(1920) The Book of the Dead

BRITISH

MUSEUM.

The

Book

of

the

Dead

WITH

TWENTY-FIVE

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PRINTED

BY

ORDER

OF

THE

TRUSTEES.

1920.

PRICE

ONE

SHILLINGAKr

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD

The

Title.

"**

Book

of

the

Dead

" isthe title

now commonly

_given tothe great collection of funerary texts

which

the ancient

Egyptian

scribes

_composed

for the benefit of the dead. These consist of

spells

and

incantations,

hymns

and

litanies, magical formulae

and

names,

words

of

_{power and}

_prayers,

and

_they are found

cut or painted

on

walls of

_{pyramids and}

tombs,

and

painted

on

coffins

and

_sarcophagi

and

rollsof_papyri.

The

title

"

Book

of the

Dead

" is

somewhat

_{unsatisfactory}

and

_misleading, for

the texts neither form a connected

work

_{nor belong} to one

period ; theyare miscellaneousincharacter,

and

tell us nothing

about the lives

and works

of the

dead

with

whom

_{they were}

buried. Moreover, the _{Egyptians possessed}

_many

funerary

works

that _{might rightly} be called "

Books

of the

Dead,"

but

none

of

them

bore a

name

that could be translated

_by

the title

"

Book

of the

Dead."

This title

was

_givento _{the great}

collec-tion of _funerary texts in the first _quarter of the nineteenth -century

by

the pioneer Egyptologists,

who

possessed no exact

knowledge of their contents.

They

were familiar with the rolls

of _papyrus inscribed in the _hieroglyphic

and

the hieratic character, for _copies of several

had

been _published,^ but the texts in

them

were short

and

fragmentary.

The

publication of

Ihe Facsimile2

of the

_Papyrus

of Peta-Amen-neb-nest-taui^

by

' _See

Journal de Trivoux, June, 1704; Caylus, Antiq. Egypt.,

torn. I, plate 21; Denon, Travels, plates 136 and 137; and Description

de I'Egypte, torn. II, plate64ff.

«

Copie Figur/e d'un Rouleau de Papyrus trouv^i\ Th^es dans un

iomheau des Rois. Paris, XIII-1805. This papyrus is _{nearly 30} feet

in_lengthand _{was brought} to _{Strassburgbya paymaster}in _Napoleon's

Army

in_Egypt called_Poussielgue,

who

sold ittoM. Cadet.

272

M.

Cadet in ₁₈₀₅

made

_{a long hieroglyphic text}

and

numerous^, coloured vignettes available for_study,

and

the _French

Egypto-logists described it as a

copy

ofthe

"

Rituel Funeraire" of the ancient Egyptians.

Among

these

was

_Champollion le _Jeune,

but later,

on

his return

from

Egypt, he

and

others called it

"

Le

Livre desMorts," "

The

Book

ofthe

Dead,"

"

Das

Todten-buch," etc. These titles are _merely translations of the

name

given

by

the

_Egyptian

tomb-robbers to _every roll of inscribed

papyrus

which

they found with

mummies,

namely, "Kitab

al-Mayyit,"

"

_Book

ofthe dead

_man,"

or "_{Kitab al-Mayyitun,"} "

Book

of the

dead

" (plur.). These

men

knew

nothing of the

contents of such a roll,

and

all they

meant

to say

was

that it

was

"a

dead

man's

_book,"

and

that it

was

found in his coffin

with him.

II.

The

Preservation of

the

Mummified

Body

in

the

Tomf

BY

Thoth.

The

_objectsfoundin_{the graves}of_{the predynastic Egyptians,}

i.e., vessels of food, flint knives

and

other weapons, etc.,prove

that these early dwellers in the Nile _{Valley believed} in

some

kind of a future existence.

But

as the art of _writing

was

unknown

to

them

their _{graves contain} no _{inscriptions,}

and

we

can onlyinfer

from

textsof _{the dynastic period}

what

theirideas

about the Other

World

were. It is clear that _they did not consider it of _{greatimportance} to _{preserve the}

_{dead body}

in as

complete

and

perfect state as possible, for in

many

of their

graves the heads,

hands and

feet

have

been found severed from

thetrunks

and

_lying at

some

distancefrom them.

On

the other

hand, the dynastic Egyptians,either astheresult of adifference in religious belief, or under the influence of invaders

who

had

settled in their _country, attached

_supreme

_importance to the preservation

and

integrity of the dead body,

and

they adopted every

means

known

to

them

to _prevent its

dismemberment and

decay.

They

cleansedit

and

embalmed

itwith_drugs,spices

and

balsams; they anointed it with aromatic oils

and

preservative

fluids; they swatheditinhundredsofyardsoflinenbandages;

and

_{then they}sealedit

_up

inacoffin_{or sarcophagus,}which they laid in a

chamber

hewn

in the bowels of the mountain. All

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

these _things were

done

to _{protect the physical}

_body

_against

damp,

dry rot

and

decay,

and

against the attacks of moth,

beetles,

worms

and

wild animals.

But

these were not the only

enemiesof the

dead

_against which _precautions

had

to be _taken,

for both the

_{mummified body and}

the _spiritual elements which

had

inhabitedit

_upon

earth

had

tobe_protectedfrom a multitude

of devils

and

fiends,

and

from the

powers

ofdarknessgenerally.

These powersofevil

had

hideous

and

terrifyingshapes

and

forms,

and

their haunts were well

known,

for _they infested _{the region}

through which the road of the

dead

lay

when

passing from

this world to the

_Kingdom

of Osiris.

The

"_{great gods}" were

afraid of _them,

and

were _obliged to _protect themselves

_by

the

useof_spells

and

_{magical names,}

and words

of_power,

which

were

composed and

\\rit

_tcndownby

Thoth.

Infact it

was

believed in _veryearly

timesin

_Egypt

that

Ra

the _Sun-god

owed

his continued existence to the possession ofasecret

name

with which

Thoth

had _provid('d him.

