SPEAKING SKILLS
SPEAKING SKILLS
The words of English Language are
The words of English Language are
classified as
classified as Parts of Speech
Parts of Speech
and
and
are named according to their
are named according to their
functions. This means that
functions. This means that ever
ever
word! depending on its use! falls
word! depending on its use! falls
into one of the
PA"TS #$ SPEE%&
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Pronoun Preposition Conjunction InterjectionTHE NOUN: a noun is a name of a person, anima, pace or t!in"#
E$ampe: student
THE VE%&: a verb ma' be said to be a (doin" )ord* or an action )ord#
E$ampe: pass! is
THE A+ECTIVE: an adjective describes a noun#
E$ampe: hardwor'ing
THE A+VE%&: an adverb "enera' modifies a verb#
THE P%ONOUN: a pronoun is a )ord t!at ta-es t!e pace of a noun#
E$ampe: she
THE P%EPO.ITION: a preposition s!o)s t!e reation bet)een one t!in" and anot!er#
E$ampe: to
THE CONUNCTION: a conjunction is a )ord used to join )ords and causes#
E$ampe: so
THE E/C0A1ATION2INTE%ECTION: an e$camation or interjection e$presses sudden emotion#
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * N#+NS
A Noun is a name of an't!in"# It is t!e name of a t!in", a person, an anima, a bird, pace, idea, subject, feein", etc#
To find a Noun in a sentence, )e as- t!e 3uestion, 4!at5 Or 4!o5 &efore or after t!e Verb in t!e sentence#
E$ampes: %ats eat fish
4!at eat fis!5 6%ats 7 Noun8 Cats eat )!at5 6$ish 7 Noun8 Ahmad sa) a mouse#
4!o sa) a mouse5 6Ahmad 7 Noun8 A!mad sa) )!at5 6a mouse 7 Noun8
Ot!er e$ampes of nouns are9 penci, ti"er, sparro), 0ondon, freedom, !ospita, "oodness, Peter, etc
KIN,S #$ N#+NS
T!ere are four 68 -inds of Nouns, name':
;%ommon Nouns
;Proper Nouns
;A-stract Nouns
;%ollective Nouns
; A common noun is a name "iven in common to ever' person or t!in" of t!e same cass or -ind#
E$ampes: river, )oman, ban-, countr', ocean, sc!oo, s!op, to)n, etc ; A proper noun is t!e specia name of a particuar person, pace, etc# A proper noun a)a's be"ins )it! Capita 0etter#
E$ampes: 1aa'sia, A!mad, .erdan", E+U 1a etc#
; An a-stract noun is t!e name of somet!in" t!at )e can on' t!in- of or fee but cannot see#
E$ampes: an"er, t!irst, freedom, peasure, !un"er, stren"t!, )isdom, etc ; A collective noun is t!e name of a number of persons or t!in"s ta-en or t!ou"!t of as one#
E$ampes: a "roup of nurses, a "an" of robbers, a bunc! of -e's, a team of doctors, a ist of patients, a set of toos, etc
N+/E" #$ N#+NS
;Countabe Nouns
;Uncountabe Nouns
%ounta-le Nouns are nouns t!at can be counted# 4e
usua' use t!e e$pression <a=, <an=, <a fe)=, <severa=,
<man'=, <a ar"e number of=, etc )it!
E$ampes: man, !ospita, )!eec!air, etc
+ncounta-le Nouns are nouns t!at cannot be counted#
4e usua' use t!e e$pression <a itte=, <muc!=, and <a
"reat dea of=, etc )it!
E$ampes: soution, patience, punctuait', ice, four,
su"ar, dust, food, etc
A Singular Noun represents one person, anima, pace or t!in"# E$ampe: a bo', a boo-, a pen, etc
A Plural Noun represents more t!an one person, anima, pace or t!in"#
E$ampes: bo's, boo-s, pens, nurse, etc# 4e aso form Plural Nouns b' addin" <>es=, <>ies=, <>en=,, etc#
E$ampes: bo$es, babies, men, etc
Pair Nouns are nouns t!at come in pairs# T!ese nouns are used in pura forms#
E$ampes:
; A pair of jeans ; A pair of s!oes ; A pair of "asses
;.ome Nouns are a)a's speed in plural forms even t!ou"! t!e' are singular.
E$ampes: name of diseases 6meases, mumps8 Name of subjects 6economics, mat!ematics8 Ot!ers 6species8
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * 0E"/S
A 0er- is a sa'in">)ord t!at are used to name actions# It is t!e most important )ords in a sentence# Ever' sentence must !ave a verb# Verbs can be divided into t)o cate"ories:
?8 1ain verb
E$ampes: insert, move, consoe, e$!ae etc# @8 &e verb
T!e ver- is a )ord used to sa' somet!in" about a person or t!in"# It tes us )!at a person or t!in" does#
E$ampes:
A!mad eats ever' da'# A!mad reads ever' da'#
A!mad plas tennis ever'da'#
T!e )ords, eats, reads and plas te us )!at A!mad does# T!e' are caed 0er-s#
A verb is not a)a's one )ord# It ma' be made up of more t!an one )ord#
E$ampes:
;.iti is plaing badminton
;He was -eaten b' !is fat!er# ;He will go tomorro)#
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * A,1E%TI0ES
Ad2ectives are )ords t!at are used to describe and "ive more information about t!e Nouns.
