS BOSS?
10.NO, HE _________________________(HAVE / NOT) THE TIME YET. 3.A LEGGI E COMPLETA
LOCH NESS IS A LAKE BETWEEN THE SCOTTISH TOWNS OF INVERNESS AND FORT AUGUSTUS.THE WORD LOCH IS SCOTTISH FOR LAKE.LOCH NESS IS ABOUT 37 KM LONG AND EXTREMELY DEEP, THE DEEPEST PART IS 226 M.
LOCH NESS IS FAMOUS FOR ITS FRIENDLY MONSTER,NESSIE.MOST PEOPLE THINK THAT THIS IS ONLY A LEGEND, BUT EVERY YEAR TOURISTS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD COME TO LOCH NESS AND HOPE THAT THEY WILL SEE THE MONSTER.
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3.B WRITE THE VERBS IN PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE.
1.TOURISTS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD __________________________________(BE) TO LOCH NESS. 2.MOST OF THEM __________________________________(SEE / NOT)NESSIE, HOWEVER.
3.ONLY VERY FEW PEOPLE SAY THAT THE LOCH NESS MONSTER __________________________________(APPEAR) IN FRONT OF THEM.
4.EVEN SCIENTISTS __________________________________(COME) TO LOCH NESS TO FIND THE MONSTER.
5.AND THE BOSS OF THE GUINNESS BREWERY __________________________________(PROMISE) TO PAY 500,000 POUNDS TO THE PERSON WHO CATCHES NESSIE.
4. WRITE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS. 1. “MARY _______________________(HAVE) THE BABY!”
“OH, WHEN _______________________SHE _______________________(HAVE) IT?”
“THIS MORNING. THERE _______________________(BE) NO COMPLICATIONS.”
2. “SO, WHO _______________________(WIN)THE ELECTIONS?DO WE KNOW YET?”
“NO, THE RESULTS _______________________(NOT COME) IN YET”
3. “YOU WON’T BELIEVE THIS!SARAH _______________________(LEAVE) HER HUSBAND.”
“REALLY?WHEN _______________________THIS _______________________(HAPPEN)?”
4. THERE _______________________(BE) AN ACCIDENT ON THE MOTORWAY SO WE’D BETTER TAKE THE OTHER ROAD. 5. “A BOMB _______________________(EXPLODE) IN THE CITY CENTRE AND THERE IS CONFUSION EVERYWHERE!”
“NO!______________________ ANYONE _______________________(CLAIM) RESPONSIBILITY YET?”
NO, THERE _______________________(NOT BE) ANY CALLS TO THE MEDIA YET.”
6. OH, NO!SOMEONE _______________________(STEAL) MY CELL PHONE!
7. “OH, MY GOODNESS!THE POLICE _______________________(ARREST)TREVOR!”
“WHY?WHAT _______________________HE _______________________(DO)?
“APPARENTLY HE’S BEEN CHARGED WITH DRINKING AND DRIVING.”
“WHEN _______________________THIS _______________________(HAPPEN)?”
“A FEW MINUTES AGO. THE POLICE _______________________(STOP) HIM NEAR THE PUB BECAUSE HE
_______________________(DRIVE) ALL OVER THE ROAD.”
“SO WHAT _______________________TREVOR _______________________(SAY)?”
“HE _______________________(SAY) HE _______________________(NOT BE) DRUNK!”
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PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST
IN BRITISH ENGLISH, THE USE OF SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT IS QUITE STRICT.AS SOON AS A TIME EXPRESSION IN THE PAST IS GIVEN, YOU HAVE TO USE SIMPLE PAST.IF THERE ARE NO SIGNAL WORDS, YOU MUST DECIDE IF WE JUST TALK ABOUT AN ACTION IN THE PAST OR IF ITS CONSEQUENCE IN THE PRESENT IS IMPORTANT.
SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
CERTAIN TIME IN THE PAST
I PHONED MARY 2 MINUTES AGO.
JUST / ALREADY / NOT YET
I HAVE JUST PHONED MARY.
SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
CERTAIN EVENT IN THE PAST
HE WENT TO CANADA LAST SUMMER.
WHETHER / HOW OFTEN TILL NOW
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO CANADA? / I HAVE BEEN TO
CANADA TWICE.
SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
EMPHASIS ON ACTION
I BOUGHT A NEW BIKE.(JUST TELLING WHAT I DID IN THE PAST.)
EMPHASIS ON RESULT
I HAVE BOUGHT A NEW BIKE. (WITH THIS SENTENCE I
ACTUALLY WANT TO EXPRESS THAT I HAVE A NEW BIKE NOW.)
SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
YESTERDAY
... AGO IN 1990
THE OTHER DAY LAST ...
JUST ALREADY UP TO NOW
UNTIL NOW / TILL NOW EVER
(NOT) YET SO FAR
LATELY / RECENTLY
ESERCIZI
1.MATCH THE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
1 HAS HE ARRIVED YET? A HE ARRIVED LAST NIGHT.
2 WHEN DID HE ARRIVE? B YES,I DID.BUT I DON’T ANYMORE. 3 HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN LOVE? C NO,I HAVEN’T.I HATE THE SMELL.
4 DID YOU LOVE HIM? D NO,I DIDN’T
5 HAVE YOU EVER SMOKED A CIGARETTE? E YES, HE HAS.HE’S IN THE KITCHEN. 6 DID YOU SMOKE AT THE PARTY? F NO, HE HASN’T DONE IT YET. 7 HAS HE HANDED IN HIS HOMEWORK YET? G NO, HE DIDN’T.
8 DID HE DO HIS HOMEWORK YESTERDAY? H NO, NOT YET.
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2. CHOOSE THE CORRECT VERB FORM TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
Q1-HE ____ THERE WHEN HE WAS A CHILD HAS LIVED
LIVED
Q3-THEY ____ A FEW MINUTES AGO LEFT
HAVE LEFT
Q5-THEY ____ THE CONTRACT LAST WEEK FINALISED
HAVE FINALISED
Q7-SHE ____ ILL SINCE THURSDAY WAS
HAS BEEN
Q9-LOOK- SOMEONE ____ THEIR HANDBAG IN THE ROOM LEFT
HAS LEFT
Q11-I CAN'T GET INTO MY HOUSE BECAUSE I____ MY KEYS LOST
HAVE LOST
Q13-I____ UP SMOKING LAST YEAR GAVE
HAVE GIVEN
Q15-____ TO THE UNITED STATES? DID YOU EVER GO
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN
Q17-IT'S THE FIRST TIME I... CAVIAR ATE
HAVE EATEN
Q19-IT STINKS IN HERE; SOMEONE ____ SMOKING WAS
HAS BEEN
Q2-I____ HER SINCE LAST YEAR HAVEN'T SEEN
DIDN'T SEE
Q4-SHE ____ UNEMPLOYED SINCE SHE LEFT SCHOOL HAS NOT BEEN
WAS NOT
Q6-THE FILM ____ YET HASN'T STARTED DIDN'T START
Q8-I____ THE PROJECT LAST NIGHT HAVE FINISHED
FINISHED
Q10-____ TO ROME? DID YOU EVER GO
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN
Q12-NOBODY ____ THE PHONE WHEN IT RANG ANSWERED
HAS ANSWERED
Q14-YOU CAN'T SEE HER BECAUSE SHE ____ HOME HAS GONE
WENT
Q16-I NEVER ____ MY GRANDMOTHER AS SHE DIED BEFORE
I WAS BORN KNEW HAVE KNOWN
Q18-THE FIRST TIME WE ____ WAS JUST THE OTHER DAY SPOKE
HAVE SPOKEN
Q20-HE'S IN HOSPITAL BECAUSE HE ____ LEG HAS BROKEN
BROKE
3.I HAVE DONE OR I DID?PUT IN THE CORRECT VERB FORM.
I’VE DONE (I/ DO) ALL THE HOUSEWORK.THE FLAT IS REALLY CLEAN NOW.
