Juniper Networks, Inc. 1194 North Mathilda Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA
408-745-2000 www.juniper.net
Course Number: EDU-JUN-IJNR3
Introduction to Juniper Networks
Routers
Release 5.3.1
This product includes the Envoy SNMP Engine, developed by Epilogue Technology, an Integrated Systems Company. Copyright © 1986–1997, Epilogue Technology Corporation. All rights reserved. This program and its documentation were developed at private expense, and no part of them is in the public domain.
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GateD software copyright © 1995, The Regents of the University. All rights reserved. Gate Daemon was originated and developed through release 3.0 by Cornell University and its collaborators. Gated is based on Kirton’s EGP, UC Berkeley’s routing daemon (routed), and DCN’s HELLO routing protocol. Development of Gated has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Portions of the GateD software copyright © 1988, Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Portions of the GateD software copyright © 1991, D. L. S. Associates.
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Juniper Networks is a registered trademark of Juniper Networks, Inc. Broadband Cable Processor, ERX, ESP,G10, Internet Processor, JUNOS, JUNOScript, M5, M10, M20, M40, M40e, M160, MRX, M-series, NMC-RX, SDX, ServiceGuard, T320, T640, T-series, UMC, and Unison are trademarks of Juniper Networks, Inc. All other trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, or registered service marks may be the property of their respective owners. All specifications are subject to change without notice.
Introduction to Juniper Networks Routing, Student Guide Volume 1, Release 5.3
Copyright © 2002, Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Revision History
Revision 1—August 2002
The information in this document is current as of the date listed above.
The information in this document has been carefully verified and is believed to be accurate. Juniper Networks assumes no responsibilities for any inaccuracies that may appear in this document. In no event will Juniper Networks be liable for direct, indirect, special, exemplary, incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defect or omission in this document, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. Juniper Networks reserves the right to change, modify, transfer or otherwise revise this publication without notice.
YEAR 2000 NOTICE
Juniper Networks hardware and software products do not suffer from Year 2000 problems and hence are Year 2000 compliant. The JUNOS software has no known time-related limitations through the year 2038. However, the NTP application is known to have some difficulty in the year 2036.
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Contents
Lab 1: Command-Line Interface Introduction
Lab 2: Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting
Lab 3: Interface Configuration and Troubleshooting
Lab 4: RIP
Lab 5: Routing Policy
Lab 6: OSPF
Lab 7: IS-IS
Lab 8: BGP
Course Overview
The Internet Introduction to Juniper Networks Routers class is an instructor-led course that covers the configuration and support of the protocols and features available on the Juniper Networks platforms. This class is a combination of lecture and lab to allow ample time for some good hands-on exposure to the JUNOS software configuration and operational mode troubleshooting.
Objectives
After successfully completing this course, you should be able to:
• Configure, install, and troubleshoot M-series routers;
• Perform interface and transmission line troubleshooting;
• Describe the basic functionality of the RIP routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router;
• Use the routing policy within JUNOS to control routes within the routing and forwarding tables;
• Describe the basic functionality of the OSPF routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router;
• Describe the basic functionality of the IS-IS routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router; and
• Describe the basic functionality of the BGP routing protocol and how to configure it on a Juniper Networks router.
Intended Audience
The primary audiences for this course include the following:
• Personnel who are unfamiliar with Juniper Networks router configuration;
• Internet engineers; and
• Network operations center engineers.
The secondary audiences for this course include the following:
• Juniper Networks and partner sales representatives;
• Juniper Networks and partner systems engineers; and
• Juniper Networks employees (such as hardware engineers, software engineers, TAC engineers).
Course Level
The Introduction to Juniper Network Routers (IJNR) class is an intermediate-level course designed to provide a strong product knowledge foundation, and to prepare students for the more advanced courses available in the Juniper Networks training curriculum. Taking the IJNR-3 class is the preferred way of meeting the prerequisites for the follow-on, IJNR-2 class (part number EDU-JUN-IJNR2).
Prerequisites
The IJNR Volume 1 prerequisites are: ! TCP/IP basics;
! Link-state routing protocols, including a familiarity with either OSPF or IS-IS; ! Operation of BGP4 and knowledge of the BGP4 mandatory attributes; and ! General interdomain routing issues.
While not required, familiarity with the command-line interface of a routing platform or UNIX system is helpful.
Course Agenda
Day 1
Product Positioning and Hardware Operation JUNOS Software Architecture
The JUNOS Software CLI
Installation, Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting Overview of Interface Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
Day 2
Protocol Independent Routing Properties RIP
Routing Policy
Day 3
OSPF Operation, Configuration, and Troubleshooting IS-IS
Additional Information
Technical Publications
You can print technical manuals and release notes directly from the Internet in a variety of formats.
1. Go to http://www.juniper.net/.
2. On the left side of the page, click the Technical Documentation drop-down box and click Software or Hardware.
3. Locate the specific release and title you need, and choose the format in which you want to view or print the document.
Documentation sets and CDs are available through your local Juniper Networks sales office or account representative.
Juniper Networks Support
For technical support, contact Juniper Networks at [email protected], or at 1-888-314-JTAC (within the United States) or 408-745-2121 (from outside the United States).
Lab 1
Command Line Interface Introduction
Overview
In this lab you will be introduced to various CLI operational and configuration mode features and capabilities.
By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks:
• Operational:
− Issue various operational mode CLI commands and use context sensitive help
− View and interpret CLI error messages
− Learn CLI keyboard sequences
− Modify the CLI environment
− Use CLI features to navigate and search through command output
− Use the on-line help features
− Perform basic configuration and commit your configuration
• Configuration:
− Navigate and view the configuration hierarchy
− Configure a system service, an interface, and basic OSPF
− Run operational commands from within the configuration mode
− Commit your candidate configuration and use rollback
− Save and load configuration files
Part 1: Entering Commands and getting Context Sensitive Help
Step 1.1
Log in to the router with the username “lab” using a password of “lab”. At the CLI prompt, enter “?”. Some of the following commands should be displayed:
lab@host> ?
clear Clear information in the system
configure Manipulate software configuration information file Perform file operations
List a few of the remaining commands below:
Step 1.2
Type the following at the CLI prompt: lab@host> c?
