World War II
Chapter 14
Fascism
-During 1930’s, many countries fall under a Totalitarian govt.
-Govt. controls every aspect of life
-Italy follows a system called Fascism
-Nation is more important than people
-Same as Communism except people can own their own businesses
-No individual rights or freedoms
-Fascism started by Benito Mussolini
-IL Duce [The Leader]
-Becomes Prime Minister in 1922
-His private army was called “ The Blackshirts”
-Uses power to rebuild Italy
-Also gains more land by conquering Ethiopia
Mussolini
Germany Germany
-People of Germany were unhappy with the -People of Germany were unhappy with the WWI treaty
WWI treaty
-Gives rise to many radical movements -Gives rise to many radical movements
-One major one gains power over all the rest -One major one gains power over all the rest
-Called -Called National Socialist German Workers Party National Socialist German Workers Party
-Nazi Party -Nazi Party
-Led by Adolf Hitler -Led by Adolf Hitler
-Nov. 1923, Hitler & party try to overthrow govt. -Nov. 1923, Hitler & party try to overthrow govt.
-Hitler is caught and sent to jail for 5 years -Hitler is caught and sent to jail for 5 years
-Only serves 9 months -Only serves 9 months
-In prison, he writes his autobiography -In prison, he writes his autobiography
-Called -Called Mein Kampf Mein Kampf
-My Struggle -My Struggle
-Outlines Nazi philosophy & his plans to fix Germany -Outlines Nazi philosophy & his plans to fix Germany
Hitler
Mein Kampf
Hitler Gains Power Hitler Gains Power
-During 1920’s and 1930’s Germany in major Depression -During 1920’s and 1930’s Germany in major Depression
-Mostly from WWI -Mostly from WWI Reparations Reparations
-Payment by the losers to winners in a war -Payment by the losers to winners in a war
-Hitler promised to fix Germany -Hitler promised to fix Germany
-Gained a huge following from the desperate Germans -Gained a huge following from the desperate Germans
-By 1933, Nazi party largest in -By 1933, Nazi party largest in Reichstag Reichstag
-Law making body -Law making body
-Reichstag appoints Hitler as -Reichstag appoints Hitler as Chancellor Chancellor
-President -President
-Gives himself the title of -Gives himself the title of Der Fuhrer Der Fuhrer
-The Leader -The Leader
War on the Horizon War on the Horizon
-Hitler wanted to return Germany to a world power -Hitler wanted to return Germany to a world power
-March 9, 1936, he invades -March 9, 1936, he invades Rhineland Rhineland
Region in W. Germany Region in W. Germany
-Border of France & Belgium -Border of France & Belgium
-Breaks the Treaty of Versailles -Breaks the Treaty of Versailles
-No resistance from Britain or France -No resistance from Britain or France
-Hitler creates an Alliance with Italy -Hitler creates an Alliance with Italy
-Alliance is called -Alliance is called Axis Powers Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, & Japan Germany, Italy, & Japan
-B/c of success in Rhineland, Hitler invades Austria in -B/c of success in Rhineland, Hitler invades Austria in March 1938
March 1938
-Britain & France protest but do nothing militarily -Britain & France protest but do nothing militarily
-Both afraid of another world war -Both afraid of another world war
-Several months later, Hitler invades -Several months later, Hitler invades Sudetenland Sudetenland
Region of Czechoslovakia Region of Czechoslovakia
Pink is Rhineland
Yellow is Sudetenland
Purple is Austria
Appeasement and Appeasement and
Alliances Alliances
-To prevent a war, Britain, France, Italy, & -To prevent a war, Britain, France, Italy, &
Germany meet Germany meet
-Agree in Sept. 1938 to an -Agree in Sept. 1938 to an Appeasement Appeasement
-Giving in to prevent war -Giving in to prevent war
-Britain and France agree to let Hitler keep all -Britain and France agree to let Hitler keep all new land
new land
-Hitler agrees not to take over any more land -Hitler agrees not to take over any more land
-Hitler breaks agreement 6 months later -Hitler breaks agreement 6 months later
-Hitler never intends to keep his agreement -Hitler never intends to keep his agreement
