501 Introduction to LTE

Course 501

Course 501

LTE: Long Term Evolution

LTE: Long Term Evolution

Fourth Generation Wireless

Fourth Generation Wireless

LTE: Long Term Evolution

LTE: Long Term Evolution

Fourth Generation Wireless

Course Outline

Course Outline



 What is LTE?What is LTE?



 Overview of Competing 4Overview of Competing 4thth Generation Systems and SpectrumGeneration Systems and Spectrum



 Structure of the LTE RF signals, uplink and downlinkStructure of the LTE RF signals, uplink and downlink



 LTE Network ArchitectureLTE Network Architecture

•

• All-IP operationAll-IP operation

•

Course Outline

Course Outline



 What is LTE?What is LTE?



 Overview of Competing 4Overview of Competing 4thth Generation Systems and SpectrumGeneration Systems and Spectrum



 Structure of the LTE RF signals, uplink and downlinkStructure of the LTE RF signals, uplink and downlink



 LTE Network ArchitectureLTE Network Architecture

•

• All-IP operationAll-IP operation

•

What is LTE?

What is LTE?



 Fourth generation wireless technologies offer much higher data speeds,Fourth generation wireless technologies offer much higher data speeds,

much lower latency, more sophisticated Quality-of-Service, lower cost per

much lower latency, more sophisticated Quality-of-Service, lower cost per

bit, and simpler/less expensive/more robust network

bit, and simpler/less expensive/more robust network architectures.architectures.



 LTE, Long Term LTE, Long Term Evolution, is a fourth-generation wireless technologyEvolution, is a fourth-generation wireless technology

•

• Already supported by most US wireless operators as Already supported by most US wireless operators as their choice fortheir choice for

o

ouur r ggeenneerraa oon n eepp ooyymmeen an an n mm ggrraa oonn



 Two other technologies are also being discussed as potential fourth-Two other technologies are also being discussed as potential

fourth-generation wireless technologies

generation wireless technologies

•

•  –  – 

 –

 – based on IEEE sbased on IEEE standard 802.16, several tandard 802.16, several versionsversions

 –

 – implemented by implemented by Sprint in initial Sprint in initial markets in 4Q2008markets in 4Q2008

•

•  –  – 

 –

 – proposed by Qualproposed by Qualcomm, based on encomm, based on enhancements of the hancements of the 1xEV-

1xEV-DO standard, EV1xEV-DO rev. B and EV1xEV-DO rev. C.

DO standard, EVDO rev. B and EVDO rev. C.

 –

 – Qualcomm withdreQualcomm withdrew its w its roro osal in earl osal in earl March March 2010 due to lack2010 due to lack

of operator interest in

Goals of LTE

 Reduce operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenditures

CAPEX

 Vastly increase data speeds/spectral density compared to 3G

technologies: >150 Mb/s downlink, >50 Mb/s uplink, in 20 MHz.

-,

other latency-dependent services

 Flatten the network architecture so only two node types (base

stations and atewa s are involved, sim lif in mana ement and dimensioning

 Provide a high degree of automatic configuration for the network  O timize interworkin between CDMA and LTE-SAE so CDMA

operators can benefit from huge economies of scale and global chipset volumes

Course 501

Spectrum and the

Develo ment of Wireless

Spectrum and the

Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems

AM LORAN Marine

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 z

3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 _Hz

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB

30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 _Hz 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz FM VHF TV 7-13 VHFLOW Band VHF TV 2-6 VHF 0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz UHF TV 14-59 UHF GPS DCS, PCS, AWS 700 + Cellular 300,000,000 i.e., 3x108_Hz 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz 10 , , , .e., x z , , , . .,

Current Wireless Spectrum in the US

AWS PCS PCS _Down-AWS

Down-Proposed AWS-2    A    T 700MHz 800 900 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100    I I Link

 Modern wireless began in the 800 MHz. range, when the US FCC

reallocated UHF TV channels 70-83 for wireless use and AT&T’s Analog technology “AMPS” was chosen.