Possible completions:
clear Clear information in the system
configure Manipulate software configuration information What command could be used from the operational mode to display all show commands that start with c?
Step 1.3
Type the following command at the CLI prompt: lab@host> clear ?
Possible completions: alarm
arp Clear address-resolution information bgp Clear BGP information
firewall Clear firewall counters List a few of the remaining commands:
Step 1.4
Experiment with command completion by entering the following: lab@host> show i <enter>
'i' is ambiguous. Possible completions: . . .
interfaces Show interface information
♦ What other commands starting with “i” are listed when you type the above command?
Step 1.5
Type the following at the CLI prompt:
lab@host> show int<space>erfaces
Physical interface: fe-0/0/0, Enabled, Physical link is Down Interface index: 9, SNMP ifIndex: 13
Link-level type: Ethernet, MTU: 1514, Speed: 100mbps, Loopback: Disabled,
Source filtering: Disabled, Flow control: Enabled Device flags : Present Running Down
Interface flags: Hardware-Down SNMP-Traps . . . .
lab@host>
____________________________ Note__________________________
The use of “Olives” in the classroom might cause some of the interface related displays to differ from those produced by M-series routers. We will point out these differences when they are significant.__________________________________________________________________
♦ What interfaces are displayed with the show interfaces command?
Part 2: CLI Error Messages
Step 2.1
Type the following command: lab@host> clear route
What message does the router display when you enter this command? What do you suppose it means?
Verify that the CLI will not let you complete invalid commands by trying to enter the following command:
lab@host> show ip interface brief
What happens when you try to enter this command? Where is the first syntax problem detected?
Part 3: Keyboard Sequences
Step 3.1
From the CLI prompt, enter the following commands:
lab@host> show interfaces <do not press enter>
Press <Ctrl-b>.
♦ What happens to the cursor when you enter this keyboard sequence?
Press <Ctrl-f>.
Press <Ctrl-a>.
♦ What happens to the cursor when you press this keyboard sequence?
Press <Ctrl-e>.
♦ What happens to the cursor when you press this keyboard sequence?
Step 3.2
Enter the following commands:
lab@host> show interfaces | no-more lab@host> show route
lab@host> show system users
These three commands are now stored in the CLI history buffer. What happens when you:
♦ Enter <Ctrl-p> twice?
♦ Press <Ctrl-n> twice?
♦ Use the up and down arrows?
If the arrow keys do not behave as expected, it is because the default ANSI terminal type does not recognize the VT-100 sequences. This will be corrected in upcoming steps.
Part 4: Modify the CLI Environment
Step 4.1
Using the operational mode set command you can modify the CLI environment for your login session. Enter the following command to view the CLI environment options that can be modified in operational mode:
♦ What types of options are displayed?
♦ What CLI command do you think you would use to modify the screen length?
♦ What CLI command do you use to modify the CLI prompt?
Step 4.2
Change the cli terminal type to vt100.
♦ Does this have any effect on your ability to use the keyboard arrow keys to edit command lines and to display your command history?
Logout and then log back into your router.
♦ Do the arrow keys still function as before?
____________________________ Note__________________________
If the arrow keys are no longer working, it is because the CLI environment setting performed above affected only your session, not the router’s configuration. You will learn how to make the terminal-type setting persistent in a subsequent portion of this lab._________________________________________________________________
Part 5: Navigating Command Output
Step 5.1
Command output might exceed one full screen. For example, the show interface detail command displays lots of information about the router’s interfaces:
lab@host> show interfaces detail
♦ What happens when you press the enter key?
♦ What happens when you press the “b” key?
♦ What happens when you press the “u” key?
Step 5.2
While the output is paused at the “more” prompt, try entering “h”.
♦ What type of information is displayed?
♦ What key would you enter to search the results of a command with multiple screen output?
Step 5.3
Use the “|” and match functions to list all interfaces that are physically down: lab@host> show interfaces extensive | match down
♦ Are any of your interfaces listed as “down”?
♦ Can you think of a way to have JUNOS software count the number of interfaces that are physically down? (As a hint, remember that the results of one pipe can be used as input to another “|”).
Part 6: Online Documentation
Step 6.1
A large portion of the JUNOS software documentation is available directly from the CLI. High-level topics can be retrieved using the help topic command while detailed configuration related information is made available with the help reference command.
Use the help reference command along with the CLI question-mark operator to find detailed information about interface loopbacks:
♦ What CLI command displays reference information on placing interfaces into loopback?
Part 7: Navigate Configuration Hierarchy and View Candidate
Configuration
Step 7.1
Enter configuration mode and view the existing configuration: lab@host> conf<space>igure
♦ What happened to your prompt?
♦ According to the prompt, what is your position in the configuration hierarchy?
Show the current configuration: [edit]
lab@host# show
Show only the interface portion of your configuration:
lab@host# show int<space>erfaces
Step 7.2
Position yourself at the [edit interfaces fxp0] hierarchy: [edit]
lab@host# edit interfaces fxp0 [edit interfaces fxp0]
lab@host#
♦ Does the banner correctly indicate your new position in the hierarchy?
♦ What is the result of a show command now?
Step 7.3
Move to the [edit protocols ospf] portion of the hierarchy. This requires that you first
visit the root of the hierarchy, as you cannot jump directly between branches: [edit interfaces fxp0]
lab@host# top [edit]
lab@host# edit protocols [edit protocols]
lab@host# edit ospf [edit protocols ospf] lab@host#
♦ What commands could you now enter to reposition yourself at the [edit protocols]
Part 8: Configure a System Service, an Interface, and basic OSPF
Step 8.1
Position yourself at the root of the configuration hierarchy, and enable the telnet service: [edit]
lab@host# set system services telnet
♦ What other system services can you configure?