And

each morning the _rising sun

was menaced

by

a fearful monster called

_Aapep,

P

^^

»which _layhiddenunderthe

placeof sunrise waiting toswallow

up

the solar disk. It

was

_impossible,

even for the _Sun-god, to _destroy this

**

Great Devil," but

by

reciting each

morning

thepowerfulspellwithwhich

Thoth had

_provided

him

he

was

able to _paralyse all

_Aapep*s

limbs

and

torise

_upon

thisworld. Sincethenthe "_greatgods,"

even

_{though benevolently disposed towards them, were} not able to deliver the

dead

from the devils that lived

_upon

the "bodies,

souls, spirits,

shadows and

hearts of the _dead," the _Egyptians

decided to invoke the aid of

Thoth

on

behalfof their dead

and

to _place

them

under the _protection of his _{almighty spells.}

Inspired

by Thoth

the theologiansof ancient

_{Egypt composed}

a _large

number

of _funerary texts

which

were _certainly in

general use under the

IVth

_{dynasty (about 3700} B.C.),

and

were probably well

known

under the 1stdynasty,

and

through-out the whole _period of _{dynastic history}

Thoth was

regarded

as the author of the '*

Book

of the

Dead."

TheSpearingof_Aapep.

III.

The Book

Per-t

em

hru,

or

[The Chapters

of]

Coming

FORTH

BY

_{(or, INTO)}

THE

DaY,

COMMONLY

CALLED

THE

"Book

of

the Dead."

The

_spells

and

other texts which were written

_by

Thoth

for

the benefit of the dead,

and

are directly connected with him,

were called, according to

documents

written under the

Xlth

and XVIIIth

dynasties,

"

Chapters of the

_Coming

Forth

_by

(or,into) the

Day,"

^

I

—

S

^

^

^

^.

One

rubric

in the

Papyrus

of

Nu

_(Brit. Mus. No. ₁₀₄₇₇₎ states that the text

of the

work

called "

Per-t

em

hru,"i.e.,

"

Coming

Forth (or, into)the

Day," was

discovered

_by

a _high officialinthe

founda-tions of a shrine of the

_god

Hennu

_{during the reign}of Semti, or Hesepti, a king of the 1st _dynasty.

Another

rubric in the

same

papyrus says that the text

was

cut

upon

the alabaster plinth of a statue of

Menkaura

(Mycerinus), a king of the

IVth

_dynasty,

and

that theletterswere inlaid withlapislazuli.

The

_plinth

was

found

_by

Prince Herutataf,

_^^

^ ^ _jj, a

sonof

_King

Khufu

_(Cheops),

who

carried itoff to his _king

and

exhibited it as a "

most

wonderful " thing. This composition

was

_{greatly reverenced,}for it "

would

make

a

man

victorious "

upon

earth

and

in the Other

World

; it

would

ensure

him

a

"

safe

and

free _{passage through} the

Tuat

_{(Under World)} ; it

"

would

allow

him

to _go in

and

to _go out,

and

to take at

_any

"

time

_{any form}

he _pleased; it

would

make

his soul to flourish,

"

and would

_prevent

him

_{from dying the [second] death."}

For

the deceased to receive the full benefit of this text it

had

to be

recited

_by

a

man

"

who

was

_{ceremonially pure,}

and

who

had

not eaten fish or _meat,

and had

not consorted with

women."

On

coffins of the

Xlth

_dynasty

and

on

_papyriof the

XVIIIth

dynasty

we

find

two

versions of the

Per-t

em

hru, one long

and

one short.

As

the title of the shorter version states that" itisthe "_Chaptersof the

Per-t

em

hru

ina singlechapter,"it isclear that this _{work, even under} the IVth _{dynasty, contained}

many

"Chapters,"

and

that a

much

abbreviated

form

of the

work was

also current at the

same

_period.

The

rubric that

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAI>. 5

it with

Khemenu,

i.e., Hermopolis,

and

indicates that Thoth,

the

_god

of this_city,

was

its author.

The work Per-t

em hru

received

_many

additions in the

-C00

^1

•o« c/3 -<s 2 olA

o

courseof centuries,

and

_{at length,} under the

XVIIIth

_dynasty,

it contained about ₁₉₀ distinct _{compositions, or} "_Chapters."

The

orJLiiiiil forms of

_many

of tliese are to be found in the

"Pyramid

Texts"

(^.^., the funerary compositions cut

on

the

walls of the

chambers

and

corridors of the

_pyramids

of _Kings

Unas, Teta, Pepi I _Meri-Ra, Merenra

and

Pepi II at _Sakkarah),

which were written under the

Vth and Vlth

_dynasties.

The

forms which

_many

other _chapters

had

under the

Xlth and

Xllth

_dynasties are well _represented

_by

_{the texts painted}

on

the coffinsof

_Amamu,

_Sen,

_{and Guatep}

in the British

Museum

(Nos. 6654, 30839, 30841), but itis_possible that both these

and

theso-called "

_Pyramid

Texts" all_belonged tothe

work Per-t

EM

HRU,

and

are extractsfrom it.

The

"

_Pyramid

Texts

"

have

no illustrations, but a few of the texts

on

the coffins of the

Xlth and Xllth

_dynasties have coloured _{vignettes, e.g.,} those

which refer to _{the region} to be traversed

_by

the deceased

on

his

_way

to the Other World,

and

the Islandsof the Blessed or the ElysianFields.

On

the_{upper margins}ofthe insides ofsuch

coffins there are _{frequently given}

two

or

more

rows of coloured

drawings of the offerings which under the

Vth

dynasty were

presented to the deceased or his statue during the celebration

of the service of "

_Opening

the

Mouth

"

and

the _performance

of the ceremonies of

"The

_Liturgy of _{Funerary Offerings."}

Under

the

XVIIIth

_dynasty,

when

the use _{of large rectangular}

coffins

and

_sarcophagi fell

somewhat

into disuse, the scribes

began

to write collections of _{Chapters from} the

Per-t

em hru

on

rollsof _papyri insteadof

on

coffins.

At

first the textswere

written in _{hieroglyphs, the greater}

number

of

them

_being in

black_ink,

and an

_attempt

was

made

to illustrate each text

_by

a vignette

drawn

in blackoutline.

The

finest

known

example

of

such a codex is the

_Papyrus

of Nebseni _(Brit.Mus. No. 9900),

which is ₇₇ feet _{7J inches} in _length

and

i foot _{ij inches} in

breadth. _Earlyin the

XVIIIth

_dynasty scribes

_began

to write

the titles of the _Chapters, the rubrics,

and

the catchwords in

red ink

and

the text in black,

and

it

became

_customary to

decorate the vignettes with colours,

and

to increase their size

and

number.