A YOUNG COUPLE BOUGHT (BUY) THE HOUSE NEXT DOOR.BUT THEY DIDN'T LIVE THERE LONG. 1.OUR VISITORS ________________(ARRIVE).THEY'RE SITTING IN THE GARDEN.
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2.THERE'S STILL A PROBLEM WITH THE TELEVISION.SOMEONE ________________ (REPAIR) IT, BUT THEN IT BROKE DOWN AGAIN.
3.________________ (I/ LOSE) MY BANKCARD.I CAN'T FIND IT ANYWHERE. 4.THE MATCH________________(START).UNITED ARE PLAYING WELL.
5.MY SISTER________________(RUN) AWAY FROM HOME.BUT SHE CAME BACK TWO DAYS LATER. 6.DANIEL________________(EARN) SOME MONEY LAST WEEK.BUT I’M AFRAID HE'S ALREADY SPENT IT ALL. 7.________________(WE / PLANT) AN APPLE TREE IN THE GARDEN.UNFORTUNATELY IT DIED.
8.PRICES________________(GO) UP.EVERYTHING IS MORE EXPENSIVE THIS YEAR. 9.SOMEONE________________(TURN) ON THE HI-FI.WHAT'S THAT SONG CALLED?
10.________________(I/PHONE) THE OFFICE AT ELEVEN TO SPEAK TO THE MANAGER, BUT HE ISN'T THERE TODAY. 11. ________________(I/ MAKE) A CAKE.WOULD YOU LIKE A PIECE?
12.THE RUNNER AMOS TEMILA________________(BREAK) THE WORLD RECORD FOR THE 1500 METRES IN FRANKFURT. THEN TWO DAYS LATER IN HELSINKI,LEE WILLIAMS RAN IT IN AN EVEN FASTER TIME.
4.COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE.SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT
A: _________________________________(YOU / BE / EVER) TO LONDON? B: YES,I_____________________________(BE) THERE THREE TIMES.
A: WHEN _____________________________(BE) THE LAST TIME YOU (BE) THERE?
B: LAST SUMMER.I_____________________________(SPEND) TWO WEEKS IN BRIGHTON WITH MY PARENTS AND WE _____________________________(GO) TO LONDON ONE WEEKEND
A: _____________________________(YOU / LIKE) IT?
B: OH YES.WE REALLY _____________________________(HAVE) A GREAT TIME IN LONDON. A: LUCKY YOU!I_____________________________(BE / NEVER) TO LONDON.
5. COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE.SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT
A: _____________________________ (YOU / BUY) THE TICKETS FOR OUR JOURNEY YET?
B: YES,I_____________________________ (GO) TO THE STATION YESTERDAY AND (BUY) THE TICKETS. A: WHAT TIME _____________________________ (YOU / GO) THERE?
B: I _____________________________ (TAKE) A FRIEND TO THE STATION IN THE MORNING. HIS TRAIN
_____________________________ (LEAVE) AT 9:45.
A: _____________________________ (YOU / PACK) YOUR BAGS YET?
B: OF COURSE.AND I_____________________________ (ASK / ALREADY) MY NEIGHBOUR TO EMPTY MY LETTER BOX.WHAT ABOUT YOU?
A: I_____________________________ (PACK) MY BAGS TWO DAYS AGO. 6. COMPLETE WITH SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT
1. YESTERDAY, MY BROTHER ________________________ (COME) HOME FROM SCHOOL, ________________________ (SWITCH) ON THE TV AND ________________________ (WATCH)TV UNTIL DINNER
________________________ (BE) READY.
2.OH NO, IT'S RAINING AND I________________________ (LEAVE) MY UMBRELLA AT HOME. 3.LOOK!THERE IS SO MUCH FOOD LEFT.NOBODY ________________________ (EAT) ANYTHING. 4. A: WHERE________________________ (YOU / BE) YESTERDAY?