Step 8.2
Configure a non-existent interface: [edit]
lab@host# edit interfaces ge-0/3/0
[edit interfaces ge-0/3/0]
lab@host# set unit 0 family inet address 10.0.1.100/24
♦ What command would you enter to enable flow control on this interface?
♦ What would you now enter to display only the configuration of this interface?
____________________________ Note__________________________
It is a nice feature to be able to harmlessly configure an interface you have not yet installed. Such configuration will not have any effect until the corresponding interfaces is installed into the chassis._________________________________________________________________
Step 8.3
Add another address to the same logical unit, and use the tab-based auto-completion of variables feature to easily remove it:
[edit]
[edit interfaces ge-0/3/0]
[edit interfaces ge-0/3/0]
lab@host# delete unit 0 family inet address 1.<tab>1.1.1/32
Step 8.4
Configure basic OSPF by entering the following commands at the [edit] hierarchy: [edit]
lab@host# set protocols ospf area 0 interface all [edit]
lab@host# set protocols ospf export test
This command has associated an export policy called “test” with the OSPF process. The purpose of this step will become evident in subsequent lab steps.
Part 9: Run Operational Mode Commands From Within Configuration
Step 9.1
Try to display the status of chassis alarms with the show chassis alarms operational command while parked at the [edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] hierarchy:
[edit interfaces ge-0/3/0] lab@host# show chassis ^
syntax error.
Now try preceding the operational command, show chassis alarms with the word “run”.
♦ Are the results any better?
Part 10: Commit Your Candidate Configuration and Use Rollback To
Recover From Mistakes
Step 10.1
The changes you have made to the configuration are not yet active. Try to commit your candidate configuration; your results should be similar to the example below:
[edit]
Policy error: Policy test referenced but not defined error: configuration check-out failed
♦ What is preventing your candidate from becoming the active configuration?
Step 10.2
The candidate configuration will not commit as an undefined policy test is being referenced. Remove the reference to this policy, and all should be well:
[edit]
lab@host# delete protocols ospf export
Once again try to commit your candidate configuration: [edit]
lab@host# commit commit complete
Step 10.2
Make a serious mistake: [edit]
lab@host# delete interfaces
Now use the compare function to display differences between the active and candidate configurations:
[edit]
lab@host# show | compare
♦ Are any differences noted?
Step 10.3
Commit your change. You now have a router with no interfaces! [edit]
lab@host# commit commit complete
lab@host# run show interfaces terse
♦ What command can you enter to quickly recover from such a mistake?
♦ Did you remember to commit the rollback?
Part 11: Save and Load Configuration Files
Step 11.1
You will now save a copy of your modified configuration to your home directory. Enter the following command at the [edit] hierarchy:
[edit]
lab@host# save file-name
Wrote 82 lines of configuration to 'file-name'
Step 11.2
View the saved file: [edit]
lab@host# run file show file-name
♦ What was the purpose of prefacing the command with run?
Step 11.3
Load and commit the saved configuration file. Start by deleting your entire configuration: [edit]
lab@host# delete
Delete everything under this level? [yes,no] (no) yes [edit]
lab@host# show
♦ What has happened to your configuration? Is the router still operating? (Hint: have you committed this change yet?)
Now, save the day by loading and committing your saved configuration file: [edit]
lab@host# load override file-name load complete
[edit]
lab@host# show
♦ Has your configuration been restored?
[edit]
lab@host# commit commit complete
♦ Was there another way you could have restored your deleted candidate config that would not have required the use of load and commit?
STOP
Lab 2
Initial Configuration and Platform Troubleshooting
Overview
In this lab you will load a factory default config and perform a typical initial system installation configuration. You will then use various show commands to monitor the operation of the router.
By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks:
• Configuration:
− Load a factory config
− Set the date and time
− Set host-name, assign a root password and create a “lab” account
− Create a restricted “operator” account
− Configure Out Of Band management and enable remote access
− Log all CLI commands
• Operation:
− Use show chassis commands to verify the router’s operation
− Use show system commands to determine general system status
− Examine the system and chassis logs
− Send messages to other users and use the CLI to disconnect them
− Restart software processes/reboot the router
− Upgrade/downgrade JUNOS software (optional)
− Handle core files for submission to JTAC (optional)
____________________________ Note__________________________
During the course of this lab you may disrupt the training centers existing Out Of Band (OOB) network. It is imperative that you load and commit the lab set’s “reset” file when complete so that subsequent exercises are not adversely impacted._________________________________________________________________
Part 1: Loading the Factory Default Configuration
Step 1.1
Log in to the router with the username “lab” using a password of “lab”. Enter configuration mode and enter the following command to load a default configuration:
[edit]
lab@host# load override /packages/mnt/jbase/sbin/install/default-juniper.conf load complete [edit] lab@host# show system { syslog { user * { any emergency; } file messages { any notice; authorization info; } } }
Your configuration should now be similar to the example shown above.
____________________________ Note__________________________
The path shown is valid for JUNOS software version 5.0 and higher. If you router is running 4.x, try using “/etc/default.conf”_________________________________________________________________
♦ What is the only thing configured on a Juniper Networks router when received from the factory?
Step 1.2
Commit your new candidate configuration. (You may need to exit operational mode.) [edit]
lab@host# commit and-quit lab@host> exit
login:
Part 2: Configure Host-name, Root Password and “lab” Account
Step 2.1
Log into the router as “root”, and start the CLI: host (ttyd0)
login: root
Last login: Fri Jul 27 23:50:57 on ttyd0
--- JUNOS 5.0R1.4 built 2001-08-14 23:14:13 UTC
Terminal type? [vt100] <enter>
root@host% cli root@host>
Step 2.2
Set the system’s host-name based on the label attached to your station: [edit]
lab@host# set system host-name <name> [edit]
lab@host#
______________________________Note _________________________ Until the router is rebooted it will retain the last host name committed. You may assume that the router would have no host name if you took the time to reboot it.