The

oldest codex of this class is the

_Papyrus

of

Nu

(Brit. Mus. No. 10477) which is ₆₅ feet _3J inches_{in length,}

and

I foot _{ij inches} in breadth. This

and

_many

other rolls

were written

_by

their owners for their

own

_tombs,

and

in each

roll both text

and

vignetteswere usually the

work

of the

same

hand. Later, however, the scribe wrote the text _only,

and

a

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

7

which _spaces were

marked

out

and

left blank

_by

the scribe.

The

finest

_example

of this class of roll is the

_Papyrus

of

Ani

Vignetteandtextof the 11 i-.kofilu

DeadfromthePapynisofNii.

.

/I

ft

m

I

©

mMfciri

Vignetteand text of the Theb.i;. i;v,;.:. a Uic

DeadfromthePapyrusofAni.

[Brit. Mus., No. 10477.] XVIIIthdynasty [Brit. Mus., No. 10470.] XVI1 1th_dynasty.

(Brit. Mus., No. 10470), which is ₇₈ feet in _length

and

i foot

3 inches in breadth. In all _papyri of this class the text is

THE

DEAD.

written in _hieroglyphs, but under the-

XlXth

and

_following

dynasties

many

papyii are written throughout in the hieratic

character ; these _usually lack

vignettes, but have coloured

frontispieces.

Under

the rule of the

_High

Priests of

Amen

_many

_changes

were introduced into the contents

of_{the papyri,}

_and

the_arrangement

of the texts

and

_vignettes of the

Per-t

em hru

was

altered.

The

great confraternity of

Amen-Ra,

the "

_King

of the _Gods," felt it to

be _necessary to _emphasize the

supremacy

of their _god, even in

the

_Kingdom

of _Osiris,

and

_they

added

_many

_prayers, litanies

and

hymns

to the _Sun-god to _every

selection of the texts from the

Per-t

em

hru

that

was

_copied

on

a roll of _papyrus for _funerary

purposes.

The

greater

number

of

the rolls of this _period are short

and

contain _only a few _Chapters,

e.g., the

Papyrus

of the

Royal

Mother

Netchemet

(Brit. Mus.

No. ₁₀₅₄₁₎

and

the

_Papyrus

of

Queen

Netchemet

(Brit. Mus.

No. _16478). In

some

the text

is _very defective

and

carelessly written, but the coloured vignettes areremarkable for their size

and

beauty; of this class of roll the

finest

_example

is the

_Papyrus

of

Anhai

_(Brit. Mus. No. _10472).

The most

_{interesting of}alltherolls

that were written _during the rule of the Priest-_Kings over

_Upper

Egypt

is the

_Papyrus

of Princess Nesitanebtashru _(Brit. Mus. No. 10554),

now commonly known

as the

"

Greenfield_Papyrus." Vignette and Chapter of the Book

of the Dead written in hieratic

forHeru-em-heb.

[Brit. Mus., No. 10257.]

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

o K-jiO^JllVo(tG;l»^-VVH.' c no

a

.£ ex tg c ^

^

e » 3 00 c o

-

₁

*: e a; "t:

7

c^ C £

It is the _longest

and

widest _{funerary papyrus^}

_known,

for

it measures ₁₂₃ feet

_by

i foot 6_J inches,

and

it contains

more

_Chapters,

_Hymns,

Litanies, Adorations

and

Homages

to the _{gods than}

_any

other roll.

The

_{Sy Chapters from} the

Per-t

em hru

which it contains _prove the _princess's

devo-tion to the cult of _Osiris,

and

the

_Hymns

to

Amen-Ra

show

that she

was

able to _regard this

_{god and}

Osiris not as rivals

but as

two

_aspects of the

same

_god. She believed that the "

hidden" creative _powder which

was

materialized in

Amen

was

only another form of the

power

of _procreation, renewed birth

and

resurrection which

was

_typified

_by

Osiris.

The

oldest

copies of the

Per-t

em

hru

which

we

have on

papyrus contain

afew extracts

from

_{other ancient funerary works,} such as the

*'

Book

of

_Opening

the

Mouth,"

the "_Liturgy of _Funerary Offerings,"

and

the

"

_Book

of the

Two

_Ways."

But

underthe

rule of the _Priest-Kings the scribes _incorporated with the

Chaptersofthe

Per-t

em hru

extracts

from

the

"

Book

of

Ami-Tuat

"

and

the "

Book

of Gates,"

and

several of _{the vignettes}

and

texts that are found

on

the walls of _{the royal}

tombs

of

Thebes.

One

of the

most

remarkable texts written at this _period is

found in the

_Papyrus

of _Nesi-Khensu, which is

now

in the

Egyptian

Museum

in Cairo. This is _really the

_copy

of a

con-tractwhichisdeclared to

have

been

made

between

Nesi-Khensu

and

Amen-Ra,

"the _{holy god, the} lord of all _{the gods."}

As

a

reward for _{the great piety} of _{the queen,}

and

her devotion to

the interests of

Amen-Ra

_upon

earth, the

_god

undertakes to

make

her _{a goddess} in his _kingdom, to _{provide her} with

an

estatetherein_perpetuity

and

a _{never-failing supply} of

offerings,

and

_happiness of heart, soul

and

_body,

and

the _[daily] recital

upon

earthofthe "_{Seventy Songs}of

Ra

" forthe benefit ofher

soul in the Khert-Neter, or

Under

World.

The

contract

was

drawTi

_up

in a seriesof _{paragraphs in legal phraseology}

_by

the

priests of

Amen, who

believed they

had

the

power

of

making

their

_god

do as _theypleased

when

_{they pleased.}

Littleis

known

of _{the history}of the

Per-t

em

hru

afterthe downfall of the _{priests of}

Amen,

and

_{during the period}of the

rule ofthe_{Nubians, but underthe kings}ofthe

XXVIth

_dynasty

1 The

longest papyrus in the world is _Papyrus Harris No. i _(Brit.

^rc^M^^^C»^^!^4^^;j^l-|<?^^|

!KiiMiai^:^SMrj^^i:v]3i¥

E'NvMMi'jI^Wll^lM^Hlf.^

!aK]^-lhlJ<iv

¥(ils^c^<ilKO^)/lv^^

^^fo^llijffEf^SV

dl-li^HlQncO^^I^M^^

~*^c/ ";p-^.'^-^^r;.'^^ ',*!-"';?::!«^4'fl-=!]t

the

Book

_enjoyed a _{great vogue.}

_Many

_funerary rolls were

written both in _hieroglyphs

and

hieratic,

and

were decorated

with vignettes

drawn

inblackoutline ;

and

about this time the

o<*, c ^ o tx o a> ON •So

scribes _began to _{write funerary} texts in the demotic character.

