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Advances in Environmental Biology
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Corresponding Author: Mohamad Sinaei far, Department of Physical Education, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Relationship between 8 weeks exercise in water and insulin resistance
Mohamad Sinaei far, Seyyed Mahmood Hejazi, Vahdat Boghrabadi
1Department of Physical Education, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 11 June 2014
Received in revised form 21 September 2014
Accepted 25 November 2014 Available online 29 December 2014
Keywords:
Resistance to Insulin, HbA1c, Exercise, Obesity
Maim aim of this research is investigating effect of determining changes in percentage of Glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood (HbA1c) in patients of type II after 8 weeks exercise and etermining changes of insulin resistance in patients of type II after 8 weeks exercise. thus, we used all of men who have diabetic type 2 of Non-athletes Mashhad resident as statistical sample and We used Kolmogorov-Smirinov in order to determine normality of data. Then, we used t-test in order to investigate correlation between independent and dependent variables. For analyzing data SPSS version 20 and 2013 versions of Excel was used. Results of research indicated that significant relationship exists between 8 weeks exercise in water on IGF1 and resistance to insulin in People with type II diabetes and 8 weeks exercise in water is effective on resistance against insulin
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Mohamad Sinaei far, Seyyed Mahmood Hejazi, Vahdat Boghrabadi, Relationship between 8 weeks exercise in water and insulin resistance, Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(23), 66-70, 2014
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease, which is characterized by relative and absolute insulin deficiency leads rise blood sugar. The common diagnosis of diabetes is someone with blood glucose greater than 125 mg or random blood glucose greater than 200 mg are common measures of diabetes. Another way is testing OGTT and in this method, if level of blood sugar be higher than 200 mg in two hours, it will show diabetics. Early detection of diabetes by measuring blood glucose metabolic activity, which reflects in during a period, while, blood glucose and hemoglobin (HbAlc) is measured by an average level of blood sugar over a long period, usually 60 to 90 days [7].
Physical activity and exercise a greater risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, some types of cancer and reduces neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. In the case of diabetes, there is a strong link between the disease and exercise; however, mainly it is linked to diabetes. In diabetes type A few studies suggest that the effect of exercise on disease and more emphasize on role of exercise in controlling and improve regulate blood sugar [12]. Belief in the benefits of rehabilitation exercise for people with diabetes is not new comment. Today, researchers have found that bed rest for patients with diabetes is false idea [11]. Exercise as the main treatment method known in the fight against diabetes. Regular exercise in preventing and delaying the onset of type II diabetes and is effective in improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism [25]. Approximately 80% of patients with type II diabetes are obese and many researchers believe the main cause of insulin resistance in adipose tissue growth. Some findings suggest that in these cases should be reduced adipose tissue insulin resistance decreased and then weight loss is one of the most recommended treatment for diabetes was considered [13]. Furthermore, a sedentary lifestyle is the main causes of Type II Diabetes as well as sedentary jobs involving long hours of sitting or standing and increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. In contrast, even light activity such as walking in the house (which is indicative of the household) and brisk walking can have a significant role to play in reducing obesity and diabetes rates [16]. Among the benefits of exercise for people with diabetes can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce cardiovascular risk, lowering LDL and raising HDL. Furthermore, muscles use more glucose and sugar. In addition, in these circumstances affect better insulin. Consequently, Sugar or glucose enters into muscle cells easily. Therefore, a special diet and taking regular medication can be beneficial and effective on preventing diabetes treatment. Having a regular exercise and physical activity is the best advice to diabetics. Studies have shown that increase physical activity
is very effective in the prevention of diabetes in people who are at risk. People who are obese and have sedentary lifestyle are respected diet and regular physical activity can prevent the development of diabetes or at least postpone. Exercise reduce weight, increase muscle mass and decrease insulin resistance in the cells. The overall affect of exercise on type 2 diabetes is improving glycemic control and reduce the need for medication.
Aerobic exercise, exercise affect muscles to a large number of muscles and leads rise heart beat. Perform this exercise for 30 seconds or more days of the week has many benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes has grown 46% since 1989 and it is expected that rapid growth of this disease along with increase age of population. Diabetes type 2 is one of disease, which has the highest growth in among public health struggles. This disease provides several struggles for patients, which are originated from high blood sugar in long time. It is expected that diabetes type 2 will have risen to over 300 millions in 2025. Currently, approximately 41 million have diabetes type 2 who are 40 to 74 years [18]. Reduced physical activity in recent decades has led to increase the number of people with type 2 diabetes. Considering that, obesity is the most important modifiable risk factor for diabetes, physical activity and sport, the method is very effective in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The benefits of regular physical activity can reduce weight, maintaining a normal body weight, better control of blood sugar, increase the body's ability to use insulin, reduce the need for drugs and insulin, cardiovascular health system, reduce blood pressure, reduce nervous tension and maintain strong bones and create happiness and joy. Studies have shown that regular exercise along with a healthy diet planning prevents diseases caused by diabetes. Physical activities are the most effective in the prevention of diabetes in people at risk. In patients with type 2 diabetes, exercise is one of the main factors controlling blood sugar. Research has shown that physical activity is not only the prevention of diabetes, of course is one of effective treatment tools in patients [13]. Poor ability to control blood sugar and insulin resistance with high blood pressure leads arteriosclerosis. Consequently, risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes, heart disease and peripheral vascular disease is more than normal people. Controlling blood sugar in first step and controlling lipid are the most important objectives of diabetic’s disease [17]. One of the causes of mortality in patients with diabetes is cardiovascular complications, which increases hypertension. Studies have done about beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure in people with high blood pressure [25].