,

.

Radio (ESMR) systems and converted to Motorola’s “IDEN” technology

 The FCC allocated 1900 MHz. spectrum for Personal Communications

Services, “PCS”, auctioning the frequencies for over $20 billion dollars ,

North American Cellular Spectrum

Paging, ESMR, etc. _A B

Ownership and

Frequencies used by “A” Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies 

Licensing _{Frequencies used by “B” Cellular Operator}

Initial ownership by Wireline companies 

 In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted

• “A” licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only • “B” licenses awarded to existing telephone companies only

Development of North America PCS

 By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously

overloaded and looking for capacity relief • The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum

around 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services

• allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year

493 BTAs

 PCS Licensing and Auction Details

• A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas ) • Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995)

• C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)

• C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996) • Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology

A D B E F C unlic._data unlic._voice A D B E F C

PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA

Potential Spectrum for LTE

 LTE Potential Spectrum

different target market segments; one of the key differentiator is that WiMAX is primarily TDD (Time-Division-Duplex) and will address

operators that have unpaired spectrum whereas LTE is FDD

(Frequency-- .

Time Division Duplexing allows the up-link and down-link to share the same spectrum where as Frequency Division Duplexing allows that the up-link and down-link to transmit on different frequencies. 3GGP LTE

,

industry believes the first deployments of LTE network are likely to take place at the end of 2009, beginning of 2010.

 In the section, we will look at the most probable FDD spectrum bands

su a e or e u ure ep oymen o u ear ng n m n e a ove mentioned schedule and the current level of activity related to spectrum regulation and allocation, it is likely that the information contained in this paper will require regular revision to remain accurate.

The US 700 MHz. Spectrum and Its Blocks

o sa s y grow ng eman or w re ess a a serv ces as we as

traditional voice, the FCC has also taken the spectrum formerly used as TV channels 52-69 and allocated them for wireless

 The TV broadcasters will completely vacate these frequencies when

,

 At that time, the winning wireless bidders may begin building and

operating their networks

 In many cases, 700 MHz. spectrum will be used as an extension of

existing operators networks. In other cases, entirely new service will be provided.

The 700 MHz. Band in the US

 700 MHz

 In the U.S. this commercial spectrum was auctioned in April 2008. The

auction included 62 MHz of spectrum broken into 4 blocks; Lower A (12

, , , ,

Upper D (10 MHz). These bands are highly prized chunks of spectrum and a tremendous resource: the low frequency is efficient and will allow for a network that doesn’t require a dense buildout and provides better in-building penetration than higher frequency bands.

February 17, 2009 as the date that all U.S. TV stations must vacate the 700 MHz spectrum, making it fully available for new services.

• The upper C block came along with “open access” rules. In the FCC’s context “o en access” means that there would be “no lockin and no blocking” by the network operator. That is, the licensee must allow any device to be connected to the network so long as the devices are

compatible with, and do not harm the network (i.e., no “locking”), and cannot impose restrictions against content, applications, or services that may be accessed over the network (i.e., no “blocking”). The upper

oc not meet t e 1.3 on reserve pr ce. s spectrum w likely be reauctioned in the future with a new set of requirements that could give rise to a licensee capable of addressing first responders’ interoperability and broadband requirements.

Advanced Wireless Services Spectrum

 Advanced Wireless Services (AWS)

 In Se tember 2006 the FCC com leted an auction of AWS licenses

(“Auction No. 66”) in which the winning bidders won a total of 1,087 licenses. In the spirit of the U.S. government’s free-market policies, the FCC does not usually mandate that specific technologies be used in specific bands. Therefore, owners of AWS spectrum are free to use it for

, , .

 This spectrum uses 1.710-1.755 GHz for the uplink and 2.110-2.155 GHz

for the downlink.

 90 MHz of spectrum divided this into six frequency blocks A through F.

Blocks A, B, and F are 20 megahertz each and blocks C, D, and E, are 10 megahertz each.