But

men

no _{longer copied long} selections from the

Per-t

em

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

13

dynasties, partly because the religious views of the Egyptians

had

_{undergone a great change,}

and

_partly because a

number

of

Books

ofthe

Dead

ofa

more

_popularcharacter

had

_appeared.

The

cult of Osiris

was

_{triumphant everywhere,}

and

men

pre-ferred the

_hymns

and

litanies which dealt with _{his sufferings,} death

and

resurrectionto the_compositionsinwhichthe absolute

supremacy

of

Ra

and

^m^m^m^a^^^immf^ism^

his solar _cycle of _gods

and

goddesses

was

as-sumed

or _proclaimed.

Thus,inthe "

Lamenta-tions of Isis "

and

the "Festival _Songs of Isis

and

_Nephthys,"

and

the "

Litanies of Seker,"

and

the "

Book

of

Honouring

Osiris," etc.,

the central figure is

Osiris,

and

he alone is

regarded as the giver

of_everlasting life.

The

dead

were no _longer

buried with _large rolls

of _papyrus filled with

Chapters of the

Per-t

EM

HRU

laid in their

coffins, but with small

sheets or strips of pa-pyrus,

on

which were inscribed the above

compositions, or the shorter texts of the "

Book

of _Breathings,"

or the

"Book

of Tra-versing Eternity," or

the"

Book

of

_May

_my

name

flourish," orapartof the "

Chapter

ofthe Last

_Judgment."

Ancient _Egyptian tradition asserts that the

Book

Per-t

EM HRU

was

used_early in the 1st dynasty,

and

the papyri

and

coffins of the

Roman

Period afford evidence that the native

^_\

A./

^r-.l>

A_copyofa Bookof the Deadentitled "Maymy

name flourish1

"

Egyptians still _accepted all the essential beliefs

and

doctrines containedinit.

_During

the fourthousand_yearsofitsexistence

many

additions were

made

to it, but nothing of _importance

seems to

have

been taken

_away

from

it. In the _{space here}

availableitis_impossible todescribein detail the various

Recen-sions of thiswork, viz., (i) the HeUopolitan, (2)the

Theban

and

its _{various forms,}

and

(3) the Saite ; but it is proposed to

sketch _briefly the

main

facts of the

_Egyptian

_Religion

which

may

be deduced from

them

_generally,

and

especially

from

the

Theban

Recension,

and

to indicate the contentsof_{the principal}

Chapters.

No

one papyrus can be cited as a final authority,

for _{no payprus}contains all _{the Chapters, 190} innumber, of the

Theban

Recension,

and

in no

two

_papjri are the selection

and

sequenceof the Chapters identical, or is the treatment of the vignettes the same.

IV.

Thoth,

the

Author

of

the

Book

of

the

Dead.

Thoth, in

_Egyptian

Tchehuti _{or Tehuti,}

"^

f

^

^

c^ ^r

Q

V

^

^

»

who

has alreadybeen mentioned as the author

of the texts thatform the

Per-t

em

hru, or

Book

of the Dead,

was

believed

by

the_Egyptianstohave beenthe heart

and

mind

of the Creator,

who

w^as in _{very early} times in

Egypt

called

_by

the natives "Pautti,"

_{and by}

foreigners "

Ra."

Thoth was

also the

_"tongue

"

oftheCreator,

and

he at all times voiced the will of _{the great god,}

and

_spoke the

words

which

com-manded

every being

and

thing in

heaven and

in

earth to

come

into existence. His

words

were almighty

and

onceutterednever remained without

Tehuti_(Thoth). effect.

He

framed

thelaws

_by

whichheaven, earth

and aU

the _heavenly bodies are maintained; he

ordered the courses of the sun,

moon, and

stars; he invented

drawing

and

design

and

the arts, the letters of the alphabet

and

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

15

early period he

was

called the "

scribe _{(orsecretary) of}theGreat

Company

of the Gods,"

and

as _{he kept} the celestial register

of the

words

and

deeds of

men,

he

was

_regarded

_by

_many

generations of _Egyptians as the _"Recording

Angel."

He

was

the inventor of

physical

and

moral

Law

and became

the _{personification of Justice} ;

and

as the

_Companies

of the

Gods

of

Heaven,

and

Earth,

and

the Other

World

_appointed

him

to "_weigh the

words

and

deeds" of

men, and

his

verdicts were unalterable, he

became

more

_powerful in the Other

World

thanOsiris himself. Osiris

owed

his

triumph over Set in the _Great

Judg-ment

Hall of the

Gods

_entirely to

the skill of

Thoth

of the *'wise

mouth

" as

an

Advocate,

and

to his

influence with the _gods in heaven.

And

_every follower of Osiris reHed

upon

the

_advocacy

of

Thoth

tosecure his_acquittal

on

the

_Day

of

_{Judgment, and}

to _procure for

him

an

_{everlasting habitation}

in the

_Kingdom

of Osiris.

Set, theArch-Liarand god ofEvil.

V.

Thoth

and

Osiris.

The

_{Egyptians were}notsatisfiedwith the

mere

_possessionof

the textsof Thoth,

when

theirsoulswere _beingweighed in the

Great Scales in the

_Judgment

Hall of _Osiris, but _they also

wished

Thoth

to act as their

Advocate

on

this dread occasion

and

to _prove their innocence as he

had

_proved that of Osiris

before _{the great godsin prehistoric times. According}to a _very ancient

_Egyptian

tradition, the

_god

Osiris,

who

was

originally

the

_god

of the _principle of the _fertility of the Nile,

became

incarnate

on

earth as the son of _{Geb, the Earth-god,}

and

_Nut,

the Sky-goddess.

He

had two

sisters, Isis

and

_Nephthys,

and

one brother. Set ; he married Isis

and

Set married

Nephthys

and

the nation

_{was happy and}

_prosperous. Set

marked

this

and became

_veryjealousof his brother,

and

wished _{to slay}

him

so that _{he might} seize his throne

and

_{take possession} of Isis,

whose

_{reputation as a}devoted

and

_lovingwife

and

able

_manager

filled_{the country.}

_By

some

means

or other Set did contriveto kill Osiris : _according to one _story he killed

him

by

the side

of a canal at _Netat, (I , near Abydos,

and

according

to another he caused

him

to be drowned. Isis,

accompanied

by

her sister _Nephthys,

went

to Netat

and

rescued the

_body

of

her_lord,

and

the

two

sisters, with the help of

_Anpu,

a son of

Ra

_{the Sun-god,}

embalmed

it.

