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GSM REMOTE SENSING FOR TRANSMISSION LINE MONITORING SYSTEM USING FPGA

ROSLIN BIN JAMALUDIN

A thesis submitted in

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

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iv

ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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vi

CONTENTS

TITLE i

STUDENT’S DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Project Objective 4

1.4 Thesis Outline 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Paper Review 7

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Project Architecture 22

3.2 Input Devices 23

3.2.1 Twisted Pair Copper Cable 23

3.2.2 Reflectometer 24

3.3 Output Devices 25

3.3.1 GSM Development Board 25

3.3.2 LCD Module 26

3.3.3 7-Segment Display 27

3.4 System Processor 28

3.5 Project Phase 29

3.5.1 Project Planning and Preparation 29

3.5.2 Literature Review 29

3.5.3 Component and Hardware Selection 30 3.5.4 Design of Reflectometer Circuit 30 3.5.5 Construct and Testing Reflectometer 30

Circuit

3.5.6 Design the FPGA Architecture 30 3.5.7 Combining Hardware and Programming 31 3.5.8 Testing and Troubleshooting 31

3.5.9 Report Writing 31

3.6 System Development 32

3.6.1 Hardware Development 32

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viii

3.7 Final Assembly 34

3.8 Project Flowchart 35

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37

4.1 Register-Transfer Level (RTL)Circuit 38

4.1.1 Counter Block 38

4.1.2 Nios II Block 39

4.1.3 Phase Lock Loop (PLL) Block 40

4.2 Results and Discussion 41

4.2.1 Practical Result 41

4.2.2 Simulation Result 44

4.2.3 Final Result 47

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 48

5.1 Conclusion 48

5.2 Future Recommendation 49

REFERENCES 50

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LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Summary of paper review 16

3.1 16x2 LCD pins assignments 27

3.2 RS232 pin configuration 33

4.1 Error percentages of the copper cable frequency 43 and length

4.2 Length to capacitance value conversion 44

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x

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Topology of copper cable transmission line 4

2.1 System architecture 7

2.2 System structure diagram 8

2.3 Structure of remote monitoring system 9

2.4 System block diagram 10

2.5 System architecture 11

2.6 Block diagram of simple remote station 12

2.7 System architecture 13

2.8 System Overview 14

3.1 Architecture diagram of GSM remote sensing 22 monitoring system

3.2 Twisted pair copper cable 23

3.3 Relation between capacitance values with the cable 23 length

3.4 Reflectometer circuit for open-circuited wire 25 detection

3.5 Siemens TC35 GSM Development board 25

3.6 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 26

3.7 7-segment display 27

3.8 Altera DE2-70 Development board 28

3.9 Project development phases 29

3.10 Hardware development 32

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3.12 Hardware development process flow 35

3.13 Software development process flow 36

4.1 Overall Register-Transfer Level (RTL)circuit 38

4.2 Counter block 39

4.3 Nios II block 40

4.4 Phase Lock Loop (PLL) block 41

4.5 Oscillloscope view of the Reflectometer output 42 for 12 meter copper cable

4.6 Length converting programming in Frequency 42 Counter program

4.7 Results on 7-segment display and LCD 43

4.8 Simulation circuit for Reflectometer circuit in 45 NI Multisim

4.9 Output signal viewed using NI Multisim simulator 45 4.10 Frequency comparison between Altera DE2-70 and 46 simulation result

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xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

f - Frequency

R - Resistor

C - Capacitor

Hz - Hertz

V - Voltage

L - Length

T - Period

E - Enable

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access CEO - Chief Executive Producer

DCE - Data Circuit Terminating Equipment DB - Data Bus

DP - Distribution Panel

DTE - Data Terminal Equipment ESD - Electrostatic Discharge

FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array GND - Ground

GSM - Global System for Mobile GPS - Global System Positioning GUI - Graphical User Interface HEX - Hexadecimal

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LSB - Less Significant Bit MDF - Main Distribution Frame MSB - Most Significant Bit MSC - Multimedia Super Corridor PDU - Protocol Data Unit

PLL - Phase Lock Loop RS - Register Select RW - Read/Write

RILL - Radio in Local Loop RTL - Register Transfer Level SMS - Short Messaging System

SOPC - System on a Programmable Chip Builder TM - Telekom Malaysia

UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter VHDL - VHSIC High Description Language

EXT_CLK - External Clock

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xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the thesis including with a short overview of transmission line. Furthermore, it details the problem statement of the project, as well as the objective of the project and finishing with the outline of the thesis.