E$ampes:
; .taff Nurse Aia! is a caring person#
Adjective > carin" describes t!e noun person ; T!e )ard is tid
Adjective B tid' describes t!e noun )ard
1ost Adjectives appear in t)o main positions# ?8 &efore a noun
E$ampes: T!e contaminated neede must be disposed of#
@8 After certain verbs i-e be, seem, appear, oo-, sound, sme, taste, fee, become, "et
E$ampes:
; T!e patient seems withdrawn toda'#
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * A,0E"/S
An Adver- is a )ord t!at adds to t!e meanin" of a verb, an adjective or anot!er adverb# T!is means, it is a )ord t!at sa's somet!in" more about a verb, an adjective or anot!er adverb#
E$ampes:
a8 A!mad came esterda# 6came 7 verb8
6'esterda' 7 adverb8 b8 T!at is ver beautifu fo)er# 6beautifu 7 adjective8
6ver' 7 adverb8
c8 T!e rain stopped 3uite sudden'# 6sudden' 7 adverb8 63uite 7 adverb8
Adverbs are divided into t!e foo)in" casses accordin" to t!eir use#
Adver-s of manner B are used to s!o) actions are carried out# E$ampes:
;He eats alone.
;T!e doctor e$amines !is patients thoroughl.
Adver-s of place B are used to indicate )!ere actions2activities !appen#
;.!e searc!ed for t!e ps'c!iatric patient everwhere. ;I s!a meet 'ou here tomorro)#
Adver-s of time B are used to indicate )!en actions2activities !appen#
E$ampes:
;T!e sur"eons are performin" t!e operation now. ;4e !ave alread documented t!e procedure#
Adver-s of degree B are used to indicate t!e reative condition of actions2activities#
E$ampes:
;T!e sur"ica )ound is !eain" ver )e#
;T!e Admission and Emer"enc' +epartment is 3uite bus' durin" t!e festive season due to t!e increase in road accidents#
Adver-s of fre3uenc B are used to s!o) !o) often actions or activities are carried out#
E$ampes:
;Patients in t!e Intensive Care Unit must alwas be monitored# ;.!e constantl compains of an"ina#
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * P"#N#+NS
A Pronoun are )ords t!at are used to repace Nouns# T!ere are @ t'pes of Pronouns t!at )e are "oin" to dea )it!# ?8 Persona pronouns
E$ampes: I, 'ou, s!e, !e, )e, t!e', it# @8 Possessive pronouns
E$ampes: mine, 'ours, !ers, !is, ours, t!eirs, its# E$ampe:
; "ahim !as a car # &e i-es it# &e drives it ever' da'#
T!e )ords (He* and (it* in t!e second and t!ird sentences are used for or instead of t!e Nouns (%a!im* and (car* in t!e first sentence# T!is is done to avoid repeatin" t!e same name too man' times# T!e )ords (He* and (it* are used for t!e
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * P"EP#SITI#NS
A preposition is a )ord )!ic! is used before a Noun or Pronoun to s!o) its reation to some ot!er )ord in t!e sentence#
E$ampe:
;His !at is on !is head# 6on 7 preposition8 6!ead 7 noun8
;He )a-ed past t!e door # 6past 7 preposition8 6door 7 noun8
;T!e' )ere in t!e room# 6in 7 preposition8 6room 7 noun8
Preposition can indicate:> +irection:
;.iti )a-ed towards me# ;.am )ent to to)n#
; Ais!a! came into our cassroom# Position:
;%a!ima! sat on t!e tabe# ;4e a ive under one roof#
;T!e bur"ar jumped over t!e fence# Time:
;ou can meet me at #DD pm tomorro) evenin"# ;I )a- around t!e 0a-e ardens in t!e evenin"# ;He a)a's comes !ome on time for dinner#
&' .omeone:
;T!e stor' )as )ritten - A!mad#
;T!is p!oto"rap! )as ta-en - Prem# ;T!e son" )as sun" - Ais!a!#
&' .omet!in":
;1o!an sent t!e etter - Pos 0aju# ;Peter contacted me - teep!one# ;.!eia )ent to P - bus#
4it! .omet!in"2.omeone:
;.am cut t!e fruits with a s!arp -nife#
;.e"aran ceaned t!e carpet with a vacuum ceaner# ;I )ent for a !oida' with m' fami'#
Fuantit' of .omet!in":
;I "ave m' "irfriend a bou3uet of roses on Vaentine=s +a'# ;ac- and i )ent up t!e !i to fetc! a pai of )ater#
Of .omet!in":