_They

then laid the

_body

in a tomb,

and

a sycamore tree

_{grew round}

it

and

flourished over

the grave.

A

tradition which is found in the

_Pyramid

Texts

states that before Osiris

was

laid in his

_tomb,

his wife Isis,

by means

of her _{magical powers,}

suc-ceededin_restoring

him

tolife_temporarily,

and

made

him

_beget of her

an

heir,

who

was

called Horus. After the burial of

Osiris, Isis retreated to the

marshes

in

the Delta,

and

there she _brought forth

Horus. Inordertoavoid_{the persecution}

of Set,

who

on

one occasion succeeded in killing

Horus

_by

_{the sting}of_{a scorpion,}

she fled

from

placeto placein the Delta,

and

lived a _very

_unhappy

life for

some

years.

But

Thoth

helpedher in all her

difficulties

and

_{provided her} with the

words

of

_{power which}

restored

Horus

to life,

and

enabled her to pass

unharmed

among

the crocodiles

and

other evil

beasts that infested the waters of the

Delta at that time.

When

Horus

arrived at _years of

maturity, he set out to find Set

and

to

_{wage war}

_against his father's murderer.

At

length they

met

and

a fierce _fight

ensued,

and though

Set

was

defeated before he

was

_finally

hurledto the _{ground, he succeeded}in_tearingout the _righteye

of

Horus and

_keeping it.

Even

after this fight Set

was

able

to _persecute Isis,

and Horus

was

powerless to prevent it HorusofEdfuspearing the

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

17 until

Thoth

made

Set give

him

the _{right eye} of

Horns which

he

had

carried off.

Thoth

then _brought the _eye to Horus,

and

_replaced it in his _face,

and

restored _sight to it

_by

spitting

upon

it.

Horus

then sought out the

_body

of Osiris in order to raise it

_up

to life,

and

when

he

found

it he unti(tl tlie

_bandages

so that Osiris

_might

move

his _limbs,

and

rise _up.

Under

the direction of

Thoth

Horus

recited

a series of formulas as _{he presented} offerings to Osiris,

and

The Four Sons of Horus.

Mesta. _H3pi. Tuanuilef. Qebhsennuf.

he

and

his sons

and Anubis

_performed the ceremonies

which

opened

the

_{mouth, and}

_nostrils,

and

the_eyes

and

the ears of

Plli\illllll\lllllil\iniiiiiiiiiimiiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,(iiiifn

f

Anubis_standingbythebierof the dead.

Osiris.

He

embraced

Osiris

and

so transferred to

him

his _ha,

i.e., his

own

living personality

and

virility,

and

gave

him

his

eye

which

Thoth had

rescued

from

Set

and had

replaced

in his face.

As

soonas Osiris

had

eatenthe _eye of

Horus

he

became

endowed

with a soul

and

vital _power,

and

recovered therebythecompleteuseofallhis

mental

faculties,

which

death

had

_{suspended. Straightway he} rose

_up

from

his bier

and

became

the

Lord

of the

Dead

_{and King}

of the

Under

World.

Osiris

became

the _type

_{and symbol}

of resurrection

_among

the _Egyptians of all _periods, because he

was

a

_god

who

had

been

_originallya mortal

and had

risen

from

the dead.

But

beforeOsiris

_{became King}

ofthe

Under World

hesuffered

further persecution

from

Set. _{Piecing together} a

number

of

disconnected hints

and

brief statements in the texts, it seems

pretty clear either that Osiris appealed to the

"

Great

Gods

" totake notice that Set

had murdered

him, or that Set brought a

seriesof_{charges against}Osiris.

At

allevents the "Great

Gods

"

determined to _investigate the matter.

The

Greater

and

the Lesser

_Companies

of the

Gods

assembled inthe celestial

_Anu,

or

Heliopolis,

and

ordered Osiris to stand

up

and

defend himself against the charges brought against

him by

Set. Isis

and

Nephthys

brought

him

before the gods,

and

Horus, "the

avenger of his father,"

came

to

watch

the case

on

behalf of his father, Osiris.

Thoth

_appeared in the Hall of

_Judgment

in

hisofficial _{capacity as} "scribe," i.e., secretary to the gods,

and

the hearingof _{the evidence began.} Set seems to _{have pleaded} his

own

cause,

and

to have _{repeated the charges} which he

had

made

_against Osiris.

The

defence of Osiris

was

undertaken

_by

Thoth,

who

provedtothegodsthat the chargesbrought against

Osiris

_by

Set were unfounded, that the statements of Set were

lies,

and

that therefore Set

was

a liar.

The

_{gods accepted}

Thoth's_proofoftheinnocenceof Osiris

and

the _{guilt of} Set,

and

orderedthatOsiris

was

tobeconsidered aGreat

God

and

to have

ruleover the

_Kingdom

ofthe

Under

World,

and

that Set

was

to

be _punished.

Thoth

convinced

them

that Osiris

was

"

ma

A

KHERU,"

^

^

I

^^'

"^^^^ ^^ _{word," i.e.,} that he

had

spoken the truth

when

he gave his evidence,

and

in texts of all

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

19 1 1

'^

I

V

9r

fl

^

' ^'^' ^^^ ^^'^^proved Osiris to be " true

ofword."

As

for Set the Liar, he

was

seized

_by

the ministers

of the Great Gods,

who

threw

him

down

on

his

hands and

face

and

made

Osiris

mount

_upon

his back asa

mark

of his_victory

and

_superiority. After this Set

was bound

with cords Hke a

beast for sacrifice,

and

in the presence of

Thoth was hacked

in

pieces.

Vf.

Osiris as

_Judge

of

the

Dead and

King

of

the

Under

World.

When

Set

was

_destroyed Osiris_{departed from} this world to

the

_kingdom

which the _gods

had

_given

_{him and began}

to _reign

over the dead.

He

was

_{absolute king}of this realm, just as

Ra

the _Sun-god

was

absolute _king of the _sky. This _region of the dead, orDead-land, iscalled

_"Tat,"

^=^^

^'

or

"

Tuat,"

, but where the Egyptians thought it

was

situated

is _{not quite}clear.