Diabetics type 2 is originated from Metabolic disorder that high blood sugar chronic (hyperglycemia). Type 2 is formed usually due to the inability of the body's cells use glucose. In type two diabetes is formed usually due to the inability of the body's cells use glucose. In type 2 diabetes, insulin deficiency is not necessarily the main problem, but the problem is mainly seen in target tissues, especially muscle tissue (16).
Works and documents obtained show that it is one of the oldest human aspirations is getting rid of the risk of diabetes. The global statistics suggest the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes is a growing trend. In according to World Health Organization the total number of people with diabetes in 2010 was over 250 million and this figure in 2025 will be over 300 million. However, the use of medication is used to treat and prevent diabetes complications such as cardiovascular complications, retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy is not enough (16).
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in diabetic patients (4). One of the risk factors for coronary heart disease is obesity which originates from diabetes. In people with diabetes, see an unusual increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) which is Resulting in increased triglycerides and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These factors, along with factors such as smoking and hypertension are major risk factors for coronary heart disease. Lipid abnormalities markedly increase the risk of heart disease and mortality. A growing set of evidence indicates that high blood sugar and high blood fat linked to increased risk of heart disease and it shows high amount of TC5 Triglycerides, HbAtc, VLDL, LDL and high blood pressure, low amount of HDL and rise index of body mass is significantly linked with coronary heart disease (25). There is currently no treatment to cure diabetes. However, there are medications that help control blood sugar levels in diabetics. These drugs are classified into three main groups, insulin replacement therapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin-sensitive glucose lowering agents (25).
Throughout the years, along with diet, exercise, and medication, known as the basic treatment of diabetes and Based on a large number of random tests with control groups, and ACSM physical activity and exercise, according to ADA guidelines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes has been recommended. Based on a large number of random tests with control groups, and ACSM physical activity and exercise, according to ADA guidelines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes has been recommended (65).
One of the main goals of treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is to produce near-normal glucose levels to prevent the development of diabetic complications. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Stockholm studies in white patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and the Kumamoto study in non-obese Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) indicate that improved blood glucose control will delay the progress of micro vascular complications. An epidemiological study of Pima Indians suggested that when the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level is less than 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL), the risk of developing micro vascular complications is lower. This finding was corroborated by a similar study in whites with 2-hour oral FPG tolerance data.
Resistance insulin and obesity:
Obesity is the insulin resistant state par excellence. The first demonstration, by Rabinowitz and Zierler [21], of resistance to insulin stimulation of glucose uptake was obtained in the forearm of obese subjects. In obese as well as in nonobese subjects, the presence of insulin resistance signals the concomitance of other metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities, a cluster known as the insulin resistance syndrome [22]. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are increased in obese individuals independently of other risk factors [16]. Mounting [24,8,20,6], though not fully consistent evidence indicates that hyperinsulinemia, a surrogate of insulin resistance, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. A logical corollary of these findings is that insulin resistance is responsible for the heightened cardiovascular risk of the obese.
The prevalence of insulin resistance in obesity is not known. In Pima Indians (Bogardus and et al, 1984), insulin sensitivity, measured by the euglycemic clamp technique, has been shown to decline with increasing body mass index (BMI). The function was, however, nonlinear, with most of the decrement in insulin sensitivity occurring for small increments in BMI. In other studies of insulin resistance in obesity, the groups were generally too small to assess its prevalence [14,9,2]. Furthermore, the obese groups often included subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, a condition itself associated with insulin resistance. In the present work, we have estimated the prevalence of insulin resistance in obesity from the database of the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). This database, including data from 1,146 healthy Caucasian men and women aged 18–85 yr, is the largest so far in which insulin action has been measured by the euglycemic insulin clamp technique. Insulin hypersecretion is another key feature of obesity [19]. Much research, in experimental animals as well as in humans, has been devoted to the loss of appetite regulation that leads to chronic overfeeding [3,23].
The rising incidence of obesity [15] has focused attention on its etiology in societies with westernized lifestyle.
The prevalence of insulin hypersecretion in obesity, however, is likewise not known. Therefore, another aim of this study was to derive, from the EGIR database, estimates of insulin hypersecretion and its correlates.