__________________________________________________________________
Step 2.3
Assign the root password: [edit]
root@host# edit system [edit system]
root@host# set root-authentication plain-text-password New password: <password>
Retype new password: <password> [edit system]
Step 2.4
Create an account for user “lab” and associate this user with the superuser (wheel) class: [edit system]
root@host# set login user lab class superuser [edit system]
root@host# set login user lab authentication plain-text-password New password: lab
Retype new password: lab [edit system]
Step 2.5
You may have noticed that your keyboard arrow keys no longer function. If you prefer the use of arrow keys to the default Emacs key sequences, configure the console port to operate in
vt100 mode:
[edit system]
lab@host# set ports console type vt100
_____________________________ Note__________________________ As a result of this change, you will automatically be logged out on your next commit. This will only happen once.
_________________________________________________________________
Step 2.6
You should now commit your changes, log out (if required), and then log back in as “lab”: [edit system]
root@host# commit and-quit commit complete
Exiting configuration mode root@host> quit root@host% exit logout host (ttyd0) login: lab Password:
. . . lab@router>
Part 3: Create a Restricted User Account
Step 3.1
Enter the following commands to create a restricted user account with view permissions only: [edit system]
lab@host# set login user restricted class view-only [edit system]
lab@host# set login user restricted authentication plain-text-password
New password: <lab>
Retype new password: <lab> [edit system]
lab@host# set login class view-only permissions view
Step 3.2
Show the router’s system related configuration, commit the candidate configuration, and return to operational mode:
[edit system] lab@host# show [edit system]
lab@host# commit and-quit
Step 3.3
Log out and then back in as the restricted user.
♦ Are you able to enter configuration mode when logged in as this user?
Part 4: Configure OOB Management and Remote Access
Step 4.1
Log back in as user “lab”, and enable the telnet service: [edit]
lab@host# set system services telnet
Step 4.2
Configure fxp0 address properties: [edit]
lab@host# edit interfaces fxp0 [edit interfaces fxp0]
lab@host# set unit 0 family inet address 10.0.1.x/24
_____________________________
Note__________________________
This configuration will not actually be used outside of this lab, so it does not really matter what address you assign in this step. There is a slight chance that a duplicate addresses will be detected, so be creative when you assign numeric values to the “x” variables in the above step!_________________________________________________________________
Step 4.3
Create a default route for the OOB network and ensure it is not installed in the forwarding table or advertised by routing protocols. Use 10.0.1.254 as the next hop for this default
route:
lab@host# top [edit]
lab@host# edit routing-options [edit routing-options]
lab@host# set static route default next-hop 10.0.1.254 install no-readvertise
Step 4.4
Configure a backup-router to be used before the routing protocol daemon actually starts (useful for catching SNMP sys-up traps after a reboot, for example). Once again, use 10.0.1.254 as the next hop for the default route and commit changes when done:
[edit routing-options] lab@host# top
[edit]
lab@host# edit system [edit system]
lab@host# set backup-router destination default 10.0.1.254 lab@host# commit
Part 5: Set the System Date and Time and View Your Initial Configuration
Step 5.1
Using the operational mode set command configure the system’s date and time: lab@router> set date ?
Possible completions:
<time> New date and time (YYYYMMDDhhmm.ss) lab@router> set date 200108281720
Tue Aug 28 17:20:00 UTC 2001
____________________________ Note__________________________
You may find that an error is returned, even though the date is correctly set. This is the result of the NTP Sever being unable to locate a local IP address. This error will not occur if at least one operational interface, such as lo0, has an IP address assigned.__________________________________________________________________
Step 5.2
Confirm that the date is correct, and review the entire configuration. Please ask the instructor if you have any questions.
Verify that the date and time are correct: lab@router> show system uptime Review your configuration:
lab@router> show configuration
Part 6: Log All CLI Commands
Step 6.1
Set the system log to log all CLI commands and commit your changes: [edit system syslog]
lab@router# set file cli interactive-commands any [edit system syslog]
lab@router# commit and-quit
Part 7: Use Show Commands To Verify Proper Operation
Step 7.1
____________________________ Note__________________________
Olives do not support any of the following show chassis commands. If you are using an Olive you should refer back to the class handouts for example screen captures of the following commands and skip to the next part._________________________________________________________________
The JUNOS software CLI working in conjunction with the various daemons that reside in the system’s PFE can provide detailed information ranging from the chassis temperature to the firmware and serial number of virtually all FRUs. Issue each of the following show chassis commands and take a moment to interpret their output: (Don’t forget that many have optional <detail> and/or <extensive> switches.
lab@router> show chassis ? Possible completions:
alarms Show alarm status cos Show CoS information environment Show environmental status
firmware Show firmware version information fpc Show flexible port concentrator status hardware Show hardware inventory information mac-addresses Show MAC addresses
routing-engine Show Routing Engine status
♦ Are any alarms active?
♦ Are the FPCs listed as being on-line? What types of PICs are installed in your router?
♦ What type of M-series router are you using? How much memory does the RE have?
Part 8: Use Show System Commands
Step 8.1
The JUNOS software CLI can display a wealth of information about the state of the JUNOS software environment. Issue each of the following commands and take a moment to analyze the resulting output:
lab@router> show system ? Possible completions:
audit Show filesystem MD5 hash & permissions boot-messages Show boot time messages
buffers Show buffer statistics
connections Show system connection activity processes Show the process table
reboot Show any pending halt/reboot requests software Show loaded JUNOS extensions
statistics Show protocol statistics storage Show local storage data
uptime Show time since system and processes started users Show users currently logged into the system
♦ How many users are logged into your router? What are they “doing”?
♦ Is your router providing any FTP services? Does it have any active TCP connections?
♦ Have you discarded any ICMP packets due to fxp1 rate policing?
♦ How long since your router was last rebooted? Who was the last person to have configured it?
♦ What is the device name of your router’s flash memory? What about the rotating media?