B: I________________________ (GO) TO THE SHOPPING CENTRE AND ________________________ (BUY)
A NEW COMPUTER GAME.
5. A: WHY DON'T YOU WANT TO PLAY FOOTBALL WITH US THIS WEEKEND?
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B: I________________________ (BREAK) MY LEG.
6.THE ROAD IS CLOSED.THERE ________________________ (BE) AN ACCIDENT.
7.I________________________ (HAVE) AN ACCIDENT WHEN I________________________ (BE) IN MANCHESTER LAST YEAR.
8.COME ON, LET'S CELEBRATE!OUR TEAM ________________________ (WIN) THE MATCH. 8.READ THE PASSAGE AND THEN COMPLETE THE ANSWERS WITH SIMPLE PAST O PRESENT PERFECT
EDINBURGH IS THE CAPITAL OF SCOTLAND.IT HAS A BEAUTIFUL OLD CITY CENTRE AND A CASTLE THAT LIES ON A HILL ABOVE THE CITY.IN THE CASTLE YOU CAN SEE THE STATUES OF TWO SCOTTISH HEROES:ROBERT BRUCE AND WILLIAM WALLACE (KNOWN FROM THE FILM BRAVEHEART).
SEVERAL FAMOUS PEOPLE WERE BORN IN EDINBURGH, FOR EXAMPLE ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (WHO INVENTED THE TELEPHONE),TONY BLAIR (PRIME MINISTER) AND ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (WHO WROTE THE SHERLOCK HOLMES STORIES).BY THE WAY,J.K.ROWLING WROTE HER FIRST HARRY POTTER BOOK IN AN EDINBURGH COFFEE-SHOP.
1.MY FRIEND ________________________ (BE) TO EDINBURGH THREE TIMES. 2.SOME YEARS AGO HE ________________________ (STUDY)ENGLISH THERE. 3.LAST MONTH HE________________________ (VISIT) SOME FRIENDS IN EDINBURGH. 4.UNFORTUNATELY,I________________________ (CAN / NOT) GO TO EDINBURGH WITH HIM.
5.THIS IS A PITY.THEY ARE MY FRIENDS, TOO, AND I________________________ (SEE / NOT) THEM FOR AGES. 9.PUT IN THIS, LAST, TODAY OR YESTERDAY.
► LAST MONTH PRICES WENT UP, BUT THIS MONTH THEY HAVE FALLEN A LITTLE.
1.IT'S BEEN DRY SO FAR ____________ WEEK, BUT ____________WEEK WAS VERY WET. 2.I WENT SHOPPING EARLIER ____________ AND SPENT ALL THE MONEY I EARNED.
3.WE DIDN'T HAVE MANY VISITORS ____________ YEAR.WE’VE HAD A LOT MORE ____________ YEAR.
4.I DON'T FEEL SO TIRED NOW.WE GOT UP QUITE LATE ____________ MORNING.I FELT REALLY TIRED ____________
WHEN WE GOT UP SO EARLY.
10.COMPLETE THE TEXT.USE THE PASTSIMPLE OR THE PRESENTPERFECT.
FILM MAKER DAVID MORRIS ___________________________ (BE) INTERESTED IN CINEMA SINCE HE
___________________________ (BE) A SMALL CHILD. HE ___________________________ (MAKE) HIS FIRST FILM WHEN HE ___________________________ (BE) JUST TWELVE YEARS OLD. HE IS NOW ALMOST 40 AND HE
___________________________ (MAKE) 30 FILMS. DAVID LOVES TRAVELLING. HIS WORK
_________________________(TAKE) HIM ALL OVER THE WORLD. HE ___________________________(BE) TO
AFRICA, INDIA, AUSTRALIA,CHINA, THE USA AND SOUTH AMERICA. LAST YEAR HE ___________________________
(VISIT) RUSSIA FOR THE FIRST TIME. DAVID IS MARRIED TO THE SINGER, LEENA LENNOX. THEY
___________________________(BE) MARRIED FOR TEN YEARS.THEY LIVE WITH THEIR TWO CHILDREN ON THE GREEK ISLAND OF CRETE. THEY ___________________________ (BUY) A HOUSE ON THE ISLAND IN 1987 AND THEY
___________________________(LIVE) THERE SINCE THEN.
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11.I'VE DONE IT.I DID IT YESTERDAY.