1.1 Project Background

In Malaysia, copper cable is used as a medium of communication network to connect

people around the world, whether as a fixed telephone line or internet services. To

facilitate the user can communicate with each other, the telecommunications provider

must ensure the connectivity in all the premises are in good condition without any

problems.

Currently, copper cables owned by telecommunications providers face the

problem of copper cable stealing activity. Many feedbacks and complaint received from

end users that there is no service on their premises. The technical team has been

investigating the case and found that the cable has been lost in certain areas. At this time,

many people are not satisfied with the provider of telecommunications services offered

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2 services will be disrupted. Therefore, the problem may be solved by creating a remote sensing monitoring system to monitor the stealing activities of the copper cable. This project will be presented an FPGA-based monitoring system for a copper cable transmission line using GSM (Global System for Mobile) network. This system will offer a powerful and user friendly way of 24 hours real-time remote monitoring system. The control language will be using a Verilog Hardware Description Language implemented in hardware using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The monitoring system will be designed to monitor and detect the location of loss signal of the copper cable on the transmission line. A Reflectometer circuit or a sensing circuit is used to detect an open circuit along the copper cable.

If there is no report regarding the state of the cable is not functioning properly,

the theft of cable cannot be resolved as soon as possible. In addition, this project is

considered using a low-cost component, raw materials and low-cost processing for

commercialization. Part of it, this project will enable the detection of the cutoff copper

cable distance where the device shall connected at the Main Distribution Frame (MDF).

When the copper cable in a failed state, it will shoot a signal using 555 timer

Reflectometer circuit to the Altera track DE2-70 board. Once the Altera track receives

the signal, it will display the distance and area of the cable being cut on the LCD screen

and at the same time it sends an instant message or alert through GSM wireless network to the user mobile phone.

In facts, cable theft has taken place every year in our country caused the high

price copper cables. On the other hand, the main reasons causing copper cables are often

the target of thieves, is because of the quality of the copper content in high demand in

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1.2 Problem Statement

Copper can be sold as scrap items at RM30 per kg, resulting in cable owned provider of

telecommunications services in Malaysia to become easy targets of unscrupulous thieves.

In fact, theft is endemic, due to the market price of copper has increased because of

irresponsible people will take the opportunity to earn an easy profit, despite the fact that

it brings inconvenience to the public [27].

The telecommunication cable is very important and necessary to communicate

each other and ease people to do their daily works. Not everyone cares about the

importance of the use of communication cable because they feel it is not their

responsibility. This resulted in no reports of failure and if there is, the report is usually

delayed until the person in charge. Due to cost and management issue, there are no 24 hours routine patrols to ensure that all copper cables are in good condition and prevent cable from stolen. At last, customers are complaining about their internet disconnected or telephone not function.

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4

Monitoring System (FPGA Controller)

GSM Network MDF

Cabinet

Copper Cable DP

Residential

[image:16.612.115.537.72.199.2]

Exchange

Figure 1.1: Topology of copper cable transmission line.

1.3 Project Objective

The main objectives of this project can be summarized in four points as stated below:

(i) To develop an anti-theft alert system to inform the authority or the telecommunication provider regarding the copper cable stealing activities by sending an instant SMS.

(ii) To develop a system that can detect not only the area of stealing occurs but also indicate the distance of the copper cable being cut.

(iii) To demonstrate the FPGA as a controller using Altera track DE2-70 board.

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1.4 Thesis Outline

This report is arranged and distributed into five chapters. Chapter 1 has presented a brief introduction of the project mainly about transmission line and copper cable. It also discusses the problem statements and the objectives of the project to be carried out.