____________________________ Note__________________________
If you are on an Olive, there is no “flash” memory so the / and /var devices will be separate partitions on the same device_________________________________________________________________
♦ Are you low on disk space?
Part 9: Analyze System Logs
Step 9.1
Display the system log file, and jump to the end by using <cntl-e>: lab@host> show log messages
♦ Does the log contain anything interesting?
Try piping the result to match while searching for “fail” or “down”: lab@host> show log messages | match fail
Step 9.2
Monitor the log in real-time: (Hint: use escape then “q” keys to suspend and resume console output.)
lab@host> monitor start messages
In order to see some events that will be logged to the messages file, you can enter
configuration mode and issue a commit and-quit. The commit is not required to trigger the monitor start command; it is used here to generate log activity.
♦ Were log messages displayed on your screen?
Turn off log file monitoring: lab@host> monitor stop
Step 9.3
Examine the chassis log:
lab@host> show log chassisd
Step 9.4
Examine the “cli” log:
lab@router> monitor start cli lab@router> show route
♦ Was the CLI command correctly logged? (You may want to turn off the file monitor now- hitting the escape key followed by the “q” key will suspend the annoying screen output, or you can issue a monitor stop)
Step 9.5
Determine what other log files exist: lab@host> show log ?
♦ What other logs does JUNOS software keep around for your reading pleasure?
Part 10: Send Messages And Disconnect Users
Step 10.1
Send a message to all users currently logged into your router: lab@router> request message all
Enter message [Use ^D to end the message]
<Sample message>
Step 10.2
Determine who is logged in, and use the CLI to disconnect them: lab@router> show system users
11:49AM up 4:06, 1 user, load averages: 0.02, 0.03, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE WHAT lab d0 - 10:41AM - -cli
Now, disconnect yourself:
lab@router> request system logout ? Possible completions:
<[Enter]> Execute this command
pid Management (MGD) process id for user terminal Terminal user is on
user User to logout
| Pipe through a command
lab@router> request system logout terminal d0 user lab
♦ Did you get logged out?
Part 11: Restart Software Processes and Reboot The Router
Step 11.1
Use the CLI to restart various software processes: lab@router> restart ?
Possible completions:
gracefully Gracefully restart the daemon
immediately Immediately restart (SIGKILL) the daemon interface-control Interface process
mib-process SNMP MIB-II process
routing Routing protocol process
sampling Traffic sampling control process snmp SNMP process
soft Soft reset (SIGHUP) the daemon lab@router> restart routing
Routing protocol daemon started, pid 845
____________________________ Note__________________________
Restarting routing is rarely necessary, and it affects all routing protocols. If you are experiencing a problem with a single protocol, it is better to try deactivating that protocol, committing, and then doing a rollback 1. This will limit the effects to just the protocol suspected of having problems.__________________________________________________________________
Step 11.2
Reboot the router, and observe the boot sequence: lab@router> request system reboot Reboot the system ? [yes,no] (no) yes
shutdown: [pid 988] Shutdown NOW!
♦ How would you have shut the router down so that it could be safely powered off?
Part 12: Upgrade JUNOS software Using Jbundle (Optional)
Step 12.1
Your instructor will inform you as to whether you should perform this step. If told to do so, enter the following commands using the jbundle specified by your instructor:
lab@router> request system software add <bundle-name> reboot
Step 12.2
Use the show version command after the reboot to confirm the new ‘bits” have been correctly installed.
Part 13: Handle Core Files For Submission To JTAC (optional)
Step 13.1
Enter the following command to look for daemon related core files:
lab@Denver> file list /var/tmp detail total 186468
. . .
-rw-rw---- 1 root field 2023424 May 17 1999 rpd.core.0 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 1536000 May 17 1999 rpd.core.1 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 2781184 May 29 1999 rpd.core.2 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 1507328 Jul 31 16:28 rpd.core.3 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 8548352 Dec 28 2000 sampled.core.0 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 8511488 Dec 28 2000 sampled.core.1 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 8511488 Dec 28 2000 sampled.core.2 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 8511488 Dec 28 2000 sampled.core.3 -rw-rw---- 1 root field 8511488 Dec 29 2000 sampled.core.4 . . .
Your display should be similar to the example shown above, and here we can see that rpd and sampled have both left core files.
♦ Are there any core files on your router? Based on the dates, do these cores appear to be recent?
Step 13.2
Enter the following command to look for RE and PFE related core files. These files are only written when the system dump-on-panic and chassis dump-on-panic options are configured1:
lab@Denver> file list /var/crash detail total 6
drwxr-x--- 2 root wheel 512 Mar 23 1999 ./ drwxr-xr-x 21 root wheel 512 Mar 23 1999 ../ -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 5 Aug 14 23:30 minfree
Your display should be similar to the example shown above. In this case, no RE or PFE core files are present.
♦ Are there any RE or PFE core files present on your router?
__________________________________________________________________
Step 13.3
Force RPD to dump a core.
The following is a hidden command so auto-completion will not kick in. By using the running switch we do not cause rpd to shutdown.
We are doing this for demonstration purposes; you should first contact JTAC before issuing this command on a production system:
lab@denver> request system core-dump routing running
Generating core dump for routing process using running method
Step 13.4
Escape to a shell and compress the core file:
____________________________ Note__________________________
Note: Exiting to the BSD shell is generally only performed under the guidance of JTAC; serious damage can be done to your system if you make a mistake. The shell is not an officially supported JUNOS software feature.__________________________________________________________________
lab@router> start shell % cd /var/tmp % ls harry123 rpd.core.0 instmp.LXaFOZ sampled.pkts jbundle-5.0B2.1-domestic.tgz vi.recover preinstall % gzip ./rpd.core.0 % ls harry123 rpd.core.0.gz instmp.LXaFOZ sampled.pkts jbundle-5.0B2.1-domestic.tgz vi.recover preinstall
Step 13.5
Return to the CLI, and FTP the core file to the Juniper Networks FTP server:
____________________________ Note__________________________
The following command will not complete successfully unless your station has a live Internet connection with access to the Juniper Networks FTP server.