 The FCC wanted to harmonized its “new” AWS spectrum as closely as

possible with Europe’s UMTS 2100 band. However, the lower half of urope s an a mos comp e e y over aps w e .

band, so complete harmonization wasn’t an option. Given the constraint the FCC harmonized AWS as much as possible with the rest of the world. The upper AWS band lines up with Europe’s UMTS 2100 base transmit

’ ,

Advanced Wireless Services: The AWS Spectrum

 To further satisfy growing demand for wireless data services as well

as ra ona vo ce, e as a so a oca e more spec rum or wireless in the 1700 and 2100 MHz. ranges

 The US AWS spectrum lines up with International wireless

“ ” ,

practical than in the past

AWS Spectrum Blocks

 The AWS spectrum is divided into “blocks”

blocks in specific areas

 This is the same arrangement used in original 800 MHz. cellular,

AWS Spectrum Winners

 The maps at left show the territorial

winnin s of various wireless operators in the AWS auctions

 AWS licenses in the various AWS

spectrum blocks cover different

sized territories; the maps show the combined territory controlled by each winner at the conclusion of

Global Wireless Frequency Allocations

Available for 4G Technologies

Current Wireless Technologies

and New Directions for 4G

Current Wireless Technologies

and New Directions for 4G

Multiple Access Methods

FDMA

FDMA: AMPS & NAMPS

•Each user occupies a private Frequency,

Power

separation from other users on the same frequency

TDMA

-

,

•Each user occupies a specific frequency but only during an assigned time slot. The

Power

other time slots.

CDMA

Power

CDMA

frequency at the same time as many other users, but it can be separated out when of its own

Multiple Access Methods

OFDM

OFDM, OFDMA

•Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; Ortho onal Fre uenc Division Muli le Access   e

  r

•The signal consists of many (from dozens to thousands) of thin carriers carrying symbols •In OFDMA the s mbols are for multi le users

Frequency

   P  o  w

•OFDM provides dense spectral efficiency and robust resistance to fading, with great flexibility of use

MIMO

MIMO

•Multiple Input Multiple Output

• ,

exploitation of multiple antennas at the base station and the mobile to effectively multiply the throu h ut for the base station and users

Differences Between OFDM and OFDMA

 In OFDM, users are assigned fractions of the total subcarriers

available for fractions of the available time

-,

basis aimed at maximizing throughput

A Technical Comparison

A Technical Comparison

,

,

LTE

 LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP project to improve UMTS to meet

future requirements

a ms o mprove e c ency, re uce cos s, mprove serv ces, a

capability to use newly allocated spectrum, and integrate better with other open Standards

 LTE itself is not a standard, but part of upcoming UMTS release 8  LTE specific technical goals and details are:

• 100 Mbit/s downloads, 50 Mbit/s uploads for each 20 MHz. of spectrum used

•

• Latency under 5 ms for small IP packets

• Increased spectrum flexibility, using slices from 1.25 to 20 MHz. depending on availability of spectrum (great for “fitting in” around an

’

• Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance • Co-existence with legacy standards (users calls or data sessions can

transparently transfer to LTE where available • LTE is an AIPN, All-IP Network

LTE Key Air Interface Features

 Downlink: OFDM / OFDMA

•

bandwidth

• #subcarriers scales with bandwidth (76 ... 1201) • fre uenc selective schedulin in DL i.e. OFDMA • Adaptive modulation and coding (up to 64-QAM)

 Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple

Access)

• A FFT-based transmission scheme like OFDM, but with better PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)

• The total bandwidth is divided into a small number of frequency . .,

bandwidth)

• Uses Guard Interval (Cyclic Prefix) for easy Frequency Domain Equalisation (FDE) at receiver

UMB

Radio Re uired Peak Forward Peak Reverse Access Network Spectrum Link Throughput Link Throughput

EV-DO Rev. A One Carrier 1.25 MHz 3.1 Mb/s 1.8 Mb/s EV-DO Rev. B Two Carriers 2.5 MHz 6.2 Mb/s 3.6 Mb/s - . Three Carriers 3.75 MHz 9.3 Mb/s 5.4 Mb/s EV-DO Rev. C UMB 20 MHz 20 MHz 275 Mb/s 75 Mb/s . , .

carriers in parallel for higher speeds.

 UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband, 1xEV-DO rev. C) attempts to compete

with LTE and Wimax by using a transmission format very similar to LTE. ,

November 2008 abandoned its UMB proposal and all development

 UMB Summary

• Uses OFDMA, FDD, scalable bandwidth 1.25-20 MHz • Data speeds >275 Mbit/s downlink and >75 Mbit/s uplink

• FL advanced antenna techniques, MIMO, SDMA and Beamforming • Low-overhead signaling and RL CDMA control channels

• Inter-technology and L1/L2 handoffs, independent Fwd/Rev Handoffs • Dead! 

LTE: Long-Term Evolution

LTE: Long-Term Evolution

The LTE Air Interface:

The LTE Air Interface:

The LTE Downlink Signal

 The LTE signal (also known as E-UTRA) uses OFDMA modulation for the

downlink and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the uplink

 An OFDM si nal consists of dozens to thousands of ver thin carriers

spaced through available spectrum • each carries a part of the signal

• the number of carriers can be adjusted to fit in the available spectrum

 OFDM has a Link spectral efficiency greater than CDMA

• Using QPSK, 1QAM, and 64QAM modulation along with MIMO, E-UTRA is much more efficient than WCDMA with HSDPA and HSUPA.

 LTE Downlink Si nal S ecifics

• OFDM subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz and the maximum number of carriers is 2048

• 2048 carriers fill 30.7 MHz., 72 subcarriers fill 1.08 MHz.

• o es mus e capa e o rece v ng su carr ers u can transmit as few as 72 carriers when available spectrum is restricted • Time slots are 0.5 ms, subframes 1.0 ms, a radio frame is 10 ms long • MIMO is a lied both for sin le users and for multi-users to boost cell

Type 1 Frames:

For Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

 The forward link is transmitted continuously because it has its own

frequency

 This frequency division duplex mode is the most commonly used

Type 2 - TDD

 The forward link is transmitted discontinuously, alternating with the

reverse link on the same fre uenc

 This arrangement allows effective LTE operation in a small amount

Physical Resource Block Parameters

 A resource block is normally 12 OFDM carriers, spaced 15 kHz.

a art so the block occu ies 180 KHz.

 The number of resource blocks varies depending on the amount of

spectrum available for the LTE signal to occupy. It ranges from 6 blocks for a 1.4 MHz. wide signal, to 100 blocks for 20 MHz.

Generic Frame Sequences

Downlink Resource Elements

 One download slot normally

consists of seven OFDM symbol periods on each of the individual subcarriers of the OFDM signal

ne sym o on one su carr er s called a “Resource Element”

 For transmission to a user, the

certain number of subcarriers to carry the user data. Those

subcarriers for the period of one downlink slot are called a Resource Block.

Example of Downlink Control Signal Mapping

 This figure shows a typical

exam le of ma in the various downlink control signals to the slots and

An LTE Inter-eNB Handover

 Notice that there is a trigger based on UE measurements

typically 60 ms.

 The handover is arranged essentially between the two eNBs, with the

SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO

 Single-Input Single-Output is the

default mode for radio links over the ears and the baseline for further comparisons.

 Multiple-Input Single Output provides

transmit diversity (recall CDMA2000 .

power required, but does not increase data rate. It’s also a delicious 

Japanese soup.

 Single-Input Multiple Output is “receive

diversity”. It reduces the necessary SNR but does not increase data rate.

It’s rumored to be named in honor of  Dr. Ernest Simo, noted CDMA expert.

 Multiple-Input Multiple Output is highly

effective, using the differences in path

dimension to hold additional signals and increase the total data speed.

SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, Co-MIMO

 Single-User MIMO allows

the sin le user to ain throughput by having multiple essentially

independent paths for data

 Multi-User MIMO allows

multiple users on the reverse link to transmit

, increasing system capacity

 Cooperative MIMO allows a

user to receive its si nal from multiple eNBs in combination, increasing reliability and throughput

The LTE Air Interface:

The LTE Air Interface:

The LTE Uplink Signal

 LTE Uplink Signal Specifics

- ,

(64QAM optional) modulation.

• SC-FDMA has a low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .

• If virtual MIMO / Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is introduced the data rate in the uplink direction can be

station (1 to 4)

• With this technology more than one mobile can reuse the same resources

Differences between OFDMA and SC-FDMA

As Used on the LTE Downlink and Uplink

UL SC-FDMA Subcarrier Options

 On the reverse link, there are two ways to assign subcarrier frequencies to  One is Localized Subcarriers, which gives one user a single block of

adjacent carriers •

as critical

 The other is Distributed Subcarriers

LTE Network Architecture:

LTE Network Architecture:

System Architecture Evolution Objectives

 New core network architecture to support high-throughput / low

latency

 LTE access system

• Simplified network architecture • All-IP network

• All services via PS domain only, No CS domain

• Support mobility between multiple heterogeneous access systems

 – 2G/3G, LTE, non 3GPP access systems (e.g. WLAN, WiMAX)

• Inter-3GPP handover (GPRS <> E-UTRAN): Using GTP-C handover

• Inter 3GPP non-3GPP mobility: Evaluation of host based (MIPv4, MIPv6, DSMIPv6) and network based (NetLMM,

SAE Architecture Interfaces (1)

S1-U S1 Interface User Plane

S1-U reference point(LTE SAE) Reference point between EUTRAN and SGW for the per-bearer user plane tunneling and inter-eNB path switching during handover. The trans ort rotocol over this interface is GPRS Tunnelin Protocol-User lane (GTP-U)

S2a interface(LTE SAE) It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between trusted non-3GPP IP access and the Gateway. S2a is based on Proxy Mobile IP. To enable access via trusted non-3GPP IP accesses a o no suppor , a a so suppor s en o e v FA mode

S2b interface(LTE SAE) Provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between evolved Packet Data Gateway (ePDG) and the PDN GW. It is based on Proxy Mobile IP.

S2c interface

(LTE SAE) Provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between UE and the PDN GW. This reference point is implemented over trusted and/or untrusted non-3GPP Access and/or 3GPP access. This

-S3 interface (LTE SAE) The interface between SGSN and MME and it enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active state. It is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSNs

SAE Architecture Interfaces (2)

S5 interface (LTE SAE) Provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between SGW and PDN GW. It is used for SGW relocation due to UE mobility and if the SGW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required

.

depending on the protocol used, namely, GTP and the IETF based Proxy Mobile IP solution

S5a interface (LTE SAE) Provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between MME/UPE and 3GPP anchor. It is FFS whether a standardized S5a exists or whether MME/UPE and 3GPP anchor are combined into one entity.

S5b interface (LTE SAE) Provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between 3GPP anchor and SAE anchor. It is FFS whether a standardized S5b exists or whether 3GPP anchor and SAE anchor are combined into one entity.

S6 interface (LTE SAE) Enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface).

authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME and HSS

S7 interface (LTE SAE) Provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) to Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) Rules Function (PCRF) to Policy and Charging

LTE SAE Network Element Functions

 The LTE SAE network is greatly

sim lified com ared to the GPRS-EDGE-HSPA networks with their SGSNs and GGSNs

 In the LTE SAE, there are only

two main elements:

• aGW gateways, which

perform header compression, c p er ng, an earer control functions.