The

_original

home

of the cult of Osiris

was

in the Delta, in a_citywhich in historic times

was

called Tetu

_by

the _Egyptians

and

Busiris

_by

the Greeks,

and

it is reasonable

to

assume

that the _{Tuat, over which Osiris ruled,}

was

situated near _{this place.}

Wherever

it

was

it

was

not _underground,

and

it

was

not _{originally in} the _sky or even

on

its confines ; but it

was

located

on

the borders of the visible world, in the Outer

Darkness.

The Tuat was

_{not a place}of _{happiness,judging from}

the descriptionof it inthe

Per-t

em

_hru, or

Book

of the Dead.

When

Ani

thescribearrived therehe_said, "

What

isthistowhich

"

I

have

come

} There is neitherwater nor air here, its _depth

"

is _{unfathomable,} it is as darkas the darkest _night,

and

men

'*

wander

about here _helplessly.

A

man

cannot live here

and

"

be satisfied,

and

he cannot _gratify the cravings of affection'*

(Chapter

CLXXV).

In the

Tuat

there

was

neithertreenor_plant,

for it

was

the "land _{where nothing}

_grew

" ;

and

in primitive

times it

was

_{a region} of destruction

and

_{death, a place wliere}

the

dead

rotted

and

decayed, a placeof_abomination,

and

horror

in the Neolithic Period, the _{Egyptians beUeved} in

some

kind of

a future life,

and

they dimly conceived that the attainment of

that life _{might possibly}

_depend

_upon

the

manner

of life which

those

who

hoped

to _enjoy it led here.

The

_Egyptians " hated death

and

lovedlife,"

and

when

thebelief_gained

_ground

_among

them

that Osiris, the

God

of the Dead,

had

himself risenfrom

the dead,

and had

been _acquitted

_by

the _gods of

heaven

after

a searchingtrial,

and

had

the

_power

to

"

make

men

and

women

to be born _again,"

and

"to

renew

life" because of his truth

and

_{righteousness, they}

came

to _regard

him

as the

_Judge

as

well asthe

God

of the Dead.

As

time

went

on,

and

moral

and

religious ideas developed

among

the _Egyptians, it

became

certain to

them

that _only those

who

had

satisfied Osiris as to their _{truth-speaking}

and

honest dealing

upon

earth could _hope

for admissioninto his _kingdom.

When

the

_power

of Osiris

became

_predominant inthe

Under

World,

and

his

fame

as a _just

and

righteous judge

became

well

established

_among

the natives of

_{Lower and Upper}

_Egypt, it

was

_{universally believed that} after death all

men

would

_appear

before

him

in his dread Hall of

_Judgment

to receive their

reward or their sentence of

doom.

The

writers of the

_Pyramid

Texts,

more

than fifty-five centuries ago.

dreamed

of a time

when

heaven and

earth

and

men

did not exist,

when

the gods

had

not _yet been born,

when

death

had

not been created,

S:.

P

I

"111

-^SSTK'

^""^ "h*^"

^"s^-^-speech (?), cursing

and

rebellion were unknown.^

But

that

time

was

_very remote,

and

long before the great fight took

place

between Horus and

Set,

when

theformer losthis _eye

and

thelatter

was

wounded

ina vital _part of his _body. Meanwhile death

had

come

into _{the world,}

and

since the _{religion of Osiris}

gave

man

a hopeof_escapefrom death,

and

the _promiseof

ever-lasting life of _{the peculiar}

Hnd

that _appealed to _{the great}

mass

of the _{Egyptian people, the spread} of the cult of Osiris

and

its

ultimate_{triumph over}allforms_{of religion in}

_Egypt

wereassured.

Under

the _{early dynasties the priesthood} of

Anu

_(the

On

of

»

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

21 the Bible) strove to

make

their Sun-god

Ra

pre-eminent in

Egypt, but the cult of this

_god

_{never appealed} to _{the people as}

a whole. It

was embraced by

the Pharaohs,

and

their _high ofl&cials,

and some

of the nobles,

and

the

official _priesthood, but the reward which

its doctrine offered

was

not _{popular with} the _{materialistic Eg^^ptians.}

A

life_passed in the Boat of

Ra

with _{the gods, being} arrayed in light

and

fed

upon

light,

made

no _appeal to _{the ordinary}folk since Osiris offered

them

as areward a life inthe Field of Reeds,

and

the Field of _Offerings of

Food,

and

the Field of the Grasshoppers,

and

_{everlasting existence} in a transmuted

and

beatified

_body

_among

the resurrected bodies of father

and

mother, wife

and

children, kinsfolk

and

friends.

But, as according tothecult of _Ra, the wicked, therebels,

and

the blasphemers of

the_Sun-godsuffereds\\ift

and

final

punish-ment, so also all those

who

had

sinned against the

stem

moral

Law

of Osiris,

and

who

had

failed to _satisfy its

_demands,

paid the penaltywithout delay.

The Judgment

of

Ra

was

held

at sunrise,

and

the wicked were

thrown

into _{deep pits} filled

with fire,

and

their bodies, souls,

shadows

and

hearts were

con-sumed

forthwith.

The

_Judgment

of Osiris took _place near

Abydos, probablyat _{midnight,and^a}decreeof swift annihilation

was

_passed

_{by him on}

the

damned.

Theirheads werecutoff

_by

the

headsman

ofOsiris,

who

was

called

Shesmu,

__

1\

_^

^

»

and

their bodies

dismembered and

destroyed in pits of fire.

There

was

no eternal _punishment for

men,

for the

wicked

were

annihilated quickly

and

_completely ; but

inasmuch

asOsiris sat

in

_{judgment and}

doomed

the wicked to destruction _daily, the

inflictionof _{punishment never} ceased.

VII.

The

_Judgment

of Osiris.

The

oldest religious texts suggest that the Egyptians always

associated the Last

_Judgment

with the _weighing of the heart

in a _{pair of} scales,

and

in theillustrated papyri of the

Book

of the

Dead

_{great prominence} is _{always given} to _{the vignettes} in

which this _weighing is _being carried out.

The

heart, dh "^>

was

takenas the

_symbol

ofallthe emotions,desires,

and

_passions,

both good

and

evil,

and

out of it _proceeded the issues of life.

It

was

_intimatelyconnected with the ka,

^

, i.e., the double

or personality of a

man, and

several short _spells in the

Book

Per-t

em hru

were

_composed

toensureits_{preservation(Chapters}

XXVI-XXXb).