_________________________________________________________________
% exit
lab@denver> file copy /var/tmp/rpd.core.0.gz
ftp://ftp.juniper.net/1999-0101-001-rpd.core.0.gz
Sending ftp://10.0.1.100/1999-0101-001-rpd.core (90976 bytes): 100% 90976 bytes transferred in 0.0 seconds (8.78 MBps)
Part 14: Restore and Commit The Standard Reset File
Step 14.1
Your must now restore and commit the lab set’s default reset file to ensure that your station is ready to complete the remaining labs:
[edit]
lab@router# load override reset [edit]
lab@router# commit and-quit
STOP
Lab 3
Interface Configuration and Troubleshooting
Overview
In this lab you will configure and test the operation of your router’s interfaces. By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks:
• Configuration:
− Determine IP addressing and interface specifics
− Configure a variety of interface types for IP support
• Operation:
− Use ping and traceroute to verify interface operation
− Use show and monitor commands to determine interface status
− Analyze logs for interface state transitions
− Perform loopback testing (optional)
− Test and ATM network with the atm-ping command (Optional)
− Perform BERT testing (Optional demonstration)
Part 1: Determine Addressing and Interface Specifics
Step 1.1
Refer to the lab diagram handout to determine the interface types and addressing specifics for your station. All physical interfaces use 10.0.x/24 addressing while loopback interfaces will use 192.168.x/24 addresses. Use the table below to assist you in determining the types of interfaces installed in your router:
____________________________ Note__________________________
The screen captures embedded in the labs are to be used as guides only. You should always refer to the classroom specific lab diagrams for accurate information on the specific interface types and router names deployed in class.♦ What are the names and types of interfaces installed in your router?
Part 2—Configure your Interfaces
Step 2.1
Make sure that you have restored and committed the lab set’s default reset file to ensure that your station is ready to begin this lab:
[edit]
lab@router# load override reset [edit]
lab@router# commit
Configure the physical and logical properties of your router’s interfaces:
Ethernet and SONET interfaces only!
While at the [edit interfaces] hierarchy, type the following command to configure the ethernet or SONET interfaces on your router (the loopback address should not be set at this time): [edit interfaces] Classroom interface name Interface type Olive Mxx router fxp0, fxp1, fxp2
fxp0 10/100-Mbps Ethernet (Note: fxp interfaces support transit traffic on Olives)
ge-x/x/x Gigabit Ethernet
fe-x/x/x Fast Ethernet
mps0 so-x/x/x SONET OC-3
en0 at-x/x/x ATM (SONET OC-3) gre, ipip,
lo0, pime gre, ipip, lo0, pime
Internal interfaces used by the Juniper routers for Generic Route Encapsulation, IP inside of IP tunneling, loopback and Protocol Independent Multicast
encapsulations. All internal interfaces except the loopback interface can be safely ignored for now.
user@host# set interface-name unit 0 family inet address 10.0.x.x/24
ATM interfaces only!
While at the [edit interfaces] hierarchy, type the following command to configure the ATM interfaces on your router:
____________________________ Note__________________________
All stations should use a VPI/VCI pair of 0.100 for all ATM interfaces in this lab.__________________________________________________________________
[edit interfaces]
user@host# set interface-name atm-options vpi 0 maximum-vcs 200 user@host# set interface-name encapsulation atm-pvc
user@host# set interface-name unit 100 point-to-point user@host# set interface-name unit 100 family inet address 10.0.x.x/24
user@host# set interface-name unit 100 vci 0.100
Step 2.2
Configure your router’s lo0 interface:
While at the [edit interfaces] hierarchy, type the following command to configure the loopback interface on your router:
[edit interfaces]
user@host# set lo0 unit 0 family inet address 192.168.x.x/32
Step 2.3
Check your work. Your configuration should be similar to this example taken from San Jose, which is a M20 router: [edit interfaces] lab@SJ# show at-0/2/0 { atm-options { vpi 0 maximum-vcs 200; } unit 100 { vci 0.100; family inet { address 10.0.0.1/24; } }
} so-2/0/0 { unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.1.2/24; } } } ge-2/2/0 { unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.16.2/24; } } } . . . lo0 { unit 0 { family inet { address 192.168.0.1/32; } } }
Step 2.4
When you are satisfied with your interface configuration, commit your changes and exit configuration mode.
Part 3: Verify IP Connectivity To Neighboring Routers
Step 3.1
Test your interfaces using the CLI’s ping command. The ping command bounces packets off of a remote address and tells you how long it took them to make the round trip. Ping each of your neighboring routers; the lack of an IGP will prevent pings to non-directly connected neighbors (including loopback addresses).
user@host> ping <directly-connected-ip-address> PING x.x.x.x (x.x.x.x): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.270 ms 64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.283 ms 64 bytes from x.x.x.x: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.287 ms <Ctrl-c>[abort]
If you can ping your neighbors on all your directly connected interfaces, you should consider saving the router configuration so this basic configuration can be recalled at any time. You should name you configuration “station-name-base”.
Step 3.2
If your pings are failing, check with the other team to see if they have finished their interface configuration. Please notify the instructor if you are unable to ping all directly connected neighbors.
Part 4: Use Show Commands To Verify Interface Status
Step 4.1
Display the summary status of your interfaces: lab@router> show interfaces terse
♦ Are all interfaces in use listed as both administratively and logically “up”?
Step 4.2
Use wildcard to display only interfaces of a certain type that are installed in a particular FPC: lab@router> show interfaces fe-0/*
♦ What type of interfaces installed in which FPC are displayed?
Use the pipe function to match on particular interfaces types that are physically down:
lab@router> show interfaces so-* | match "Physical link is Down" Add a count function:
Step 4.3
Display more information about your interfaces: lab@router> show interfaces brief
♦ Do any interfaces indicate a looped condition?
