Dr. Yutaka Goto
Chalmers University of Technology Dept. Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Building Technology [email protected]
Wood construction
The climate change mitigation potential
Dr. Yutaka Goto
Chalmers University of Technology Dept. Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Building Technology
2
Dr. Yutaka Goto
(Chalmers University of Technology)Timber Engineering
- wood-based materials - Timber constructions
Building Physics
- building envelope - whole building simulation - indoor comfort
- energy efficiency
- heat and moisture simulation Life Cycle Assessment
Wood Science Forestry Architecture
Figure source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/
Contents
• Climate change and wood constructions
• Traditional timber constructions
- Historical timber constructions - Traditional timber constructions
• Modern timber constructions
- Types of timber constructions
• Global trend
- Potential and challenge of modern timber constructions
• Wrap-up
4
Intended Learning Outcomes of This Lecture
•
You can quantitatively assess the amount of CO2stored in timber constructions.•
You know some prominent examples of tradition timber constructions.•
You know some prominent examples of modern timber constructions.•
You can categorize different constructions types of timber structures.•
You can list the potential and challenge of timber construction technology as of today.Climate change and wood constructions
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http://www.aucoeurdelarbre.ca/en/br anching-out/teachers/module3- html.php
6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
Sun light & Nutrients (NO3, PO4etc.)
Wood and CO
2Cellulose / Hemicellulose
http://www.aucoeurdelarbre.ca/en/br anching-out/teachers/module3- html.php
Wood and CO
2Lignin
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CO 2 stored in Wood
How much CO
2is stored in 1 kg of wood?
45‐50% of the mass of dry wood is carbon (C).
0.45‐0.5 kg of carbon is contained in 1 kg of wood.
How much CO2would be produced when this is burnt?
Atom weight: C=12, O=16
12 16 2
12
1.65‐1.80 kg
CO 2 stored in Wood - Exercise
60 m
3of timber.
How much CO
2is stored?
Ca. 44 t CO2 .
170000 km / 8.5 years
drive of an average passenger car.
(United States Environmental Protection Agency)
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Objective:
A wall assembly for,,,
- a highly energy efficient residential detached house.
Carbon footprint of different walls
Carbon footprint of different walls
Creating 1m2of wall with the same thermal resistance results in…
inside
outside Make-up:
150 mm concrete 220 mm EPS 15 mm plaster
Make-up:
15 mm gypsum plaster 240 mm limestone 200 mm mineral wool 10 mm air
115 mm brick
Make-up:
12,5 mm gypsum board 22 mm OSB
280 mm mineral wool/ wood 20 mm wood fiber board 10 mm cement based board
inside inside
outside outside
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Concrete EPS Plaster Gypsum plaster
Limestone Mineral wool Brick Gypsum board
Creating 1m2of wall with the same thermal resistance results in…
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Wood in construction has a better environmental sustainability impact.
(Robertson et al. 2012)
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5 case studies
http://www.lichtblau-architekten.de/ https://www.mkp-ing.com/
https://www.hkarchitekten.at/
http://www.sps-architekten.com/
https://www.dietrich.untertrifaller.com/
Life support center, Lindenberg, Germany (2005)
Finance office, Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
Germany (2010) Residencial building, Salzburg,
Austria (2006)
Community center, Ludesch, Austria (2005)
Campus Kuchl, Salzurg, Austria (2009)
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1 2
3
4
(Kaufmann et al. 2012)
Material use
(Kaufmann et al. 2012)
Materials needed for construction and repair. 50 years. (kg/m2)
: Non‐renewable material in concrete scenario : Renewable material in concrete scenario : Non‐renewable material in timber scenario : Renewable material in timber scenario 1
2 3 4 5
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Global warming potential
(Kaufmann et al. 2012)
Global warming potential. 50 years. (kgCO2eq/m2)
: Concrete scenario : Timber scenario 1
2 3 4 5
Traditional timber constructions
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Historical timber constructions
Horyu-ji Temple (693AD, Nara, Japan)
Historical timber constructions Haus Bethlehem (1287AD, Schwyz, Switzerland)
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Historical timber constructions
Borgund Stave Church (ca1200AD, Borgund, Norway)
Historical timber constructions Neubrügg (1535AD, Bremgarten/Bern, Switzerland)
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Historical timber constructions
Todai-ji Temple (1709AD, Nara, Japan)
Traditional timber constructions Typical traditional timber house in Scandinavia
http://travelogged.com/2013/06/01/kivik-sweden/kivik_house-2/
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Typical traditional timber house in Japan Traditional timber constructions
http://miyake-yestation.seesaa.net/article/368708094.html
Vernacular timber constructions in Vietnam Traditional timber constructions
