学校编码：10384 分类号 密级
学号：13620151150921 UDC
硕士学位论文
信用证议付法律问题研究
－以议付的定义为核心
Research On the Legal Issues of the Negotiation of Letter of
Credits
-at the Core of the Definition of Negotiation
齐 巧 丽
指导教师姓名：房 东 副 教 授
专 业 名 称：国 际 法 学
论文提交日期：2017 年 5 月
论文答辩时间：2017 年 月
学位授予日期：2017 年 月
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2017 年 月
厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
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内容摘要
商业银行信用证是银行界和商业界为解决国际商业交易各方当事人的利益 冲突而创制的国际结算工具，较好地解决了买卖双方当事人的商业信誉危机问题。 作为信用证交易环节之一的议付，极大地便利了信用证受益人的融资，亦切实拓 展了银行业务。但，《跟单信用证统一惯例》并未对信用证的议付问题作以全面 和具体的规定，特别是，其对议付的界定尚不明确，理论界也未达成一致的意见。 议付定义的混乱不可避免地导致其他议付问题在实践中的误解与争议。由此，本 文从研究议付的定义出发，对相关信用证议付法律问题进行探讨。本文共由四章 内容组成。 第一章主要陈述了现有的信用证议付的定义及其所引发的实践难题。 UCP500 中的“支付对价”和 UCP 第 2 号意见书的补充解释之“承担付款责任” 均存在概念模糊的问题，UCP600 提出的“购买”一语未在理论上阐明议付行为 的实质，容易招致误解。此外，诸多国家的司法实践及理论学者均未对议付形成 统一的认识。这导致了部分银行不能正确认定自己的议付行资格，混淆了信用证 议付和其他法律行为。同时，一些法院会对同一个议付问题做出不同的判决。 第二章是有关议付定义新发展的内容。受益人和议付行之间存在议付合同法 律关系，议付行通过购买单据，从受益人处赚取议付手续费及货款利息并向开证 行索偿，受益人相应地从议付行处提前获得货款实现融资。可以考虑在 UCP 议 付的定义条款中，添加“议付行和受益人是议付合同关系”一句，揭示出议付行 为的实质特征，以避免仅从票据关系，单据买卖关系分析议付法律关系。 第三章探讨了议付行的追索权问题。在议付合同的视角下，议付行的追索权 依据首先是信用证中的约定和议付合同中的约定。无约定时，议付行则可以根据 票据法或者议付合同本身主张追索权。议付行的审单过错行为只是排除了其基于 议付合同的追索权。在开证行无偿付能力或者恶意拒付时，议付行仍可依据票据 法行使追索权。在受益人签发的汇票无效的情形下，议付行则自然丧失了票据法 上的追索权。 第四章则重点分析我国银行实务和司法实践中的议付问题。出口押汇行为的 法律性质兼具借贷和质押的特质，与信用证议付存在差别，我国部分银行以信用 证议付的名义叙做出口押汇的行为有待规范。其次，从司法实践中的典型案例来厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
看，我国法院对信用证议付纠纷的审理更加积极，但面对复杂的信用证议付实践， 当前的司法成果是远远不够的，最高法院应更充分地更深入地分析案件所涉议付 问题，引导我国银行更成熟地开展议付业务。
关键词：信用证；议付；定义
Abstract
Letter of Credits to Commercial Bank is an international trade settlement tool developed by the banking world and the business community to solve the conflicts of interest between the parties in international business transactions, which preferably solves the business credit crisis of both parties in business. Negotiation, one step in letter of credit transactions, greatly facilitates the financing of the beneficiary, as well as effectively expands the banking business. However, the “Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits” did not stipulate that issue in a comprehensive and specific manner. In particular, the definition of negotiation is not clear, and the theorists have not reached a consensus. Apparently, the confusion of the definition of negotiation inevitably leads to misunderstandings and disputes in the practice of other negotiation problems. Therefore, this paper starts from the study of the definition of negotiation to discuss the legal issues related to it. This paper consists of four chapters.