Step 4.4
Reset interface statistics:
lab@router> clear interfaces statistics all
Display detailed interface information:
lab@router> show interfaces detail
♦ Are your interface packet and byte counters incrementing?
Step 4.5
Display extensive interface information:
lab@router> show interfaces extensive
♦ Are there any input or output error counters incrementing?
♦ Are any media specific alarms present?
Step 4.6
Monitor real time traffic loads. During this step you may want to have a neighboring router issue pings on your behalf, or open a telnet session to a neighboring router and do this yourself:
____________________________ Note__________________________
The following commands will only function if your terminal session is configured for VT-100lab@router> monitor interface traffic
♦ According to this display, what is the busiest interface on your router?
Monitor a specific interface:
lab@router> monitor interface <interface-name>
♦ Are any alarms or errors being displayed?
STOP
You should pause at this point and wait for all students to complete the
previous steps.
Part 5: Monitor System Logs for Interface Related Information
Step 5.1
Monitor the system log and look for interface related entries. During this time the instructor will disconnect various cables:
lab@router> monitor start messages
♦ What type of information can you glean from the following log message?
*** messages ***
Aug 31 10:14:35 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 13, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName fe-0/0/0
Aug 31 10:14:35 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 15, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName fe-0/0/2
♦ What about these log entries?
Aug 31 10:16:12 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 21, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName so-0/1/1
Aug 31 10:16:12 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 20, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName so-0/1/0
Aug 31 10:16:13 router mib2d[555]: SNMP_TRAP_LINK_DOWN: ifIndex 25, ifAdminStatus up(1), ifOperStatus down(2), ifName so-0/1/0.0
Aug 31 10:16:16 router /kernel: so-0/1/1: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOS
Aug 31 10:16:17 router /kernel: so-0/1/0: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOS
Aug 31 10:16:17 router /kernel: so-0/1/0: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOL
Aug 31 10:16:17 router /kernel: so-0/1/1: Asserting SONET alarm(s) LOL
. . .
Aug 31 10:19:08 router /kernel: so-0/1/1: Clearing SONET alarm(s) LOL LOS
Aug 31 10:19:08 router /kernel: so-0/1/0: Clearing SONET alarm(s) LOL LOS
Step 5.2
Search through your system log for all messages related to a particular interface:
lab@router> show log message | match <interface-name>
♦ How could you count the number of physical transitions on a SONET interface?
Part 6: Perform Loopback Testing (Optional)
Step 6.1
This portion of the lab is optional. Your instructor will inform you if the classroom equipment can support loopback testing. If the classroom equipment supports only fast ethernet interfaces, this section should be skipped. Based on the number of POS/ATM interfaces available, you may have to coordinate access with other classmates.
Unlike some vendors, JUNOS software does not send pings addressed to a local WAN interface out that interface. In other words, pinging the local address of a WAN interface does not generate traffic on the line. Many technicians have become accustomed to “testing the WAN link” by issuing such a ping. The following steps will illustrate how similar results can be achieved using a Juniper Networks router.
In order to succeed, the interface must stay “up” in the presence of the loopback. This requires that you use cisco-hdlc, frame-relay, or AAL 5 encapsulation and, that you
disable keep-alives. PPP encapsulation will not work, even with keep-alives disabled, as the IPCP and NCP protocols will fail to initialize resulting in the interface being declared down. The following example is based on a POS link between Denver and Sao Paulo using addresses 10.0.8.1 and 10.0.8.2 respectively and has Sao Paulo providing the remote loopback.
We begin with the so-0/1/0 configuration from Sao Paulo: [edit interfaces so-0/1/0]
lab@saopaulo# show no-keepalives; encapsulation cisco-hdlc; sonet-options { loopback remote; } unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.8.2/24; } }
Step 6.2
We will now confirm that Denver’s so-2/2/0 is still up, and verify the operation of the WAN by pinging the remote address:
lab@Denver> show interfaces terse | match so-2/2/0 so-2/2/0 up up
so-2/2/0.0 up up inet 10.0.8.1/24
Good, the interface is up, despite the remote loopback on Sao Paulo. Now for a local ping test:
lab@Denver> ping 10.0.8.1 count 2 PING 10.0.8.1 (10.0.8.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 10.0.8.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=0.579 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.8.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.449 ms
--- 10.0.8.1 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.449/0.514/0.579/0.065 ms
And now for the remote ping that is intended to test the transmission facility:
lab@Denver> ping 10.0.8.2 count 2 PING 10.0.8.2 (10.0.8.2): 56 data bytes
36 bytes from 10.0.8.1: Time to live exceeded
Vr HL TOS Len ID Flg off TTL Pro cks Src Dst 4 5 00 0054 406d 0 0000 01 01 553a 10.0.8.1 10.0.8.2
36 bytes from 10.0.8.1: Time to live exceeded
Vr HL TOS Len ID Flg off TTL Pro cks Src Dst 4 5 00 0054 406f 0 0000 01 01 5538 10.0.8.1 10.0.8.2
--- 10.0.8.2 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss
♦ Do these results strike you as unexpected?
In fact, these are the expected results. The local ping never left the chassis, while the ping to the “far end” is getting looped back and re-routed back out the so-2/2/0 interface until its TTL finally expires. With the default TTL of 255, each one of these TTL expiration messages indicates 254 or so successful line-rate receptions of this packet.
Part 7: Test An ATM Network With The atm-ping Command (Optional)
Step 7.1
This portion of the lab is optional. Your instructor will inform you if the classroom equipment can support atm-ping testing. If the classroom equipment supports only fast ethernet interfaces, this section should be skipped. Depending on the number of ATM interfaces available, you may have to coordinate access with other classmates.
You will now use the atm-ping command to validate an ATM transmission facility without requiring or relying on IP related parameters. This test makes use of ATM F5 (VCI level) OAM cells.