Chapter 2 of the dissertation a includes a literature review related to this project as per referred to previous studies and results obtained by past researchers. It also contains some important findings from past researchers such as advantages and disadvantages which are discussed.

Chapter 3 provides a methodology in how this project is conducted in sequence. It also includes the development and progress of 555 timer circuit, GSM module and FPGA design. Details of the overall project flow are explained and description is provided in this chapter.

Chapter 4 contains the results and findings of the project. A simulation is run on 555 timer circuit to compare the results with real application. Simulation result is analyzed and studied. Also the result of real application is shown in this chapter.

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6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discusses the basic concept and technical knowledge about some significant

hardware devices and software before going into the developing process of the entire

project. Several projects and papers have been revised which are related to this project.

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2.1 Paper Review

[image:19.612.162.502.384.549.2]

W. M. El-Medany and M. R. El-Sabry [1] present a GSM-Based Remote Sensing and Control System Using FPGA. In this paper, the authors present the design and implementation of a remote sensing, control, and home security system based on GSM (Global System for Mobile). The design has been described using VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) and implemented in hardware using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The system works as a remote sensing for the electrical appliances at home to check whether it is on or off. At the same time the user can control the electrical appliances at home by sending SMS (Short Messaging Service) message to the system. The advantages of the system, it offers a complete, low cost, powerful and user friendly way of 24 hours real-time monitoring and remote control of a home security. The advantages of using FPGA as a controller is it can achieve multi inputs and outputs. Figure 2.1 shows the implemented system architecture.

Figure 2.1: System architecture [1].

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[image:20.612.201.455.316.508.2]

8 mobile phone. It is composed of the mobile phone, MCU, GSM module and relays. The smart wireless remote communication between user and homes is realized by GSM network. The advantages of the system, the controller can remotely control the power in our homes through GSM module at anytime and from anywhere. This operation is not limited to a fixed mobile phone or phone number. On the other hand, text service communications have been widely used, which is very cheap and convenient. An easy usage, excellent reliability, wide coverage and low cost are reflected in this system. Therefore, it will further promote the home environments more smart. In addition, it could be used in other fields. Wireless remote controller will have a more application prospect in the remote managing field. Figure 2.2 shows the implemented system structure.

Figure 2.2: System structure diagram [2].

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[image:21.612.230.425.251.443.2]

effective method to obtain, analyze, transmit, manage and feedback the remote goal information, and it combines the most advanced science and technology field of satellite positioning technology, communication technology, internet technology and other areas, and it is the comprehensive use of instrumentation, electronic technology, modern communications technology, computer software and so on. Wireless communication of using GSM has some features such as two-way data transmission function, stable performance and so on. Figure 2.3 shows the implemented structure of a remote monitoring system.

Figure 2.3: Structure of the remote monitoring system [3].

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[image:22.612.198.461.133.274.2]

10 use, flexible and efficient communication. It also has features of high reliability and is worthy to be popularized. Figure 2.4 shows the implemented system block diagram.

Figure 2.4: System block diagram [4].

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[image:23.612.217.444.72.327.2]

Figure 2.5: System architecture [5].

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[image:24.612.163.498.94.227.2]

12

Figure 2.6: Block diagram of simple remote station [6].

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[image:25.612.126.532.71.195.2]

Figure 2.7: System architecture [7].

H. Huang, H. Bian and S. Zhu [8] present a Greenhouse Remote Monitoring System based on GSM. This system is mainly comprised of eight modules; master control module, detection module, keys set module, liquid crystal display module, data storage module, GSM/GPRS module, site alarm module and power supply module. In this system, STC89C51RC is used as a CPU (Central Processing Unit) and SIM900B is used as GSM/GPRS communication module. The temperature sensor, humidity sensor and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) concentration sensor constitute the detection module. The system can show environmental parameters of liquid crystal screen, realize data remote alarming through the GSM module. The advantages of the system, users can set the standard values of the parameters by short text message. Users can also know the real-time information about environmental parameters by making a phone call as well.

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[image:26.612.211.445.136.358.2]

14 Bluetooth can connect the home appliances and the cellular phone without wire. The overview of the system is shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8: System Overview [9].