The first chapter introduces the existing definition of negotiation of letter of credits and the practical problems caused by it. The concept of “giving of value” from UCP500 and the supplementary explanation of “undertaking an obligation to make payment” in Position Paper No.2 both failed to clarify the meaning. The term “purchase” proposed by UCP600 is not a theoretical explanation of the nature of the act of negotiation, which can easily lead to misunderstandings. In addition, the judicial practice and scholars of many countries have not formed a unified understanding of negotiation. This results in the fact that some banks cannot correctly identify their negotiating bank qualification, confusing the negotiation of letter of credits and other legal acts. At the same time, some courts may make different judgments on the same negotiation problem.
The second chapter is about the new development of the definition of negotiation. The author thinks that there is a negotiation contract legal relationship between the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. The negotiating bank earns the negotiation fee and interest from the beneficiary by purchasing documents. The beneficiary receives the payment for goods in advance from the negotiating bank to achieve its financing needs. We can add the words, “the negotiating bank and the beneficiary are negotiation contract relationship”, in the definition clause of negotiation in UCP to reveal the substantive characteristics of negotiation, in order to get rid of analyzing
negotiation legal issues only from the perspectives of sale by documents or bill discount.
The third chapter discusses the right of recourse of the negotiating bank. The author believes that, in the perspective of the negotiation contract, the negotiating bank‟s right of recourse is firstly based on the agreement in the letter of credits and the agreement in the contract. If there is no agreement, the negotiating bank may claim the right of recourse in accordance with the law of bill or negotiation contract itself. The negotiating bank‟s behavior of fault examination of documents merely excludes the right of recourse on the basis of the negotiation contract. When the issuing bank is unable to pay or maliciously dishonor, the negotiating bank can still exercise the right of recourse according to the law of bill. In the case of an invalid bill issued by the beneficiary, the negotiating bank has naturally lost the right of recourse from the law of bill.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of the negotiation in China‟s banking practice and judicial practice. First of all, the author analyzes the legal nature of outward bill, namely, the financing behavior of both borrowing and pledging, and points out the differences with the negotiation of letter of credits, in order to help some commercial banks in China to standardize the confusion acts. Secondly, through the analysis of typical cases, the author believes that the courts of our country hold a more positive attitude to the negotiation disputes. However, in the face of complex negotiation practice, the current judicial practice is nothing like enough, and the Supreme Court shall analyzes the negotiation matters involved in kinds of cases more thoroughly to guide the Chinese banks to carry out negotiating transactions more maturely.
Key Words: Letter of Credit; Negotiation; Definition
缩略语表 Abbreviations
ICC: International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会
UCP: Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 跟单信用证统一惯例
UCC: Uniform Commercial Code 美国统一商法典
L/C: Letter of Credits 信用证
案例表 Table of Cases
Flagship Cruises, Ltd. v. New England Merchants National Bank of Boston, 569 F2d 699 (1st Cir. 1978).
Ching v. Malayan Banking Berhad.
Indian Bank v. Union Bank of Switzerland, Court of Appeal, Singapore, 1994-2 SLR 121, 1994 SLR LEXIS 474.
[2004]Commercial Action No.56 of 2001, High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of First Instance [Hong Kong].
Paris National Bank, Inc. v. Shin Han International, Inc. 96 Da 43713, (Aug. 29, 1997), Supreme Court Second Division of Korea.
Michael Doyle & Associates Ltd. v Bank of Montreal, 1982 CanLII 709 (BC SC), Supreme Court of British Columbia.
Michael Doyle & Associates Ltd. v Bank of Montreal, 1984 CanLII 540 (BC CA), British Columbia Court of Appeal.
J.H Ryner & Co. Ltd. And the Oilseeds Trading Co. Ltd. v. Hambors Bank [1951] 2 Q. B. Lloyd‟s Rep. 367.
Delta Brands Inc. v. Mbank Dallas N.A. 3 U. C. C. Rep. Serv. 2d 1099, 1101as N. A. S.W.2d 355(Tex. App. 1986).
