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To revise work covered in KS3To differentiate between elements and compounds & metals and non-metalsTo recall simple properties of metals and non-metals.
Periodic Table : Elements
Chemical substances can either be made up from type of
atom or may contain atoms.
Two words, and , are used to describe these two types ways of grouping substances together.
just one many different
element compound
Hydrogen (H ) and oxygen (O ) gases are examples of
They are pure substances which be
chemically broken down into anything simpler
2
elements. cannot
2
Iron oxide (FeO) and water (H O) are examples of
. Theses substances be broken down into simpler substances.
compounds can
2
What is special about the atoms in an element ?
A compound is formed when _______ or more different ____________ combine together
( ). When the metal zinc and the non-metal chlorine join together they form
a compound called ______ ___________. Non-metals can join together for example hydrogen gas and chlorine can join to make __________ __________.
There are just over 100 different elements but many millions of compounds.
Most of the elements are ___________. With one exception, , metals are all ______ at room temperature. They usually have _______ melting points and are ____________ of electricity and heat. They are ________ when polished ( ) and can be easily
hammered or _______ into shape. Many are and can be drawn out into wires.
Important metals include a family called which include _________ (Cu),
_________ (Zn) and Gold (___).
Less than a quarter of the ___________ are non-metals; half of these are gases and one, bromine, is a __________ at room temperature. This suggests that non-metals have ____ melting and boiling points. Solid non-metals like yellow _________ are usually _____ in their appearance and are ______ and crumbly. They are poor conductors of ________ and
electricity ( ).
One family of non-metals includes the - these include Helium (He), _______
(Ne), ____________ (Ar) and Xenon (Xe). chemical bonding mercury lustrous ductile transition elements insulators noble gases PT1aHF Hydrogen Oxygen Rust Water
solids heat conductors Copper elementsworked Neon low elements high Au dull
hydrogen chloridetwo zinc chloride shiny Sulphur liquid Argonlow
Chemistry Methodology
History of the Periodic Table
The modern periodic table has been designed to place elements into rows and columns according to their behaviour and the numbers given to their atoms.
What term is used to describe the table's vertical columns ? What term is used to describe the table's horizontal rows ?
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To know that the Periodic Table isbased on the patterns spotted by scientistsTo predict values and the behaviour of chemical elements from scientists' prior work. PT1aHF
Dmitri Ivanovich
Mendel evè
Before the modern Periodic Table, scientists had arranged certain chemicals into families. Johann D bereiner (1829) found that some elements could be grouped into threes (ö triads).
From his list of elements highlight and a family of similar elements.
"Eka-silicon" =
= =
= g/cm =
Burns to make liquid XO Burns to make liquid GeO
which will boil below 100 C which boils at 84 C
Actual name Predicted mass Actual mass Predicted density Actual density
72
5.5 3
o o
2 2
Now explain what evidence you have for highlighting your choice:
In 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements in a table, very similar
to the modern Periodic Table. However he did not stick to the order of as
others had; he sometimes swapped elements to keep them in groups with similar properties and he left blank spaces for elements which he believed had yet to be discovered.
For example in 1870 he left blank but made some predictions
about what it would be like. Find out the actual values and hence how close he was for the element that was discovered some 15 years later.
atomic mass
element 28
John Newlands (1863) arranged the elements in order of increasing mass but started a new list every eighth element.
This is called the
and though many other scientists made fun of his ideas, his ideas were heading in the right direction.
law of octaves
Johann D bereinerö
J.A. Newlands
What did D bereiner notice about the element in the middle of each triad ?ö
New list New list
Iodine 35 80 127 Chlorine Bromine Potassium 7 23 Lithium Sodium 39
Chemistry Methodology
History of the Periodic Table
Triads.
scandium
chlorine potassium
dioxides
1. This question looks at the idea behinds Döbereiner's
(a) Work out the atomic mass for the middle element from the average of elements on either side
(b) Use a Periodic Table to found out the actual masses. Comment on how close the answers are.
2 In Newland's Octaves the element (Sc) would come directly after Calcium.
(a) Predict the mass number of scandium. (b) Explain how you arrived at your answer.
(c) It was suggested that, because of the jump in numbers, from to there
was an element missing from in between the two. Which element was found between these two ?