-Britain & France know this and make a secret -Britain & France know this and make a secret agreement with Poland
agreement with Poland
-If Germany invaded Poland, Britain & France -If Germany invaded Poland, Britain & France would come to their aid
would come to their aid
-March 31, 1939 Hitler breaks appeasement & -March 31, 1939 Hitler breaks appeasement &
conquers Czechoslovakia
conquers Czechoslovakia
-To protect himself and prevent a 2 front war, Hitler signs Nazi-Soviet Pact
◦ Treaty btw. Germany and USSR
◦ Germany will not attack USSR
◦ USSR gets Baltic States
◦ Estonia
◦ Latvia
◦ Lithuania
-Hitler invades Poland on Sept. 1, 1939
-Britain & France declare war on Germany on Sept. 3, 1939
-Begins WWII [Sept. 3, 1939]
Baltic States
War in Europe
-Germany uses new form of warfare in attack of Poland
-Called Blitzkrieg
-Lightning warfare
-Quick military strikes
-Tactic helped Germany overrun Poland in 1 month
-With Hitler focusing on Poland, France built up its military on the Maginot Line
-System of defenses along the border of Germany &
France
-Slows down war
-U.S. calls it “The Phony War”
-Europe calls it ”Sitzkrieg”
-Phony war ends on April 9, 1940
-Germany invades Norway & Denmark
-May 10, 1940, Hitler uses Blitzkrieg on Belgium
-Germany takes control of all 3 areas
Maginot Line
Maginot Line Back Side
Capture of France Capture of France
-Germany crushes Maginot Line and -Germany crushes Maginot Line and
pushes French troops to English Channel pushes French troops to English Channel
-British rescue 340,000 French soldiers at -British rescue 340,000 French soldiers at Dunkirk
Dunkirk
-Germany bombs France with -Germany bombs France with Luftwaffe Luftwaffe
German Airforce German Airforce
-June 14, 1940 German troops enter Paris -June 14, 1940 German troops enter Paris
-France surrenders on June 17, 1940 -France surrenders on June 17, 1940
Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
Battle of Britain Battle of Britain
-After France, Hitler wanted to take Britain -After France, Hitler wanted to take Britain
-Britain new leader was Winston Churchill -Britain new leader was Winston Churchill
-Replaces Neville Chamberlain -Replaces Neville Chamberlain
-Hitler uses Luftwaffe to bomb Britain -Hitler uses Luftwaffe to bomb Britain
-1000 planes/day dropped bombs on Britain -1000 planes/day dropped bombs on Britain
-Britain’s Airforce [RAF] took out many -Britain’s Airforce [RAF] took out many Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
-The bombing of London was called -The bombing of London was called The Blitz The Blitz
-Dec. 1940 bombs set 1500 fires in London -Dec. 1940 bombs set 1500 fires in London
-Forced many to bomb shelters -Forced many to bomb shelters
-Others were forced to live in subway tunnels -Others were forced to live in subway tunnels
-By the end of 1941, 20,000 dead & 73,000 -By the end of 1941, 20,000 dead & 73,000 injured
injured
Winston Churchill
Aiding the Allies
-Helped Allies with Neutrality Acts of 1939
-Allies can buy goods from U.S.
-Next passed Lend-Lease Act
-U.S. could aid any nation that was vital to U.S. security
-US would lend/lease military goods to the
Allies
Japan & The U.S.
Japan & The U.S.
-Japan is poor & needs raw materials -Japan is poor & needs raw materials
-Conquered new land [Manchuria, -Conquered new land [Manchuria, Dutch East Indies]
Dutch East Indies]
-Signs alliance with Axis Powers in -Signs alliance with Axis Powers in 1940 1940
-Also signs neutrality pact with USSR -Also signs neutrality pact with USSR
-U.S. nervous about Japan -U.S. nervous about Japan
-FDR puts Pacific Naval Fleet in Pearl -FDR puts Pacific Naval Fleet in Pearl Harbor, HI
Harbor, HI
-FDR could not go to war b/c -FDR could not go to war b/c
Americans wanted Isolationism
Americans wanted Isolationism
Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor
- - Japan tries to conquer Indochina [Vietnam] Japan tries to conquer Indochina [Vietnam]
-U.S. cuts all trade with Japan [Mainly oil] -U.S. cuts all trade with Japan [Mainly oil]
-Japan’s Prime Minister, General Hideki Tojo, wanted to -Japan’s Prime Minister, General Hideki Tojo, wanted to go to war with U.S.
go to war with U.S.