THINGS THAT HAVE HAPPENED TODAY ARE ON THE RADIO AND TV NEWS.GIVE THE NEWS USING THE PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE.
► THE PRIME MINISTER / VISIT LONDON UNIVERSITY / SPEAK TO STUDENTS THERE / EARLIER TODAY
THE PRIME MINISTER HAS VISITED LONDON UNIVERSITY.HE SPOKE TO STUDENTS THERE EARLIER TODAY. 1. THE TRAIN DRIVERS / GO ON STRIKE / STOP WORK / AT TWELVE O'CLOCK
2. THE QUEEN / ARRIVE IN TORONTO / FLY THERE / IN AN RAF AIRCRAFT
3. TWO MEN / ESCAPE FROM PARKHURST PRISON / GET AWAY / DURING THE NIGHT
4. THE ACTOR HOWARD BATES / DIE IN A CAR ACCIDENT / HIS CAR / CRASH INTO A WALL
5.LINDA JONES / WIN THE WOMEN'S MARATHON / RUN IT / IN 2 HOURS 27 MINUTES
12.FILL IN THE SPACES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE SIMPLE PAST OR THE PRESENT PERFECT
DEAR BOBBY,
I ______________________(BE) IN NEW YORK FOR TWO MONTHS NOW, BUT I______________________
(NOT SEE) THE STATUE OF LIBERTY YET. YESTERDAY, I ______________________ (GO) TO MACY'S AND I _________________________ (BUY) YOU SOME BEAUTIFUL SHIRTS.I______________________( STILL NOT GO) TO
BLOOMINGDALE'S OR A&S YET.
I______________________(HAVE) A LOT OF TROUBLE SINCE I ______________________(GET) HERE.IN TIMES
SQUARE, ONE AWFUL DAY, TWO TEENAGERS ______________________(STEAL) MY PURSE.SINCE THAT DAY, I ______________________(BE) A LOT MORE CAREFUL THAN I______________________(BE) WHEN I LIVED IN OHIO. LAST NIGHT,I______________________ (TAKE) A CAB TO THE THEATRE, AND THE DRIVER ______________________
(GIVE) ME A REAL SCARE!HE ______________________(DRIVE) DANGEROUSLY, AND HE ______________________
(HE, NOT SLOW DOWN) WHEN I______________________(TELL) HIM TO.I______________________(NOT GIVE)
HIM A TIP, SO HE ______________________(SWEAR) AT ME. I USED TO BE QUIET BEFORE I
______________________(LEAVE)OHIO AND ______________________(COME) HERE, BUT I
______________________(SCREAM) LAST NIGHT, AND IT ______________________(FEEL) GOOD! SCREAMING IN
NEW YORK HELPS SOMETIMES. I ______________________ (CHANGE) A LOT SINCE I ______________________
(ARRIVE) HERE LAST DECEMBER.
______________________(YOU, HEAR) FROM DAD RECENTLY?I ______________________(NOT GET) A LETTER FROM HIM FOR SEVERAL WEEKS.I HOPE HE'S OKAY.HOW ______________________(YOU, BE) LATELY?
______________________(YOU, DO) TODAY'S HOMEWORK YET?DON'T PUT IT OFF!
ANYWAY, TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF.AS FOR ME,I ______________________(BE) SICK FOR A WEEK LAST MONTH, BUT I'M BETTER NOW.I______________________(CATCH) THE FLU ONE DAY AFTER I WENT OUT FOR A WALK WITHOUT A HAT.I
HOPE YOU ______________________(NOT CATCH)) THE FLU OR ANYTHING SO FAR THIS WINTER!IT'S AWFUL TO BE SICK AND MISS CLASSES AT SCHOOL!
LOVE,KATIE
