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Non Audit services, auditor independence and earnings management

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Lancaster University Management School

Working Paper

2001/014

Non-Audit Services, Auditor Independence and Earnings

Management

Pelham Gore, Peter Pope and Ashni Singh

The Department of Accounting and Finance Lancaster University Management School

Lancaster LA1 4YX UK

©Pelham Gore, Peter Pope and Ashni Singh All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission,

provided that full acknowledgement is given.

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References

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