-U.S. tells Japan to give up all gained land and U.S. will -U.S. tells Japan to give up all gained land and U.S. will re-open trade
re-open trade
-Japan refuses -Japan refuses
-7:00AM on Dec. 7, 1941, 180 Japanese planes bomb -7:00AM on Dec. 7, 1941, 180 Japanese planes bomb Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
-2,400 Americans killed -2,400 Americans killed
-300 planes and 18 ships destroyed -300 planes and 18 ships destroyed
-U.S. declares war on Japan on Dec. 8, 1941 -U.S. declares war on Japan on Dec. 8, 1941
-Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec. 11 -Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. on Dec. 11
-Memorial built in Pearl Harbor around the sunken -Memorial built in Pearl Harbor around the sunken ship U.S.S. Arizona
ship U.S.S. Arizona
-Many feel FDR knew of attack and used it as a way to -Many feel FDR knew of attack and used it as a way to get America into WWII
get America into WWII
-No concrete facts to support this claim -No concrete facts to support this claim
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Memorial Museum
• -August 1941, the U.S. and Britain sign Atlantic Charter
– Alliance btw. U.S. & Britain
• -After Pearl Harbor, U.S. begins wartime draft
• -Thousands volunteer
• -200,000 in U.S. military before Pearl Harbor
• -16 million after
• -U.S. troops call themselves G.I.’s
– Government Issue stamped on all of their
gear
Minorities in WWII Minorities in WWII
-Many ethnic groups fought for U.S. in WWII -Many ethnic groups fought for U.S. in WWII
Mexican Americans Mexican Americans
-Fought in Philippines -Fought in Philippines
-Fought at D-Day -Fought at D-Day
Japanese Americans Japanese Americans
-Most were not allowed in military until 1943 -Most were not allowed in military until 1943
- - Nisei Nisei were allowed in 1943 were allowed in 1943
-Citizens born in U.S. of Japanese -Citizens born in U.S. of Japanese parents parents
Women Women
-350,000 women volunteer -350,000 women volunteer
-Pilots, Coast Guard, Mechanics, etc. -Pilots, Coast Guard, Mechanics, etc.
-Largest group called Womens’ Army Corps -Largest group called Womens’ Army Corps
Native Americans Native Americans
-Navajo created a code unbreakable by -Navajo created a code unbreakable by Japanese
Japanese
-“Navajo Code Talkers” -“Navajo Code Talkers”
African Americans African Americans
-1 million drafted/volunteered -1 million drafted/volunteered
-Segregated into all black units -Segregated into all black units
-B/c of huge causalities, units desegregated -B/c of huge causalities, units desegregated in 1944
in 1944
-Group of all black pilots also fought in WWII -Group of all black pilots also fought in WWII
-Called Tuskegee Airmen -Called Tuskegee Airmen
Navajo Code Talkers
Tuskegee Airmen
Tuskegee Airmen
Operation Torch
-August 1940 British troops are fighting in Africa
-British troops led by Bernard Montgomery
-German troops led by Erwin Rommel [Desert Fox]
-May 1943, U.S. & British troops take
control of Africa
Invasion of Italy
-July 1943 U.S. troops under George S.
Patton attack Italy
-In 38 days Mussolini is overthrown &
killed by Italian people
-Italian govt. surrenders in Sept. 1943
-Germans in Italy refuse to give up
-Germans lose key battle in Italy
-Battle of Anzio
-Italy formally surrenders in April 1945
Mussolini’s Death
Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa
-June 1941 Germany invades USSR -June 1941 Germany invades USSR
-Push Soviet Army to city of Stalingrad -Push Soviet Army to city of Stalingrad - - Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad becomes USSR’s becomes USSR’s
bloodiest bloodiest
-Sept. 1942-Feb.1943 -Sept. 1942-Feb.1943
-300,000 killed -300,000 killed
-USSR wins & turns tide in Eastern Front -USSR wins & turns tide in Eastern Front
D-Day D-Day
-U.S. & Britain agree in 1943 to -U.S. & Britain agree in 1943 to attack Germany in France
attack Germany in France
-1st step was -1st step was carpet-bombing carpet-bombing
– Large # of bombs dropped over area Large # of bombs dropped over area
-3000 planes/day -3000 planes/day
-U.S. used deception to fool Germany -U.S. used deception to fool Germany where invasion would occur
where invasion would occur
-Used Fake ships, rubber planes, -Used Fake ships, rubber planes, misinformation, spies
misinformation, spies
D-Day Decoys
Enigma Machine
• -Britain steals Germany’s code machine
• -Called Enigma Machine
– Allows Allies to know Germany’s plans
– Also tells U.S. how much Hitler knows about
invasion
Enigma Machine
D-Day Begins D-Day Begins
-Invasion site was Normandy, France -Invasion site was Normandy, France
-Nicknamed -Nicknamed D-Day D-Day & & Operation Overlord Operation Overlord
-Set for June 5, 1944 -Set for June 5, 1944
-Hitler believed invasion would be later and at city called -Hitler believed invasion would be later and at city called Calais
Calais
-Bad weather on June 5th prevents invasion -Bad weather on June 5th prevents invasion
-Moved to June 6, 1944 -Moved to June 6, 1944
-Leader of Allied troops at Normandy was General -Leader of Allied troops at Normandy was General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
-Invasion began at dawn -Invasion began at dawn
-1000 planes bomb coast of Normandy -1000 planes bomb coast of Normandy
-23,000 paratroopers drop before dawn behind enemy -23,000 paratroopers drop before dawn behind enemy lines and try to work back to beach [2 fronts]
lines and try to work back to beach [2 fronts]
-Also used men on gliders -Also used men on gliders
-150,000 ground troops prepare to land on boats -150,000 ground troops prepare to land on boats
D-Day Beaches D-Day Beaches
-Troops hit 5 beaches:
-Troops hit 5 beaches:
1. 1. Gold Gold 4. 4. Sword Sword 2. 2. Utah Utah 5. 5. Juno Juno 3. 3. Omaha Omaha
-Fierce resistance from Germans -Fierce resistance from Germans
-Hitler believes invasion is diversion -Hitler believes invasion is diversion
-Believes real invasion will come at Calais -Believes real invasion will come at Calais
-Does not send in reinforcements -Does not send in reinforcements
-By nightfall, all 5 beaches were under Allied control -By nightfall, all 5 beaches were under Allied control
-Over 5,000 Allied troops killed -Over 5,000 Allied troops killed
-Invasion gives Allies a base in mainland Europe -Invasion gives Allies a base in mainland Europe
-By July, 2 million Allied troops in Europe -By July, 2 million Allied troops in Europe
-Begin to push Germans out of France -Begin to push Germans out of France
-Puts Germans on defense on both fronts
-Puts Germans on defense on both fronts
D-Day Beaches
Battle of the Bulge
August 1944, Allies liberate Paris
-Reach German border in Sept.