In this example, we will focus on an ATM link between Denver and Montreal. We start by looking at the at-0/2/0 interface configuration on Montreal:
[edit interfaces at-0/2/0] lab@Montreal# show
atm-options { vpi 0 maximum-vcs 256; } unit 0 { vci 0.100; }
It should be noted that Montreal’s ATM interface is devoid of any IP related configuration.
Step 7.2
Denver’s at-0/2/1 interface is also lacking IP related configuration: [edit interfaces at-0/2/1]
lab@Denver# show atm-options { vpi 0 maximum-vcs 200; } unit 100 { vci 0.100; }
We now issue the atm-ping to validate the underlying ATM transmission facility: lab@Denver> ping atm interface at-0/2/1 vci 100 segment count 5 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=1
53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=2 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=3 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=4 53 byte oam cell received on (vpi=0 vci=100): seq=5
--- atmping statistics ---
5 cells transmitted, 5 cells received, 0% cell loss
♦ In this example we used segment level F5 OAM cells. Considering that there is no ATM switch between Denver and Montreal, would there have been any reason to use end-to-end F5 OAM cells?
Part 8: Run BERT Tests (Optional Demonstration)
Step 8.1
Certain Juniper Networks PICs contain built in test pattern generation designed to provide Bit Error Rate Test (BERT) capabilities. PICs that support BERT testing would include T1, E1, T3, and E3 interfaces. Your instructor will inform you if such interfaces are available in the
classroom, and if desired will conduct a BERT testing demonstration. A typical BERT test configuration would look similar to this example: [edit]
lab@Denver# show interfaces t3-0/1/2 disable; t3-options { bert-algorithm pseudo-2e20-o151; bert-error-rate 6; bert-period 60; } unit 0 { family inet { address 10.0.2.4/24; } }
The interface must be disabled before the BERT test can be started. This example will inject errors at a rate of 1X10-6 to validate the results. The test will run for 60 seconds, and we assume there is a remote loopback in place.
Step 8.2
To start the test, we issue the operational mode test command as shown: lab@Denver> test interface t3-0/1/2 t3-bert-start
Once the test completes, the results can be displayed using show interface.
STOP
Lab 4
Routing Information Protocol
Overview
In this lab you will configure and monitor the operation of RIP version 2. You will start by defining your stations static and aggregate routes.
By completing this lab you will perform the following tasks:
• Configuration:
− Create static routes
− Configure RIP version 2
• Operation:
− Use show commands to verify and troubleshoot RIP operation
Part 1: Create Static Routes For Use With RIP
Step 1.1
You will begin by defining the static routes associated with your station. Since “you” own these routes in the classroom, the only valid next hops are discard or reject. In the field, static routes such as these would normally point towards a customer edge router as the next hop. Repeat the following command for each of your static routes, and do not forget the single 200.0.x/24 static route assigned to each station:
[edit routing-options]
lab@denver# set static route 192.168.x/24 discard
When done, your routing-options stanza should be similar to this example taken from Denver: [edit routing-options] lab@denver# show static { route 192.168.5.0/24 discard; route 192.168.6.0/24 discard; route 192.168.7.0/24 discard;
route 200.0.6.0/24 discard; }
Step 1.2
Commit your changes, and verify that the static routes are active: lab@router# commit
[edit routing-options]
lab@denver# run show route protocol static
♦ Are your static routes active?
Part 2—Configure RIP
Step 2.1
In this step you will configure RIP Version 2 on all interfaces that have neighboring routers. Repeat the following commands for each of your interfaces with attached neighbors: [edit protocols]
lab@denver# set rip group name neighbor <interface-name.unit>
Step 2.2
By default JUNOS software enables RIP version 2. Enter the following command to display the options available for RIP messages sent by your router:
[edit protocols]
lab@denver# set rip send ? Possible completions:
broadcast Broadcast RIPv2 packets (RIPv1 compatible) multicast Multicast RIPv2 packets
none Do not send RIP updates version-1 Broadcast RIPv1 packets
♦ What command would you use to modify RIP’s send behavior only for members of a specific group?
Step 2.3
Issue the following command to display RIP group level options: [edit protocols rip]
lab@router# set group name ? Possible completions:
<[Enter]> Execute this command
+ apply-groups Groups from which to inherit configuration data
+ export Export policy
metric-out Default metric of exported routes (1..15) > neighbor Neighbor configuration
preference Preference of routes learned by this group | Pipe through a command
♦ What command could be used to set the metric of redistributed routes from the default value of “1”?
♦ What command could be used to modify the default metric of “1” that is normally added to received RIP routes?
Step 2.4
Your RIP configuration should be similar to this example taken from Denver: [edit protocols]
lab@denver# show rip group my-rip-group { neighbor fe-0/0/1.0; neighbor so-0/1/0.0; neighbor so-0/1/1.0; }
When satisfied with your RIP configuration, commit your changes and exit configuration mode.
Part 3: Use Operational Commands To Verify RIP Operation
Step 3.1
Confirm you are running RIP on the correct interfaces. Your display should be similar to this example taken from Denver:
lab@denver> show rip neighbor
Neighbor State Address Address Mode Mode Met --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- so-0/1/1.0 Up 10.0.2.2 224.0.0.9 mcast both 1 so-0/1/0.0 Up 10.0.0.2 224.0.0.9 mcast both 1 fe-0/0/1.0 Up 10.0.8.1 224.0.0.9 mcast both 1
♦ Are the correct interfaces listed as “up”?
♦ Can you tell from this display that the router is running RIP Version 2?
♦ What metric is associated with each of your interfaces?
Step 3.2
Display RIP statistics. Your display should be similar to the example from Denver shown below:
lab@denver> show rip statistics
RIP info: port 520; update interval 30s; holddown 180s; timeout 120s.
rts learned rts held down rqsts dropped resps dropped 0 0 0 0
so-0/1/1.0: 0 routes learned; 0 routes advertised
Counter Total Last 5 min Last minute --- --- --- --- Updates Sent 0 0 0 Triggered Updates Sent 0 0 0 Responses Sent 0 0 0 . . .