Photo courtesy: Kosuke Nishijima
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Modern timber constructions
Timber construction categories
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Post and beam
•
Timber post and beam (sawn timber, glulam etc.)•
Floor panel (CLT, composite floor etc.)•
Multi-story building•
Many variation of systems and detailsPost and beam
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Post and beam
Mjøstårnet (2019), Brumunddal, Norway
Photo courtesy: Moelven
Post and beam
Mjøstårnet (2019), Brumunddal, Norway
Photo courtesy: Moelven
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Post and beam
Mjøstårnet (2019), Brumunddal, Norway
Timber construction categories
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Light-frame timber
•
Timber studs (sawn timber)•
Panels (plywood, OSB etc.)•
Detached house•
Multi-story building up to 5 or 6 stories•
Simple constructionLight-frame timber
https://www.a-hus.se/vara-hus/2-plan/vendelso
Common detached houses
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Light-frame timber
Apartment in Kvillebäcken, Gothenburg
https://www.entreprenor.se/entr eprenorer/en-lagenhet-kommer- lastad_677987.html
https://www.woodnet.se/article/view/430598/rekordorde r_till_lindbacks_bygg
Light-frame timber
Apartment in Kvillebäcken (2015), Gothenburg, Sweden
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Timber construction categories
Massive timber
•
Sawn logs•
CLT (cross laminated timber)•
Detached house•
Mid-high rise building (CLT)•
Simple construction (CLT)40
Massive timber
Log house
Picture: Blockbau, holzbaum.ch
Alpenhotel Ammerwald (2008), Ruette, Austria
Massive timber
https://www.kaufmannzimmerei.at/projekt/alpenhotel-ammerwald-reutte
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Massive timber
CLT (Cross Laminated Timber)
https://www.kaufmannzimmerei.at/projekt/alpenhotel-ammerwald-reutte
Alpenhotel Ammerwald (2008), Ruette, Austria
Massive timber
https://www.kaufmannzimmerei.at/projekt/alpenhotel-ammerwald-reutte
Alpenhotel Ammerwald (2008), Ruette, Austria
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Market trend
Global trend of timber engineering
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2002 2005 2008 2012 2015
1995 0
Numberofstoreys
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Potential of modern timber engineering
•
Composite structure (“The right material at the right place.”)•
High level of prefabrication and modularity•
High precision of the construction.•
Fast construction on site.•
Less waste during the construction.•
Light weight and high workability.•
New types of wood products.•
Visual comfort.•
Lower noise level during construction.•
Recognition on environmental benefit is increasing.•
Less strict fire regulation.•
Share of timber construction is increasing in many countries.•
Larger and higher timber constructions.•
New types of wood-based materials.Global trend of timber engineering
http://www.lignatec.fr/ https://hautamsterdam.nl/
Municipal Office, Paris, France (2016)
Haut, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (to be completed in 2021)
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Example of modern timber constructions
Lighthouse (2018), Joensuu, Finland
Example of modern timber constructions
TAMEDIA headquarter (2013), Zurich, Switzerland
Foto: Didier Boy de la Tour
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Example of modern timber constructions
Elephant house Zurich Zoo (2013), Zurich, Switzerland
Example of modern timber constructions
Haesley Nine Bridges Golf Club House (2010), Yeouju, South Korea
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Example of modern timber constructions
Sneek Bridge (2008), Sneek, The Netherlands
http://www.accoya.com/
https://www.archdaily.com/184653/sneek-bridge-achterbosch- architectuur-with-onix
Example of modern timber constructions
Around Helsinki
https://www.srv.fi/
https://www.hel.fi/uutiset/en/helsinki/urban- wooden-architecture-in-jatkasaari
Wood City, Helsinki, Finland Välimerenkatu 3, 00220 Helsinki
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Example of modern timber constructions
Around Helsinki
Honkasuo (2016), Vantaa, Finland Perhosenkierto 33, Vantaa
https://www.uuttahelsinkia.fi/fi/honkasuo/rakentaminen/kuvia-honkasuolta
•
Moisture safety measures to ensure healthy living environment and durable construction.•
Acoustic performance.•
Fire safety planning.•
Cost.Challenges of modern timber engineering
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Wrap up
Wrap up
•
Wood stores carbon as material and wood constructions have a better environmental impact compared to other convention materials such as concrete.•
Timber constructions have various construction types and a suitable system is chosen according to the project requirements.•
It is common to make structures hybrid both with various timber construction systems and with other materials such as concrete.•
It is key to use the right material in the right place.•
There are increasing numbers of large timber construction and prominent projects globally due to numbers of advantages and environmental interests of stakeholders.•
There are still challenges to overcome in order to further promote wood constructions.58