3 From Mendelèev's table it is easy to make predictions about the behaviour of chemicals. chlorine reacts with many of the elements. With magnesium it makes magnesium chloride, which can be written as Mg Cl (or more simply MgCl ). With aluminium it makes Al Cl . Predict the formula of the missing substances reading your Periodic Table from left to right. (a)
(b)
(c) Group 4 is the vertical column containing carbon (C), silicon (Si) and Lead (Pb). When these elements are burned in pure oxygen they make
Fill in the missing information in these boxes using the PT from top to bottom.
1 2 2 1 3
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To use the patterns spotted byscientists to predict values and behaviour of chemical elements PT1bHFCe
Th
Pr
Pa
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Period 6Fr
Ba
Ra
Ac
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
55 56 87 88 89 81 82 83 84 85 86Ga
B
Al
Sn
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
In
Ge
C
Si
As
Sb
N
P
Se
T
e
O
S
Br
I
F
Cl
Xe
Kr
Ne
Ar
He
1 1 7 3 9 4 23 11 24 12 39 19 40 20 85 37 88 38 133 137La
57Sc
21Y
39Hf
72T
i
Zr
48 22 40T
a
73V
23Nb
41W
74Cr
Mo
52 24 42 137Re
75Mn
T
c
55 25 43Os
76Fe
Ru
56 26 44Ir
77Co
Rh
59 27 45Pt
78Ni
Pd
59 28 46 195Au
79Cu
Ag
64 29 108 47 197Hg
80Zn
Cd
65 30 48 201 31 1 1 5 27 13 49 32 12 6 28 14 33 14 7 31 15 34 16 8 32 16 35 19 9 35.5 17 80 36 20 10 40 18 84 1 19 127 131 207 50 51 52 53 54 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 68 100 69 101 70 102 71 103 4 2 244 238 Period 7Cs
Li
Na
K
Rb
H
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 0Fe
56 26Massnumber Symbol Atomicnumber
ThePeriodicT
ableofElement
s
Alkalimet als T ransitionmet als Semi-met als Noblegases Keytofeatures J. A.Newlands DmitriIvanovich Mendelèev TriadsPatterns in threes Law of OctavesSimilarity every eight elements
Periodicity
Left spaces for undiscovered elements to save patterns
Element swith LatinorGreek symbols T rytoidentifythese: Colouredelement s T rytoidentifythese: LiquidsandGases Trytoidentifythese:
Chemistry Methodology
Group 1 : Alkali Metals
These metals are unusually 'light' metals and very they are stored under to prevent corrosion because of this reactivity
Look at the information on the first four members of this group
reactive -oil
Experiment
Aim To observe and record the reaction of lithium, sodium and potassium with water.
Use the following space to writeequationsfor each of these three very similar reactions
What is the trend in reactivity of the Alkali metals from lithium down to caesium ?
This diagram shows an atom This is an atom of sodium
of sodium reacting reacting.
What happens to the sodium atom during a reaction?
Does it become positively charged or negatively charged after reaction ?
Lithium atoms are smaller and less reactive than sodium atoms. Potassium is more reactive than both sodium and lithium. What can you suggest from this.
Explaining the reactivity
before after
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To use trends in properties ofGroup 1 to suggest physical values To investigate and recall the trend in reactivity down Group 1 To identify products of the reaction between metals and water. PT2aHF Atomic Number Name Mpt C o Densitykg /m3 Rubidium Potassium Sodium Lithium 19 11 3 39 63 98 180 1500 860 970 530 19 400 lower than expectedCaesium has an atomic number of
By plotting a scattergraph of the melting point(y) against atomic number (x) predict the melting point of caesium.
Repeat this to predict the of Cs.
Predicted mpt = C Predicted density = kg/m 55. density o 3 Observations 10e 12n 11p 11e 12n 11ppositive protons negative electrons
Chemistry Methodology
Group 7 : The Halogens
These are typical non-metals and fairly reactive forming compounds with many other elements. They are particularly hazardous and must be treated with great care - usually handled in a fume cupboard.
The name Halogen means salt maker
Using your Periodic Table complete the following table on these non-metallic elements.
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To collect data and determinetrends in properties of Group 7 To investigate and recall the trend in reactivity down Group 7 PT3aHF Symbol Name Atomic number MptoC Bpt C o Mass number -101 -35 -7 59 114 184 -220 -188 Astatine is a radioactiveelement and so difficult to study.