Objectives:
1. Determining changes in percentage of Glycosylated hemoglobin in the blood (HbA1c) in patients of type II after 8 weeks exercise
2. Determining changes of insulin resistance in patients of type II after 8 weeks exercise
Table 1: Descriptive statistics
Variables Test Mean SD Min Max
HbA1c Exercise in water Pre-test 7.91 0.676 6.27 8.84
Post-test 7.34 0.759 6.13 8.73
Controlling Pre-test 7.48 0.87 5.27 9.24
Post-test 7.71 1.05 6.23 9.6
IGF-1 Exercise in water Pre-test 187.6 20.17 138.84 224.67
Post-test 133.44 23.269 10.925 168.39
Controlling Pre-test 186.64 18.96 141.52 225.67
Post-test 186 17.9 141.52 220
Resistance to insulin Exercise in water Pre-test 9.13 3.1 3.49 15.13
Post-test 6.71 3.81 3.47 15.4
Controlling group Pre-test 9.58 5.17 1.94 18.61
Post-test 9.6 2.94 3.52 14.92
Check normality and homogeneity of the distribution of the dependent variable: For nonparametric analysis of dependent variables should be normalized. Thus, we used Kolmogorov-Smirinov in order to normalize dependent variable in different level of research.
Table 2: Test of dependent variables Dependent variables Pretest HbA1c
Posttest HbA1c
Pretest IGF- 1
Posttest IGF-1
Pretest resistance of
insulin Posttest resistance of insulin Normal
ity test
Exercise in
water 0.984 0.936 0.677 0.322 0.989 0.376
Controlling 0.572 0.932 0.0735 0.626 0.777 0.786
Homogeneity of variance test 0.904 0.142 0.848 0.084 0.052 0.266
In the table above mentioned, P-value is less than 0.05. Thus, normality test of this hypothesis is not rejected and it can be said that distribution of data is normality.
H3: Significant relationship exists between 8 weeks exercise in water on IGF1 and resistance to insulin in People with type II diabetes
Test of hypotheses:
Table 3: Test first hypothesis
Variable Group Test Mean SD Statistics P-value
Resistance to insulin
Exercise in water Pre-test 9.13 3.1
2.227 0.043
Post test 6.71 3.81
Control Pre-test 9.58 5.17
-0.013 0.99
Post test 9.6 2.94
Based on the table, P-value is 0.043 and less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, significant relationship exists between 8 weeks exercise in water on IGF1 and resistance to insulin in People with type II diabetes.
H4: Significant relationship exists between changes insulin resistance in patients of type II after 8 weeks exercise
Table 4: Test second hypothesis
Variables Test Mean SD Statistics P-value
IGF-1 Exercise in water 133.44 23.27
-6.937 0.000
Control 186 17.87
Resistance to insulin (Percentage)
Exercise in water 6.71 3.81
-2.319 0.028
Control 9.6 2.94
It can be seen P-value between two variables IGF-1 and resistance against insulin is less than 0.05. Thus, it can be said 8 weeks exercise in water is effective on resistance against insulin
Conclusion and Discussion:
Obesity and insulin resistance are the main components of the metabolic syndrome are due to inactive lifestyle. This syndrome is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes increase. Diabetes is a common disease in the present age is the result of metabolic disorders sugar. Over 90% of diabetics population are member of diabetes type 2 and prevalence of this disease was higher in sedentary and overweight as well as it is believe that lack of movement leads to widespread diabetes type 2 [5].
One of healthy struggles in current century is omitting main dangerous factors in diabetic’s people and this factor is obesity. Today, 1.1 billions of adults in cross the globe are obesity and 313 millions are fat [11].
Approximately, 80% of diabetes type 2 are obesity and many of researches believe that main factor in insulin resistance is growing fat tissue in body [10].
Some of findings indicate that these patients should be reduced adipose tissue and insulin resistance is reduced. Then, it can be said that reduce weight recommend for patients with diabetes type 2. Furthermore, physical activities are one of factors in insulin’s body and sensitivity of skeleton muscles to insulin. Therefore, significant relationship exists between physical activities and sensitivity to insulin [4].
Sports activities cause changes in body composition and decrease fat and increase muscle mass, therefore, may cause insulin sensitivity and glucose consumption by the general body of muscle cells. Furthermore, exercise and physical activity, the effect of insulin in the bloodstream, the enzyme glycogen synthase activity increased GLUT4 and leads increase sensitivity to insulin and intensity physical activities of diabetes patients should be moderate to serve and 60 to 80% maximal aerobic or 70% to 85% of power heartbeat.
In current research effect of 8 weeks exercise in water on IGF1, Glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) and insulin resistance in diabetics people in type 2.
Implications:
1. Culture in the community about the benefits of exercise in pursuit of diabetes is necessary.
2. Due to physical activity as a low-cost and effective method of therapy in these patients and recommended by doctors and specialists seem necessary.
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