-Germans launch counterattack along border in Dec.
-Area is called Ardennes Forest
-Known as the Battle of the Bulge
-Battle lasts from Dec. 16 –Jan. 28
-Largest battle in W. Europe
-Largest land battle fought by Americans in WWII
-80,000 U.S. soldiers killed, wounded, or missing
-100,000 Germans
Yalta Conference
-After Bulge, German army almost defeated
-Allied troops surround Berlin on April 25, 1945
-Hitler refuses to surrender
-Kills himself on May 1st [April 30th]
-May 8th 1945 Germany surrenders
-Called VE Day
-Victory in Europe Day
-Feb. 1945 FDR, Stalin, and Churchill meet [Big 3]
-Decide to divide Germany in half
-Divide Berlin into 4 zones of occupation
-Each zone controlled by U.S., Britain, France, USSR
-All 3 agree to ally against Japan
Big 3 at Yalta
Holocaust Holocaust
-Hitler believed that the Jews were to blame for Germany’s -Hitler believed that the Jews were to blame for Germany’s problems
problems
-Believed the master race was -Believed the master race was Aryan Aryan
-German,white,Christian -German,white,Christian
-Also believed in -Also believed in Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism
-Hatred and violence towards Jews -Hatred and violence towards Jews
-1935 Hitler passes -1935 Hitler passes Nuremberg Laws Nuremberg Laws
-Removed all legal rights for Jews -Removed all legal rights for Jews
-Takes away all land & money -Takes away all land & money
-Enforced by -Enforced by S.S. S.S .
-Nazi Private Army -Nazi Private Army
- - Gestapo Gestapo labeled & arrested all Jews labeled & arrested all Jews
-Nazi secret police -Nazi secret police
Concentration Camps
• Jews were forced into Concentration Camps
– Forced labor camps – Later death camps
• -After Hitler conquers Poland, he sends in the Einsatzgruppen
– Mobile killing squad
– Killed Jews one by one using firing squads
Einsatzgruppen
Death Camps & Final Solution
-Hitler felt that firing squads too slow
-Creates the Final Solution
-Hitler’s plan to kill all Europe’s Jews
-Built 30 death camps to hold & kill Jews
-Camps had gas chambers as method of killing
-Used gas called Zyklon –B
-1st day of death camps, 2,500 killed
-Elderly, sick, young were killed on arrival to camps
-All others put to work
-Some sold into slavery to German companies
-Prisoners labeled with numbered tattoos
-Certain #s were picked to have medical “tests” by Dr. Joseph Mengele
-Most died from these tests
Zyklon-B
Dr. Joseph Mengele
Tattooed Numbers
Mengele’s “Medical Tests”
• Dr. Mengele tried many experiments on the Jews brought to Auschwitz.
• Changing eye color by injecting ink into children’s eyes
• Amputating limbs from two different people and trying to reattach the limbs to the other.
• Trying to create conjoined twins by sewing their spines and wrists together
• Freezing experiments that forced Jews into tanks of ice water for 3 hours
• Removing bones and muscle to see if it would regenerate
• Forced sterilization and castration
• Attempts to make saltwater drinkable by forcing people to only drink it
• Injecting people with Typhus, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Small Pox
• Hiding poison in people’s food to see effects
Death Camps Death Camps
There were four major death camps:
There were four major death camps:
Auschwitz
Auschwitz [Poland] [Poland]
-Most deadly -Most deadly
-1.5 million killed [Avg. of 6000/day] -1.5 million killed [Avg. of 6000/day]
Buchenwald
Buchenwald [Germany] [Germany]