• eNB evolved node Bs, which protocols and radio resource control

UMTS HSPA vs LTE-SAE

Network Architectures

 This figure compares the

network architecture of an LTE SAE with the

architecture of the earlier UMTS HSPA networks

LTE/SAE Network Functional Elements: eRAN

 Consists of a single node, eNodeB (eNB) interfacing with the UE

• PHYsical (PHY) • Medium Access •

• Radio Link Control (RLC)

• Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP)

• includes user-plane header-compression and encryption. • Radio Resource Control (RRC) functionality (control plane) • a o resource managemen , a m ss on con ro , sc e u ng • enforcement of negotiated UL QoS

• cell information broadcast

• c p er ng ec p er ng o user an con ro p ane a a

LTE/SAE Network Functional Elements: SGW

Serving Gateway (SGW)

• routes and forwards user data packets

• acts as mobility anchor for the user plane plane during

inter-• acts as anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP technologies

 – erm na es n er ace, re ays ra c e ween systems and PDN GW)

• For idle state UEs, SGW terminates the DL data path  – tr ggers pag ng w en ata arr ves or t e .

• Manages/stores UE contexts (parameters of IP bearer service, network internal routing information)

LTE/SAE Network Functional Elements: MME

 The key control-node for the LTE access-network.

•

retransmissions

• Bearer activation/deactivation

• Chooses SGW for UE at initial attach and intra-LTE HO to new CN • Authenticates user (by interacting with the HSS)

• Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling terminates at the MME • Generates/allocates temporary identities for UEs.

• Enforces UE roaming restrictions

• Is termination point for ciphering/integrity protection for NAS signaling • Handles securit ke mana ement.

• Performs Lawful interception of signaling

• Provides control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks, terminating the S3 interface from the SGSN.

LTE/SAE Network Functional Elements: PDN GW

Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW)

• Provides UE connectivity to external packet data networks as point of exit and entry of traffic for the UE

•

PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs • Performs policy enforcement

• ac e er ng or eac user • Charging support

• Lawful Interception and packet screening

• Acts as mobility anchor between 3GPP and non-3GPP

LTE SAE Network Key Features (1)

EPS to EPC

performs control-plane functionality (MME) from the network entity that performs bearer-plane functionality (SGW) with a well-defined open interface between them (S11).

 Since E-UTRAN will provide higher bandwidths to enable new

services as well as to improve existing ones, separation of MME from SGW implies that SGW can be based on a platform optimized

or g an w pac e process ng, w ere as e s ase on a platform optimized for signaling transactions.

 This enables selection of more cost-effective platforms for, as well

, .

providers can also choose optimized topological locations of

SGWs within the network independent of the locations of MMEs in order to optimize bandwidth reduce latencies and avoid

LTE SAE Network Key Features (2)

 S1-flex Mechanism



-load sharing of traffic across network elements in the CN, the MME and the SGW, by creating pools of MMEs and SGWs and allowing each eNB to be connected to multiple MMEs and SGWs in a pool.

LTE Progress Milestones

 2006 at ITU trade fair in Hong Kong, by Siemens:

• video supervision

• Mobile IP-based handover between the LTE radio system

 Researchers at Nokia Siemens Networks/Heinrich Hertz Institute

 February 2007 at 3G World Congress - Nortel publicly

demonstrated the first complete LTE air interface implementation includin OFDM-MIMO SC-FDMA and multi-user MIMO u link

LTE Network Manufacturers

 The “Big 4”:

• Ericsson AB (Nasdaq: ERIC) •

• Alcatel-Lucent (NYSE: ALU) • Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.

• Fujitsu – for NTT DoCoMo, remote RF pods • Kyocera

•  – ,

2G/3G cabinets

• NEC – very dense, cabinets or pole-mount form factors

• Nortel – standalone and rackmount within CDMA & GSM BTS

LTE Handset Manufacturers

 Samsung for MetroPCS

- , fallback

• Announced Mar. 25,

• Will be deployed in Las Vegas mkt.

