Inés Zalduendo, Special Collections Frances Loeb Library
Harvard University Graduate School of Design
collecting
and archiving
design materials
in an evolving
how digital technology has impacted architectural and
archival practice
an overview of diverse studies and initiatives on archiving
digital design data
challenges and opportunities of collecting and archiving
in an evolving born-digital landscape
global context
architectural practice (and allied design disciplines)
expanded practices
increasingly interdisciplinary complexity in building programs
architectural records
unprecedented volume of records change in nature of records
direction
traditional working drawings literally eliminated records irretrievably lost
global context
archival practice
immersed in a digital world
generation of digital architectural drawings long-term preservation of digital records
archivists and curators
developing frameworks for preservation taking into account the life-cycle of records
born-digital landscape
newcomers to a foreign land
“digital-natives”: born after 1980
“digital-immigrants”: born before 1980
collaboration
across disciplines across borders across generations across systemscultural shift
digital repositories
long-term preservation of digital objects
preservation strategies for each digital file type standards and metadata for each file type
long-term preservation of architectural records
CAD
general file format
general file setup (layer 0, blocks, xrefs) layering conventions
naming conventions
PDF/A
remove security restrictions embed fonts
no downsampling of images no transparency in images add metadata
how digital technology has impacted architectural and
archival practice
an overview of diverse studies and initiatives on archiving
digital design data
challenges and opportunities of collecting and archiving
in an evolving born-digital landscape
studies & initiatives
01 gau:di (governance, architecture, and urbanism: a democratic interaction) 02 collecting, archiving and exhibiting digital design data
03 preservation handbook: computer aided design (CAD)
04 international organization for standardization (ISO 82045-5:2005 /IEC 82045) 05 facade: future-proofing architectural computer-aided design
06 an overview of 3D data content, file formats and viewers 07 designed to last: preserving computer aided design
08 geospatial multistate archive and preservation partnership (GeoMAPP)
09 sustainability of digital formats: planning for library of congress collections 10 duraark: durable architectural knowledge
01
gau:di (governance, architecture & urbanism: a democratic interaction)
funding
EU funding initiative, within the context of Culture 2000 Euro 210,000 for Gau:di I and 180,000 for Gau:di II.
dates
2003-2004; 2006-2008
participants
IFA (Institut Français d’Architecture (now part of the Cité de l’architecture et du patrimoine), France
CIVA (Centre International pour la Ville, l’Architecture et le Paysage), Belgium MFA (Museum of Finnish Architecture), Finland
DAM (Deutsches Architektur-Museum), Germany NAI (Nederlands Architektuurinstituut), Netherlands RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects), England
AAM (Accademia di Architettura - Archivio del Moderno), Switzerland IUAV (Istituto universitario di architetture di Venezia), Italy
OARP (Ordine degli architetti di Roma e provincia), Italy
NM-KAD (Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design), Norway
author / point person
02
collecting, archiving and exhibiting digital design data
funding
Schiff Foundation
Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts
dates
2003-2004
participants
AIC (Art Institute of Chicago, Curatorial Department of Architecture), United States
US design and architectural firms with projects at varying scales (industrial, architectural, urban design), United States
author / point person
02
collecting
nine projects of different scale broad survey
cultural institutions
design and construction firms technology industries
archiving
long-term preservation workflow
o preparing o collecting and processing o cataloging o storing
o preserving o accessing
archival formats PDF/A and TIFF good practices
image resolution color management
file naming conventions file organization
exhibiting
digital exhibits in museums online digital exhibits
03
preservation handbook: computer aided design (CAD)
funding
JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee), England
dates
2005
participants
AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service), England JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee), England
author/point person
03
CAD
definition
technical environment (formats) AutoCAD and others
encoding of images and drawings
bitmap graphics
pixel values in a raster CAD
collection of objects and coordinates
object definitions stored internally in a database 3D modeling as wireframe
03
AutoCAD
problem of being a proprietary format changes frequently
not-conducive to long-term preservation translation to and from STEP (ISO standard)
suitable for preservation
useful checklist
provides recommendations for preservation
ingest: essential, preferred, best practice (metadata)
04
international organization for standardization
(ISO 82045-5:2005 /IEC 82045)
funding
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
date
2005
participants
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and
AEC (architecture, engineering and construction sectors) FM (facility management sector)
04
international organization for standardization (ISO)
technical committees draft standards
75% approval for publication
ISO 82045
domain: architecture, engineering and construction preservation of CAD files
metadata elements
methods for sharing management data of documents
ISO standards
international standard to follow sets expectations for compliance
implementation support
05
facade: future-proofing architectural computer-aided design*
Funding
IMLS (Institute of Museum and Library Services)
dates
2006-2009
participants
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries), United States SA+P (MIT School of Architecture + Planning), United States
author/point person
MacKenzie Smith
05
goal
capture, describe, manage, preserve, make accessible CATIA, Rhino, MAYA, AutoCAD