The

_{great Chapter} of the

_Judgment

of _Osiris,

the

_CXXVth,

Is divided into three _parts,

which

are sometimes

(asin the

Papyrus

of Ani) prefaced

by

a

_Hymn

to Osiris.

The

first _{part contains the following,} which

was

said

_by

thedeceased

when

he entered the Hall of _Maati, in which Osiris sat in

judgment

:

"

Homage

to thee,

O

Great God,

Lord

of_Maati,^ I have

come

*'

to thee,

O my

Lord, that I

_may

_{behold thy} beneficence. I

"

know

thee,

and

I

know

_{thy name,}

and

the

names

ofthe Forty-"

Two

who

live with thee in the Hall of _Maati,

who

keep

ward

"

oversinners,

and

feed

_upon

theirblood

on

the

_day

of_estimating

"

characters before Un-Nefer- . . . Behold, I have

come

to

"

thee,

and

I have brought madt _{(i.e., truth, integrity) to thee.}

"

I have_destroyed sin for thee. I have_{not sinned against}

men.

"

Ihave _{not oppressed [my]}kinsfolk. I have done no

_wrong

in

"

the placeof truth. I have not

known

worthlessfolk. I

have

"

not

_wrought

evil. I

have

not defrauded _{the oppressed} one

"of

his.goods. I

have

not done the _things that the

_gods

"

abominate. I have not vilified a servant to his master. I

"have

not caused pain. I have not let

any

man

hunger. I

"have

made

no one to _weep. I have not

committed

murder.

"

Ihavenot

commanded

_any

to

commit murder

forme. I

have

"

inflicted _pain

on

no

man.

I have not defrauded the _temples

'

I.e.,Truth, or Law,in adoubleaspect. 2

A

_name

_{of Osiris.}

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

23

"of

their oblations. I have not _purloined the cakes of the "

gods. I have not stolen the _{offerings to} the _{spirits (i.e.,} the "

dead). I

have

not

committed

fornication. I have not

pol-*'

luted _myselfin the _holyplacesof the

_god

of

_my

_city. I

have

"

not diminished from the bushel. I did not take from or

add

"

to the acre-measure. I did not encroach

on

the fields _[of

"others]. I have not

added

to the _weights of the scales. I

"

have not misread _{the pointer}of the scales. I have not taken

"

milk from the

mouths

of children. I have not driven cattle

"

from _{their pastures.} I have not snared the birdsof _{the gods.}

"

I

have

not _caught fish with fish of their kind. I have not "

stopped water

[when

it should _flow]. I have not cut the

dam

"

ofacanal. Ihave_{not extinguished a}fire

when

itshould burn.

"

I have not altered the times of the chosen

meat

offerings. I

"

have not turned

_away

the cattle _{[intended for] offerings.} I

"have

_{not repulsed the}

_god

at his _appearances. I

am

_pure.

"

I

am

_pure. I

am

_pure. I

am

_pure. . . ."

In the second _partof _Chapter

CXXV

Osirisis seen seatedat

one

end

of the Hallof MaSti

_{accompanied by}

the

two

_goddesses of

Law

and

Truth,

and

the

_{Forty-Two god^}

who

are there to

assist him.

Each

of the

_Forty-Two

_{godsrepresents} one of the

nomes

of

_{Egypt and}

hasa _symbolic

name.

When

thedeceased

had

_{repeated the magical}

names

of the doors of the Hall, he

entered it

and saw

these _{gods arranged} in

two

rows, twenty-one

on

each side of the Hall.

At

the end, near Osiris, were the

Great Scales, under the _charge of

_Anpu

_(Anubis),

and

the

monster

_Amemit,

the Eater of the Dead, i.e., of the hearts of

the wicked

who

were

condemned

in the

_Judgment

of Osiris.

The

deceased

advanced

_{along the Hall and, addressing}eachofthe

Forty-Two

gods

by

his _name, declared that he

had

not

com-mitted a certain sin, thus:

"

_O

Usekh-nemmit, comer

forthfrom

_Anu,

I

have

not

committed

sin.

"

O

Fenti,

comer

forth from

Khemenu,

Ihave not robbed.

"

_O

Neha-hau,

comer

forth fromRe-stau, I have not killed

men.

"

_O

Neba,

comer

forth in retreating, I have not _plundered the property ofGod.

"

O

_Set-qesu,

comer

forth from Hensu, I havenot lied.

"

O

Uammti, comer

forth _{from Khebt,} I have not defiled

_any

man's

wife.

"

_O

Maa-anuf,

comer

forth from Per-Menu, I have notdefiled

myself.

*'

_O

Tem-Sep,

comer

forthfromTetu, Ihavenot cursed the_king.

"

O

Nefer-Tem,

comer

forthfrom Het-ka-Ptah, Ihavenot acted

deceitfully; I

have

not

committed

wickedness.

*'

_O

Nekhen,

comer

forth_{from Heqat,} I have not turned adeaf ear to the

words

ofthe

Law

_{(or Truth)."}

The names

of

most

of the

_Forty-Two

_gods are not _ancient,

but were invented

_by

the _{priests probably about} the

same

time as the

names

in the

Book

of

Him

that is in the

Tuat and

the

Book

of _Gates, i.e., between the

Xllth

and

the

XVIIIth

dynasties. Their artificial character is

shown by

their

mean-ings.

Thus Usekh-nemmit

means

"

He

of the _long strides" ;

Fenti

means

"

He

of the

Nose

" ;

Neha-hau

means

"

Stinking-members

"; Set-qesu

means

"

Breaker of _bones," etc.

The

early Egyptologists called the second part of the

CXXVth

Chapter the "Negative Confession,"

and

it is_generally

known

by

this

somewhat

inexact title to this _day.

In the third_partof the

CXXVth

_Chapter

comes

the address

which the deceased

made

to the _gods after he

had

declared his

innocence of the sins

enumerated

before the

_Forty-Two

_gods.

He

says :

"

Homage

to _you,

O

_{ye gods}

who

dwell in_your Hall

"

of Maati. I

know

_{you and}

I

know

_{your names.} Let

me

not

*'

fall_{under your slaughtering}knives. _Bringnot

_my

wickedness

"

to the notice of the

_{god whose}

followers _ye are. Let not the

""

affair [of

my

judgment]

come

under yourjurisdiction.

Speak

"'ye the

Law

(or truth) concerning

me

before Neb-er-tcher/

^'for I _performed the

Law

(or, truth) in

Ta-mera

{i.e., Egypt).