Ericsson LTE eNodeB and Test UE

 Ericsson 2007 LTE testbed hardware

eNB Developments

 Xilinx's LTE Baseband Targeted Design Platform

• Intended for incorporation in manufacturer’s LTE eNBs

LTE RF Design Tools

 Atoll from Forsk

• http://www.forsk.com/ 

 Aircomm ENTERPRISE: ADVANTAGE, ASSET, NetACT

• http://www.aircominternational.com/ 

 Mentum Planet

• http://www.mentum.com/index.php?page=mentum-planet&hl=en_US

 Ascom TEMS Cell lanner

• http://www.ascom.com/en/index/products-solutions/your- industry/industry/5/solution/ant-planning-and-design/product/tems-cellplanner-2/solutionloader.htm  EDX SignalPro 7.2 • http://www.edx.com/products/signalpro.html 

LTE Network Planning Considerations

 The Basic Requirements: Coverage and Capacity

• Required capacity from traffic projections & business plan

 – With cell configurations, drives total number of cells required • Required coverage from marketing objectives

 – With link budget, drives total number of cells required

 Design Factors:

• Link budget (power, sensitivity) of selected eNB/UE equipment

• ’

penetration)

• Cell Antenna Configuration: SISO, MISO, SIMO, MIMO

- – calculate per Resource Block

 – thermal noise over 180 kHz (168 ksps) = -121.4 dbm

LTE Field Optimization Tools

 Agilent E6474A LTE Drive-Test

. . . - .

• See available measurements and KPIs on following page

 ASCOM TEMS

• http://www.ascom.com/en/lte-technology-temsproducts.pdf

 COPS from Celcite – Network-side Optimization Tool 

LTE UE Field Measurements and KPIs

LTE UE Field Measurements and KPIs



 RF Key Performance IndicatorsRF Key Performance Indicators

•

• Reference Signal ReceivedReference Signal Received

Power

Power

•

• Received Signal StrengthReceived Signal Strength

Indicator

Indicator

•

• Reference Signal ReceiveReference Signal Receive

Quality. Defined as N ×

Quality. Defined as N ×

,

,

the number of resource

the number of resource

blocks across which RSSI

blocks across which RSSI

was measured

LTE: Impressive Network Automation

LTE: Impressive Network Automation



 Network ConfigurationNetwork Configuration

– 

– 

•

• eNBeNB discodiscovery anvery and auto-cd auto-configuonfiguration iration in networn networkk

•

• Automatic Neighbor Relationships (ANR)Automatic Neighbor Relationships (ANR)

•

• eNBeNB CellCell-Level C-Level Carriearrier Bandwir Bandwidth Assidth Assignmentgnment



 Network OperationsNetwork Operations

•

• CCoo ninititivve e raradidio o reresosoururcce e mamannaa ememenentt

•

• self-healing, auto-inventory mgt., automated upgrade mgt .self-healing, auto-inventory mgt., automated upgrade mgt .



 Network OptimizationNetwork Optimization

,

,

•

• handover parameter optimization, interference control mgt.handover parameter optimization, interference control mgt.

•

WiMAX Specifics

WiMAX Specifics

WiMAX Specifics

WiMax

 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is

based on the IEEE 802.16 standard

• Provides MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) broadband connectivity

• also known as the IEEE WirelessMAN air interface.

 WiMAX-based systems can have ranges up to 30 miles.

 The 802.16d standard of extending 802.16 supports three physical

layers (PHYs).

• e man a ory mo e s -po n r ogona Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

• The other two PHY modes are Single Carrier (SC) and

• For interest, the corresponding European standard—the ETSI HiperMAN standard—defines a single PHY mode identical to the 256 OFDM modes in the 802.16d standard.

WiMax Technical Details

 WiMAX can be used over many different frequency ranges

• . .

• 802.16a covers 2GHz-to-11GHz

• WiMAX range can reach 30 miles with a typical cell radius of 4–6 miles.

 WiMAX's channel sizes range from 1.5 to 20MHz, offer

corresponding data rates

• Rates from 1.5Mbps to 70Mbps on a single channel • one carrier can support thousands of users

 WiMAX supports ATM, IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, and VLAN services

• facilitates many service possibilities in voice and data

 WiMAX could be used as a backhaul technology to connect

802.11 wireless LANs and commercial hotspots with the Internet