First Nat'l. City Bank v. Klatzer, 28 U. C. C. Rep. Serv. 497, 498 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1979).
目录
引言 ... 1
第一章 信用证议付的定义 ... 2
第一节 信用证议付的定义 ... 2 一、国际商会的定义 ... 2 二、各国司法判例对议付的认定 ... 4 三、理论上对议付定义的探讨 ... 9 第二节 信用证议付定义不明引发的现实问题... 11 一、银行对议付制度适用不当 ... 11 二、法院对议付纠纷判决不一 ... 12第二章 议付定义的新发展 ... 15
第一节 部分学说释义议付的失灵 ... 15 一、非单纯的单据买卖 ... 15 二、非单纯的票据贴现 ... 16 三、非受益人债权让与 ... 16 第二节 议付合同说 ... 17 一、议付合同概述 ... 17 二、议付定义的新发展 ... 23第三章 议付行的追索权 ... 25
第一节 关于议付行追索权的不同学说及评析... 25 一、否定说及评析 ... 25 二、肯定说及评析 ... 26 第二节 新定义下议付行追索权的依据及行使... 26 一、实践中对追索权的特别约定 ... 27 二、无约定时追索权的依据 ... 27 三、不同情形下议付行追索权的行使 ... 28厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
第四章 新定义下我国信用证议付制度的完善 ... 32
第一节 我国银行实践中的出口押汇 ... 32 一、出口押汇的概念和法律性质 ... 32 二、议付与出口押汇的区别 ... 33 三、规范我国银行实务中的信用证议付和出口押汇 ... 36 第二节 我国司法实践中的议付 ... 37 一、我国法院有关信用证议付的案例分析 ... 37 二、司法实践之议付的完善 ... 43结语 ... 45
参考文献 ... 46
厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库
CONTENTS
Preface ... 1
Chapter 1 The definition of negotiation ... 2
Subchapter 1 The definition of negotiation ... 2
Section 1 Definition of negotiation from ICC ... 2
Section 2 Identification of negotiation in judicial precedents ... 4
Section 3 Discussion on the definition of negotiation in theory ... 9
Subchapter 2 The realistic problems caused by the unclear definition of negotiation ... 11
Section 1 Banks‟ improper application of the negotiation system ... 11
Section 2 Courts‟ inconsistent judgments on the negotiation disputes ... 12
Chapter 2 The new development of the definition of negotiation ... 15
Subchapter 1 Failed explaination on negotiation ... 15
Section 1 Not pure sale by documents ... 15
Section 2 Not pure bill discount ... 16
Section 3 Not the beneficiary's cession of the obligatory right ... 16
Subchapter 2 Negotiation contract theory ... 17
Section 1 An overview of negotiation contract theory ... 17
Section 2 The new development of the definition of negotiation ... 23
Chapter 3 The right of recourse of negotiating banks ... 25
Subchapter 1: different theories and comments on the right of recourse of negotiating banks ... 25
Section 1 The negative theory and comments ... 25
Section 2 The positive theory and comments ... 26
Subchapter 2 The basis and exercise of the right of recourse of negotiating banks under the new definition ... 26
Section 1 Special agreements on the right of recourse in practice ... 27
Section 2 The basis without agreements ... 27
Section 3 The exercise of the right of recourse under some specific circumstances
... 28
Chapter 4 The improvement of negotiation system in our country ... 32
Subchapter 1 Outward Bill in our country ... 32
Section 1 The definition and legal nature of Outward Bill ... 32
Section 2 The differences between negotiation and Outward Bill ... 33
Section 3 Suggestion on the regulation of the use of negotiation and Outward Bill ... 36
Subchapter 2 Negotiation in judicial practice of China ... 37
Section 1 Analysis of cases on negotiation in Chinese courts ... 37
Section 2 Promotion of negotiation in Chinese judicial practice ... 43
Conclusion ... 45
Bibliography ... 46
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