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2.2 Summary of Literature Review

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[image:28.612.124.547.87.720.2]

16 Table 2.1: Summary of paper review.

No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

1 Wael M El-Medany and Mahmoud R El-Sabry GSM-Based Remote Sensing and Control System Using FPGA

In this paper the authors present the design and implementation of a remote sensing, control, and home security system based on GSM (Global System for Mobile).

Using VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description

Language) and implemented in hardware using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).

The system works as a remote sensing for the electrical appliances at home to check whether it is on or off, at the same time the user can control the electrical appliances at home by sending SMS (Short

Messaging Service) message to the system.

Offers a complete, low cost, powerful and user friendly way of 24 hours real-time monitoring and remote control of a home security.

The advantages of using FPGA as a controller is it can achieve multi inputs/outputs and low cost.

2 Gang Cao, Tiefeng Xu, Taiun Liu and Gaoming Xu A GSM-Based Wireless Remote Controller

In this paper the authors present the design and implementation of a wireless remote power controller for home automation based on GSM network.

This paper presents a controller with microcontroller (MCU) and GSM network. MCU controls the GSM module to receive messages and send reply information to the user’s mobile phone.

It is composed of the mobile phone, MCU, GSM module and relays. The smart wireless remote communication between user and homes is realized by GSM network.

The controller can

remotely control the power in our homes through GSM module at anytime and from anywhere.

This operation is not limited to a fixed mobile phone or phone number.

Text service

communications have been widely used, which is very cheap and convenient.

Easy usage, excellent reliability, wide coverage and low cost, are reflected in this system.

Therefore, it will further promote the home

environments more smart.

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No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

3 Chen Peijiang and Jiang Xuehua Design and Implementation of Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM

Design and implementation of remote monitoring system based on GSM network.

The system is mainly composed of the central monitoring station, remote monitoring station and GSM network.

The central monitoring station is divided of monitoring central server and GSM modem, and the remote monitoring station is divided by MCU, peripheral circuit and GSM modem.

The system can on-line monitor the status of the remote

monitored object, and it can send setting commands to the remote monitoring station by the mode of sending short

messages.

The remote monitoring system is an effective method to obtain, analyze, transmit, manage and feedback the remote goal information, and it combines the most advanced science and technology field of satellite positioning technology, communication technology, Internet technology and other areas, and it is the comprehensive use of instrumentation, electronic technology, modern communications technology, computer software and so on.

Wireless communication of using GSM has some features such as two-way data transmission function, stable performance and so on.

4 Xuemei LI, Qiuchen Yuan, Wuchen Wu, Xiaohong Peng and Ligang Hou Implementation of GSM SMS Remote Control System Based on FPGA

In this paper the authors present a design of a GSM SMS (Short Message Service) remote appliance control system based on FPGA.

Mainly designs a remote appliance control system using the GSM SMS to finally achieve the dual-mode control of phone and SMS control.

The main works completed in this paper include hardware module design (GSM SMS module, RS232 interface module, and the temperature monitor module), FPGA logic design, and system board-level verification.

GSM SMS for remote wireless communications has various characteristics of lower communication cost, less limits of communication lines and regions, high reliability and security, strong anti-interference, being easy to use, flexible and efficient communication.

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18

No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

5 Shen Jin, Song Jingling, Han Qiuyan, Wang Shengde and Yang Yan. A Remote Measurement and Control System for Greenhouse based on GSM-SMS

The whole system consists of a central station and base stations.

The central station is composed of a PC server along with its application software, the GSM module, and the database system.

The base station consists of a microcontroller, sensors, actuators, and GSM module.

The base station receives and sends messages through GSM module; it samples environment parameters and compares them with parameters sent by the central station, and yields relevant control signals according to the comparison result and sent these signals together with the sampled parameters to the actuators.

Can manipulate multiple environment parameters of greenhouse according to feature of different crops.

Conquers the problems of excessive investigation on wire transmission net of large greenhouse group and inconvenience of maintenance.