"

Ihavenot

_blasphemed

the God.

No

affairof

mine came

under

*'

the notice of _{the king} in his_day.

_Homage

to _you,

O

_ye

who

"

are in _your Hall of _Maati,

who

have no lies in _your bodies,

*'

who

live

on

truth,

who

eat truth before Horus, the dweller

"in

his disk, deliver ye

me

from Babai^

who

liveth

_upon

the

"'

entrails ofthe

_mighty

ones

on

the

_day

ofthe Great

Reckoning

^'

(Apt

a

at, (j ° |

2^^

^

)•

Behold

me

! I have

come

'

I.e., the

"_Lord

tothe uttermostHmitof_everything," orGod.

'

J^^'^^^^'^^

^'l

^

' ^^

^^

according to onelegend the

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

25

"

to

_you

Nvdthout sin, without deceit(?), without evil,without

"

false_testimony(?) I

have

notdone

an

[evil]thing. Ilive

upon

**

truth

and

I feed

_upon

truth. I have performed the behests

"of men, and

the things that satisfy the gods.^ I have pro-"

pitiatedthe

God

[by doing]Hiswill. I have given breadtothe "

hungry, waterto the thirsty, raimenttothe naked,

and

a boat

"

to

him

that needed one. I

have

made

_{holy offerings to} the

"

gods,

and

sepulchral offerings to the beatified dead.

Be

ye

"

then

_my

saviours, be ye

my

protectors,

and

make

no

accusa-"

tion _against

me

before the Great God. I

am

_pure of

mouth,

"

and

cleanof

hands

; therefore ithath been said

by

those

who

*'

saw

me, *

Come

in_peace,

come

_{in peace.'}"

The

deceased then addresses Osiris,

and

says,

"

Hail, thou

"

who

art exalted

_upon

_thy standard, thou

Lord

of the Atefu

"

Crown,

whose

name

is *

Lord

of Winds,' save

me

from

_thy

"

Messengers (or Assessors) N^ith uncovered faces,

who

bring "

charges of evil

and

make

shortcomings plain, because I have

"performed

the

Law

(or Truth) for the

Lord

of the

Law

_(or "

Truth). I

have

_{purified myself with washings} in water,

_my

"

back

hath beencleansed with salt,

and

my

inner parts are in

"the

Pool of Truth. There is not a

member

of

mine

that "

lacketh truth."

From

the lines that follow the

above

in the

Papyrus

of

Nu

it seemsas_though the

_judgment

ofthe deceased

by

the

_Forty-Two

_gods

was

_preliminary to the final

_judgment

of Osiris.

At

all events, after _questioning

him

about the

per-formance of certain ceremonies, they invited

him

to enter the

Hall of _Maati, but

when

he

was

about to

do

so the _porter,

and

the door-bolts,

and

the various partsofthe door

and

its frame,

and

thefloor,refusedto_permit

him

toenteruntilhe

had

repeated

their _{magical names.}

When

he

had

_pronounced these _correctly the portertook

him

in

and

_presented

him

to

Maau

(?)-Taui,

who

was Thoth

himself.

When

asked

_{by him}

_why

he

had

come

the

deceased answered, "I have

come

_{that report}

_may

be

made

of

me."

Then

Thoth

said,

"

What

is _thy condition? "

And

thedeceased_replied, "I

am

_purified from evil things, I

am

free

"

from the wickednessofthose

who

lived in

_my

_days ; I

am

not

"

one ofthem."

On

this

Thoth

said, "

Thou

shalt _{be reported.}

"

[Tell

me

:]

Who

is he

whose

roof is fire,

whose

walls are living

'

<

THE

BOOK

OF

THE

DEAD.

27 "

serpents,

and whose

floor is a stream of water? Wlio is

" he ?

"

The

deceased _{having repHed} "Osiris,"

Thoth

then led

him

forward to the

_god

Osiris,

who

received him,

and

pro-mised that subsistence _{should be provided} for

him

from the

Eye

of Ra.

In _{great papyri} of the

Book

of the

Dead

such as those of Nebseni, Nu, Ani, Hunefer, etc., the Last

Judgment,

or the

**

Great Reckoning," is

made

the

most

_prominent scene in the

whole work,

and

_{the vignette} in

which

it is _depicted is several

feet_long.

The

most

_{complete form}ofitis_giveninthe

_Papyrus

of Ani,

and

_may

be thusdescribed :

At

one

end

of the Hall of

Maati Osiris is seated

on

a throne within a shrine

made

in the^

form

of a _funerarycoffer; behind

him

stand Isis

and

Nephthys.

Along

one side of the Hall are seated the _{gods Harmachis,} Tern,Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Isis

and

_{Nephthys, Horus, Hathor,}

Hu

and

Saa,

who

are to _{serve as the divine jury} ; these formed

the "Great

_Company

of the

Gods

" of

Anu

_{(Heliopolis).}

_By

these stands the Great Balance,

and

on

its pillar sits the

dog-headed

_ape Astes, or _Astenu, the associate of Thoth.

The

pointerof the Balance is in the_charge of

_Anpu.

Behind

_Anpu

are

Thoth

the scribe of _{the gods,}

and

themonster

Amemit,

with

the head of a crocodile, the _forepaws

and

shoulders of a lion,

and

_{the hindquarters}of a

_hippopotamus

; the

duty

of the

last-named

was

to eat

_up

the hearts that were _{light in} the balance.

On

theother side of the Balance Ani,

accompanied

by

his wife, is _{seen standing} with

head

bent low inadoration,

and between

him

and

the Balance stand the

two

_goddesses

who

nurse

and

rearchildren, Meskhenet

and

Rennet, Ani'ssoul, inthe form of

a

_{man-headed hawk,}

a _portion of his _body,

and

his luck Shai.

Since the heart

was

considered tobethe seat ofall will, emotion,

feeling, reason

and

intelligence, Ani's heart,

O,

is seen in

one

_pan

of the Balance,

and

in the other is the _feather, n,

symbolic of truth

and

righteousness. Whilst his heart

was

in

the Balance _{Ani, repeating the}

words

of _Chapter

XXXb

of the

Book

of the Dead, addressed it, saying,

"

My

heart of

_my

'*

mother

!

My

heartof

my

mother

!

My

heart of

my

_being !

**

Make

no stand _against

me

when

_testifying, thrust

me

not

"

back

before the Tchatchaut _{i.e., the overseers of _Osiris),

and

**