PIM ontology: organizational framework
workflows
selected objects
properties
building project phase architectural discipline building zone
document types file format
documentation (original, derivative, display)
05
long-term preservation of 3D CAD models
original (native CAD model)
display (an easily viewable: PDF)
standard (preservable IFC or STEP, full representation) desiccated (preservable IGES, simple geometry)
prototype tool
CWB (curator’s work bench)
06
an overview of 3d data content, file formats and viewers*
funding
(NARA) National Archives and Records Administration
dates
2008
participants
ISDA (Image Spatial Data Analysis Group)*
NCSA/UIUC (National Center for Supercomputing Applications / University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), United States
author/point person
Kenton McHenry and Peter Bajcsy * Technical Report ISDA 08-002
06
in-depth information
3D data content categories 3D file formats
3D viewers
140 different 3D file formats
medicine architecture structural engineering automobile industry
3D content
appearance scene geometry06
geometry
3D data models
models are stored as 3D points or vertices surfaces are stored as polygons or faces
or surfaces are defined as control points & parameters
CAD
surfaces defined as constructive solid geometry models stored as exact solids
conversion between 3D data definitions
data loss in conversion
errors due to format conversion missing faces
collapsed faces inverted faces
solids that are not closed
lines that do not meet at corners lines that cross at corners
surfaces that do not meet at lines planar surfaces out of plane
07
designed to last: preserving computer aided design*
funding
DPC (Digital Preservation Coalition)* dates
2010
participants
DPC (Digital Preservation Coalition), England
BLCC (British Library Centre for Conservation), England DCC (Digital Curation Centre, University of Bath), England
RCAHMS (Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland) ADS (Archaeology Data Service, University of York), England
OA (Oxford Archaeology), England
RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects), England
*DPC Technology Watch Report, April 2013: Preserving Computer-Aided Design (CAD) by Alex Ball
08
geospatial multistate archive and preservation partnership
(GeoMAPP)
funding
LC (Library of Congress), United States
NDIPP (National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program), United States
dates
2007-2011
participants
NCCGIA (North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis), United States NCDCR (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources), United States
NCSU-L (North Carolina State University Libraries), United States
KDLA (Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives), United States KY-GIS (Kentucky Division of Geographic Information), United States KYSU (Kentucky State University), United States
MSL (Montana State Library), United States
UT-AGRC (Utah Automated Geographic Reference Center), United States UT-SA (Utah State Archives), United States
08
GIS datasets
continuously superseded
at risk of being overwritten by updates dynamic data
track changes over time
support for geo-archives
developed tools
developed templates devised workflows
generated documentation
difficulties: transfer large amounts of data reliably data transfer best practices document
metadata standards workflows
partnerships
information sharing distributed storage
09
sustainability of digital formats: planning for library of congress
collections*
funding
LC (Library of Congress), United States
dates
2007 – ongoing;
author / point person
Caroline R. Arms, Carl Fleischhauer, and Kate Murray
09
“Factors to Consider When Choosing Digital Formats”
useful for strategic planning: formats for long-term preservation disclosure “degree to which complete specifications and tools for validating technical integrity exist
and are accessible to those creating and sustaining digital content”
adoption “degree to which the format is already used by the creators and users of information which
to a certain degree ensure they do not become obsolete and that migration or emulation tools emerge from the digital industry itself”
transparency “degree to which the digital representation is open to direct analysis with basic
tools and does not make use of encryption or have lossless or an acceptable degree of lossy compression”
self-documentation “ability of a digital format to hold embedded metadata (such as context, fixity,
and provenance) that facilitates the exchange of digital content”
external dependencies “degree to which a format depends on software or hardware for
rendering or use”
impact of patents “in that they may limit the ability of archival institutions to sustain content in that format, or that they have high license fees or fees based on use”
technical protection mechanisms “content that is protected by encryption or that prevents a
10
duraark: durable architectural knowledge
funding
EU (European Union)
dates
2013 – ongoing
participants
LUH (Leibniz Universität Hannover), Germany
UBO (University Bonn – Institute of Computer Science), Germany FhA (Fraunhofer Austria Research GmbH), Austria
TUE (Eindhoven University of Technology), Netherlands
CITA (Center for Information Technology and Architecture), Denmark LTU (Luleå University of Technology), Sweden
Catenda SA, Norway
author / point person
how digital technology has impacted architectural and
archival practice
an overview of diverse studies and initiatives on archiving
digital design data
challenges and opportunities of collecting and archiving
in an evolving born-digital landscape
access &
long-term preservation
born-digital landscape
curatorial challenges technological challenges archival challenges cross-disciplinary collaborationdigital repositories
organizational, technological, financial structure new challenges and opportunities
challenges & opportunities
collecting
life-cycle of digital records legal challenges
archiving
deep technology expertise large investments collaborations architects archivists/curators technologists recommendations standards frameworks strategies
selection in an evolving born-digital landscape
quantity and scalability ease of reproducibility