6 Ahmad

Alshamali GSM Based Remote Ionized Radiation Monitoring System

In this paper the author present monitoring system to

continuously measure ionizing radiation, store data locally and in case of abnormal (level of radiation becomes greater than the preprogrammed alarm points) alarm messages will be automatically transmitted to the central station.

The connection of the remote monitoring station with the central station is accomplished via the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).

The system contains several remote sensing and measuring stations connected to a central control station via GSM modems.

To act as an early warning system for the safety of a region.

This system will save lives and lower risks to human life and health on long-term bases.

The selection of the existing GSM network with full coverage for the entire country is a major source for cost reduction.

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No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

7 Wael M El-Medany FPGA Implementation for Humidity and Temperature Remote Sensing System.

The design is based on using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) for the hardware implementation of the controller circuit and GSM (Global System for Mobile) for remote

monitoring.

The controller circuit has been described using VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description

Language).

Mainly to solve the task of greenhouse climate control, i.e. inside temperature, relative humidity and CO2 level in order to improve crop production and soil status.

The system mainly consists of two units; the system board and the control centre.

The control centre in turn consists of two units; the PC and mobile phone connected together through the serial communication port RS232.

The system board consists of three units; the controller unit which has been implemented in Spartan 3E FPGA, the sensor circuit, and the GSM modem.

The main function of system board continuously measures the temperature and humidity ad compares the measured values with a threshold level, and sends messages through GSM network to the control centre in case of high temperature or humidity exceeds the threshold level.

The system offers low cost and user friendly way of 24 hours real-time remote monitoring for temperature and humidity using SMS (Short Messaging Service) message.

8 Hesong

Huang and Hongning Bian A Greenhouse Remote Monitoring System based on GSM

In this system, STC89C51RC is used as the CPU and SIM900B is used as GSM/GPRS

communication module.

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20

No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

The temperature sensor, humidity sensor and CO2 concentration sensor constitute the detection module.

The system can show environmental parameters by liquid crystal screen, realize data remote alarming through the GSM module.

This system is mainly comprised of eight modules, master control module, detection module, keys set module, liquid crystal display module, data storage module, GSM/GPRS module, site alarm module and power supply module.

Detection module is mainly comprised of a small CPU, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, CO2 concentration sensors, serial communication circuit etc.

Users can know the real-time information about environmental parameters by making a phone call as well.

9 Hiroshi Kanma, Noboru Wakabayashi, Ritsuko Kanazawa, Hiromichi Ito Home Appliance Control System over Bluetooth with a Cellular Phone

In this paper, the authors propose a home appliance control system over Bluetooth with a cellular phone, which enables remote-control, fault-diagnosis and software-update for home appliances through Java applications on a cellular phone.

Bluetooth for a communication medium and a cellular phone as the control terminal have been chosen in the proposed system. Attached a communication adapter to the home appliances in order to add Bluetooth communication functionality.

The system consists of home appliances, a cellular phone, Bluetooth communication adapters for the appliances, and a Bluetooth communication adapter for the cellular phone.

Bluetooth is a low cost short- range wireless technology.

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No. Researcher Title Method/Descriptions Advantages

Also consists of hardware and software for those adapters, Java applications running on the cellular phone and the interface software between the Java applications and the adapter.

10 You Chung

Chung, Nirmal N. Amarnath and Cynthia M. Furse

Capacitance and Inductance Sensor Circuits for Detecting the lengths of Open- and Short-Circuited Wires

In this paper the authors introduce several capacitance and inductance sensing circuits to be tested and analyzed to find the best performance of the sensing circuit for detecting the length of open- and closed-circuit.

The sensing circuits presented in this paper are:

1. Three-Gate Oscillator 2. Two-Inverter Oscillator 3. Schmitt Trigger

Oscillator

4. Differential Amplifier 5. 555 Timer Circuit

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22

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the architecture of the project and the overall methods used from the beginning to end of the implementation of this project. The method used can be separate into several phases of implementation.

3.1 Project Architecture

Figure 3.1 shows the architecture diagram of the project showing the input and output device connection involves in this project.