;T!e teac!er made t!e nau"!t' students stand in front of t!e cass# ;He -ept t!e important documents on top of t!e cupboard#
0i-e .omeone2.omet!in": ;.!e sin"s li'e Nin" &aiura# ; Ai be!aves li'e a "an"ster# ;T!e bo$er )a-s li'e a "oria#
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * %#N1+N%TI#NS
A con2unctions are )ords or p!rase t!at are used to join )ords, p!rases and sentences#
E$ampe: as, since, due to, in order to, at!ou"!, even t!ou"! T!e functions of conjunctions9
?8 Addition or simiar ideas
E$ampes: And, not on'G but aso, bot!G and, neit!erG nor @8 Cause and effect
E$ampes: &ecause, since, as, so, so t!at, soG t!at, as on" as, as a resut, conse3uent', t!erefore, due to
8 Time
E$ampes: after, before, )!en, unti, as soon as, once 8 Contrast
E$ampes: but, 'et, sti, !o)ever, nevert!eess, at!ou"!, even t!ou"!, t!ou"!, despite, in spite of, )!ereas
8 Condition
E$ampes: if, uness J8 C!oice
PA"TS #$ SPEE%& * INTE"1E%TI#NS4E5%LAATI#NS
A Interjections2E$camations are )ords t!at are used to attract attention# An e$camation mar- is norma' found at t!e end of t!e sentence#
To e$press surprise of an une$pected event2 feein"s of panic ; O! m' odK I am pre"nantK
To e$press admiration2satisfaction ; 4o)K T!e )ard is so tid'K
To e$press stron" feein"s suc! as dis"ust, disma', re"ret etc ; P!e)K T!e toiet stin-sK
4!en "ivin" orders or commands ; FuietK
.entences t!at be"in )it! ()!at aGK* and (Ho)GK* ; 4!at a ame e$cuseK
; 4!at a nast' t!in" to sa'K ; Ho) rudeK
E6ercise
?# I cannot be a p!'sician 6as! although8 I am afraid of bood#
@# aia can )a- faster t!an !er !usband 6-ut! even though8 s!e is ei"!t mont!s= pre"nant#
# 6Though! Since8 !e is afraid of operations, !e opts for aternative medicine#
# 6Either! Neither 8 t!e patient 6or! nor 8 !is reatives are ao)ed to read t!e bed !ead tic-et#
# +urin" t!e first trimester, a mot!er>to>be is not ao)ed to ta-e an' medications 6unless! since8 it ma' affect t!e bab'#
J# ou )i -no) )!et!er 'ou are pre"nant 6-ut! unless8 'ou ta-e a pre"nanc' test#
L# T!e bab' cried a ni"!t 6although! -ecause8 !e )as i#
M# ou must compete 'our assi"nment 6either! neither 8 b' toda' 6nor! or 8 tomorro) t!e atest#
# 1an' patients disi-e +r# urina 6-ecause! so8 s!e is !au"!t' 6and! -ut8 rude#
?D# .!e searc!ed t!rou"! a t!e papers in t!e dra)er 6-ut! and8 t!e report )as not t!ere#
E$ercise
?# .onia cried )!en s!e )as dia"nosed cancer# 6-! with! into8
@# T!e ambuance )as travein" fu speed to rus! t!e burns victim to t!e !ospita# 6at! on! within8
# T!e sur"eon is "oin" to operate 1r# %aven# 6at! on! a-ove8 # I norma' !ave brea-fast bed )!en I=m sic-# 6in! on! up8 # T!e patient re3uested some privac'# 6on! for! with8
J# T!ere is some bood !is stoo# 6on! in! within8 L# Can 'ou pease ro 'our seeves5 6on! up! in8
M# Ho) far is t!e medica )ard !ere5 6into! from! -etween8 # Have 'ou recovered 'our fu5 6from! of! with8
noun#
,ogs and cats sometimes are friends# ver-#
Her teacher graded t!e test#
noun#
P!i rode !is -i'e to t!e par-#
ver-#
,olphins swim )it! ease#
ver-#
.!e read t!e )!oe -oo'# Pease as' 'our father #noun#
noun#
4e went to t!e -each#
ver-#
1' cat just had a itter of -ittens#
ver-#
ver-#
T!e soccer pa'er 'ic'ed t!e ba into t!e goal#
ver-#
&is favorite internet "ame is 1at! /ase-all#
adver-#
T!e fis! 3uic'l swam a)a' from t!e fis!ermanQs nets#
noun#
1ies 3uic'l clim-ed to t!e ver' top of t!e tree to rescue t!e 'itten#
preposition#
1' cousin paints -eautiful pictures with )atercoors#
preposition#
noun#
&e suddenl 2umped off t!e couch and !it !is !ead on t!e hard )a#
ver-#
Peter studied !ard and received a perfect score#
adver-#
.!e happil announced t!e ca'e )as for me#
noun#