Suggest values for the and of the fifth element in this group.
mpt bpt
iodine is a shiny ... solid but releases a ... vapour. The formula for iodine is
...
Iodine Chlorine Chlorine is a pale ... gas at room temperature. Chlorine has the formulaCl
2(g)Bromine is a dense ... liquid and releases a ... vapour. The formula for bromine is
...
2(l)Bromine
The halogens exist as molecules. What does this mean ?
Halogens have an order of reactivity. A more reactive halogen will displace brom from sodium brom .
To find the order of reactivity of Group 7 elements
Collect a clean dropping tile. Into the first dint add drops of potassium bromide (which has added starch). Into the second add potassium chloride (also with added starch) and potassium iodide (&starch) in the last dint.
Into a fourth dint add 3 drops of plain starch solution Now add 2 drops of chlorine water to each of the four dints Compare the dint with the others. If there is a large difference, place a tick in the appropriate box below. Completely clean the tile and repeat with fresh samples but add bromine water and then repeat with iodine solution..
diatomic
Aim
3
starch
ine ide
Results Halogen used
Salt solution
Conclusion
Bromine Chlorine Iodine
Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium iodide
What is the order of reactivity ?
This change can be made visible by adding starch.
3 drops of
Potassium chloride
Cl
2You must wear goggles throughout this experiment
3 drops of Potassium bromide 3 drops of Potassium iodide KI KCl KBr 3 drops of Starch
Chemistry Methodology
Group 0 : The Noble Gases
This family of gases are found on the fair right hand side of the Periodic Table. This therefore makes them non-metals like the Halogens. However that this where the similarities end.
Whereas the Halogens are diatomic, these are What do you think this means ?
Using your Periodic Table complete the following table on these non-metallic elements.
All of the Noble Gases are gases at room temperatures. They are found in the atmosphere and this is our main source of these unreactive gases.
monoatomic.
The Noble gases have been given several names such as the Inert Gases and the Rare Gases. However in a room 4m x 4m x 2.5m there is enough argon to fill 370+ litre coke bottles - not so rare !
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To collect data and determinetrends in properties of Group 0 To research common uses of Group 0 (The Noble Gases). PT4aHFResearch Questions
Find a common (day to day) use for each of these elements
Most of these gases were discovered in the 1890's. The names scientists gave to each element were based on Greek words (argos, kryptos, xenos). These were chosen because they are linked with their lack of reactivity. Found out the meanings of the Greek names.
Although Helium and Neon do not react at all, others in the group have been forced into reacting with a Group 7 element. Which Halogen has formed compounds with the Noble Gases ?
Radon Xenon Krypton Argon Neon Helium
Periodic Table : Transition Elements
These are metals found in the middle ofthe Periodic Table. They behave like typical metals - conduct electricity well, have high melting points and are shiny (lustrous).
How does the information on these metals compare with the same properties you collected on alkali metals ?
Another different between transition metals and alkali metals is that these metals often form coloured compounds. Blonde hair contains titanium compounds and brown hair contains iron compounds.
Transition elements are important in structures from building to hip replacements. Several
transition elements are used as to help reactions.
Find out and describe what a catalyst is ? Which transition metals are used as catalysts for
the following : and .
catalysts
Car exhausts, making ammonia, nitric acid sulphuric acid
Metal Reaction with nitric acid Product name Reaction with ammonia
Pour 1cm of dilute nitric acid into a clean and dry boiling
tube.
Add a small sample
Heat in a bunsen flame.
gently
Do NOT boil.
When the acid has become coloured
stop heating.
Allow the acid to cool. Slowly pour the liquid into a
clean test Use a pipette to add small portions of dilute ammonia. Shake the tube
carefully.
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To collect data and determinegeneral properties of Transition ElTo recall that these metals form coloured compounds
To identify catalytic uses of transition elements
PT3HF
Name Symbol Atomic No Mass No Density Melting pt Boiling pt
(no units) Titanium 22 46 4.5 1660 3290 Chromium 24 52 7.2 1890 2482 Iron 7.9 1540 2750 Nickel 8.9 1453 2730 Copper 2570
(no units) (g per cm )3 ( C)0 ( C)0
Aim
To make and record the colours of compounds made using iron and copper. If you are asked to carry out the experiment you
must wear goggles throughout.