GSM Module RS232

FPGA Board (Altera DE2-70)

Mobile Phone

Sensing Circuit Twisted Pair

Copper Cable

[image:34.612.117.543.531.679.2]

7-Segment & LCD Display Activate/Reset

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3.2 Input Devices

From Figure 3.1, the input devices of the system are the twisted pair copper cable, the Reflectometer sensing circuit, then activates and the reset button to activate and reset the system.

[image:35.612.239.415.243.346.2]

3.2.1 Twisted Pair Copper Cable

Figure 3.2: Twisted pair copper cable.

Figure 3.2 shows the twisted pair cable. Twisted pair cable is an input to the Refleftometer sensing circuit. When the twisted pair copper cable is in open circuit state after being cut by theft, the capacitance or ESD effect will occur [35]. Figure 3.3 shows the theory of the copper cable relating the cable length to the capacitance effect.

Cable length, L1

Cable length, L2

L1> L2 => C1 > C2

Equivalent Capacitance, C1

Equivalent Capacitance, C2

C C C C C C C C

[image:35.612.116.533.507.653.2]

C C C C

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24 From Figure 3.3, the capacitance value of a copper cable pair will increase as the length of the cable increases and will decrease as the length of the cable decreases. In this project, Equation 3.2 is used to calculate the distance or length of the telephone cable being cut from the origin point. To calculate the distance or length of the telephone cable being cut from the origin point, the formula is slightly different due to long cable have the higher capacitance value but it’s frequency value will be lower or vice versa. 2 1 1 2 , , , , f Frequency Cable Cut f Frequency Cable Original L Length Cable Original L Length Cable Cut (3.1)

From Equation 3.1, Equation 3.2 is formed to find the cut cable’s length from the origin point. 1 2 1 2 , , ,

, OriginalCableLength L

f Frequency Cable Cut f Frequency Cable Original L Length Cable

Cut  

(3.2)

3.2.2 Reflectometer

The Reflectometer sensing circuit will act as a sensor to detect the capacitance value of the copper cable and convert it into equivalent frequency value and send it as an input to the FPGA board. The output of the Reflectometer is an input to the FPGA board (Altera DE2-70), connected via EXT_CLK input. Figure 3.4 shows a 555 timer set up as an astable multivibrator to form a Reflectometer circuit to sense and locates faults on the open-circuited wire. The frequency of the voltage output is;

  

R R

C Hz f B A 2 443 . 1 

 (3.3)

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REFERENCES

1. W. M. El-Medany, M. R. El-Sabry (2008). GSM-Based Remote Sensing and Control System Using FPGA. IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, pp. 1093-1097.

2. G. Cao, T. Xu, T. Liu, Y. Ye, G. Xu (2011). A GSM-Based Wireless Remote Controller. IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control, pp. 2413-2416.

3. C. Peijiang, J. Xuehua (2008). Design and Implementation of Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM. IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, pp. 678-681.

4. X. Li, Q. Yuan, W. Wu, X. Peng, L. Hou (2010). Implementation of GSM SMS Remote Control System Based on FPGA. IEEE International Conference on Information Science and Technology, pp. 2132-2135.

5. S. Jin, S. Jinglin, H. Qiuyan, W. Shengde, Y. Yan (2001). A Remote Measurement and Control System for Greenhouse Based on GSM-SMS. IEEE International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, pp. 282-285.

6. A. Alshamali (2008). GSM Based Remote Ionized Radiation Monitoring System. IEEE International Conference on Advances in Electronics and Microelectronics, pp. 155-158.

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51

8. H. Huang, H. Bian, S. Zhu (2011). A Greenhouse Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM. IEEE International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, pp. 357-360. 9. H. Kanma, N. Wakabayashi, R. Kanazawa, H. Ito (2003). Home Appliance

Control System over Bluetooth with a Cellular Phone. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1049-1053.

10. Y. C. Chung, N. N. Amarnath, C. M. Furse (2009). Capacitance and Inductance Sensor Circuits for Detecting the Lengths of Open- and Short-Circuited Wires. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 58, No.8, pp. 2495-2502.

11. G. Aranguren, L. Nozal, A. Blazquez, J. Arias (2002). Remote Control of Sensors and Actuators by GSM. IEEE Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, vol. 3, pp. 2306-2310.

12. Wu, B. Fei, Peng, H. Yuan, Chen, C. Jung (2006). A Practical Home Security System via Mobile Phones. WSEAS Transactions on Communications, vol. 5, pp. 1061-1066.

13. L. Yang, Y. S. H. Yang, F. Yao (2007). Safety and Security of Remote Monitoring and Control of Intelligent Home Environments. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 2, pp. 1149-1153.

14. E. M. C. Wong (1994). A Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office Automation. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vo1. 40, no. 1, pp. 28-34.

15. C. Peersman, S. Cvetkovic, P. Griffiths (2000). The Global System for Mobile Communications Short Message Service. IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 15-23.

16. J. Xiao, S. Xu, G. Wu (2009). Monitor System of the Intelligent Power Earth Lines Based on GSM SMS Protocol. IEEE International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, pp. 3178-3181.

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18. L. P. Yuan, L. W. Xin (2008). An Application Based on the Short Message TC35. Development and Innovation of Machinery and Electrical Products, vol. 21, no. 1.

19. D. Feng, N. Yin (2010). The Design and Application of Remote Controller Base on GSM. IEEE International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering, pp. 187-189.

20. Y. Imai, D. Yamane, O. Sadayuki, Y. Iwamoto, M. Ooga, S. Masuda (2005). Mobile Phone-enhance User Interface of Remote Monitoring System. IEEE Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Business, pp. 63-68. 21. H. Araujo, J. Costa, L. M. Correia (2001). Analysis of a Traffic Model for

GSM/GPRS. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 124-128.

22. B. Ramamurthy, S. Bhargavi, R. ShahiKumar (2010). Development of a Low Cost SMS based Humidity Remote Monitoring and Control System for Industrial Applications. IEEE International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Application, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 20-26.

23. M. Xu, J. Du (2011). Design of SMS-based remote control system using TC35 and MCU. IEEE International Conference on Internet Computing and Information Services, pp. 393-395.

24. J. M. Jasso, G. O. Vargas, R. C. Miranda, E. V. Ramos, A. Z. Garrido, G. H. Ruiz (2005). FPGA-Based Real-Time Remote Monitoring System. Journal of Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 49, pp. 272-285.

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27. E. Edang (2001). Inexpensive Reflectometer Locates an Open Circuit Along a Cable. Electronic Design, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 115, Jan. 22, 2001.

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30. H. E. Green (1999). A Simplified Derivation of the Capacitance of a Two-Wire Transmission Line. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 365–366.

31. B. N. Das, S. B. Chakrabarty, K. Rao, R. Siva (1995). Capacitance of Transmission Line of Parallel Cylinders in the Presence of Dielectric Coating. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 94–96. 32. M. D. Ciletti (1999). Modeling, Synthesis, and Rapid Prototyping with the

Verilog HDL. Verilog HDL - A guide to Digital Design and Synthesis: SunSoft Press, pp. 580-592.

33. M. Khalil-Hani (2007). Starter’s Guide to Digital Systems VHDL and Verilog Design. Prentice Hall, Malaysia.

34. Mysinchew.com, Cable Theft Becoming More Rampant - Telekom Malaysia, Retrieved May 2013, from http://www.mysinchew.com/node/78927.

35. Siemon Network Cabling Solution, Electrical Discharge (ESD) Phenomenon Related to Telecomunications Cabling Systems, Retrieved August 2013, from http://www.siemon.com/uk/white_papers/04-01-15_electrical_discharge.asp. 36. Altera DE2-70 Board User Manual, Retrieved September 2013, from

http://www.terasic.com.tw/cgibin/page/archive.pl?Language=English&Category No53&No=226&PartNo=4.

Figure

Figure 1.1: Topology of copper cable transmission line.
Figure  2.1: System architecture [1].
Figure 2.2: System structure diagram [2].
Figure 2.3: Structure of the remote monitoring system [3].
+7

References

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