Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Chicago Citation
Basics
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
This guide will provide information about:
•
Understanding the fundamentals of Chicago citations,
including:
o
A
o
B
o
C
•
Chicago citation examples of source types, including:
o
A
o
B
•
Tips and examples for citing online sources
•
Creating parenthetical, in-text citations, including:
o
A
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:
Citation Fundamentals
pp. 1-3
Chapter 2:
Examples of Popular Sources
pp. 4-7
Chapter 3:
Web Rules & Citations
pp. 8-10
Chapter 4:
Parenthetical Citations
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Chicago Citation
Fundamentals
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Contributor Information
Authors who use initials in their first names (e.g., J.K. Rowling, C.S. Lewis), add a space between
their initials.
Editors, Translators, Compilers
For works with an editor/translator/compiler and no author, list the contributor’s name, followed
by ed./eds., comp./comps. or trans. after the contributor(s) last name(s), preceded by a comma.
For works with authors
and
additional contributors – such as an article in an edited anthology – list
the author’s name first. After the article title, list the additional contributor names, preceded by
Edited by
,
Compiled by
,
Translated by
or Ed., Comp., or Trans.
Section 14.72 of
The Chicago Manual of Style
details author formatting for both footnotes and
reference pages.
Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. One author Last, First M.
Two or more authors Last, First M., and First M. Last.
More than 10 authors List the first seven authors, followed by et al.
Generally, Chicago citations require :
•
Publisher
•
City of publication
•
Date of access
•
Page numbers
•
URL or doi (for some online sources)
•
Author
•
Title of book/article
•
Title of newspaper/journal
•
Publication year
•
Publication month and date
One editor Last, First M., ed.
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Arrange citation entries in a reference list alphabetically by the author’s last name.
Multiple works by different authors with the same last name should be alphabetized by the
authors’ first initials.
If a work is authored by a group or corporation, it should be listed as an author and alphabetized
by the first word in the group’s name.
Brontë, Charlotte. Brontë, Emily. Chan, Danny. Gover, Emily. Kalita, Rahul. Parekh, Rajul. Selleck, Anne C.
Organizing Your Bibliography
Alberto, Alexandra.
Association of National Advertisers. Covert, Kalle.
Ikemoto, Wendy.
Capitalization Rules
Capitalization in Chicago style follows standard “headline capitalization” rules.
Capitalize:
•
The first and last word of article or publication titles
•
All major words, including:
•
Nouns
•
Pronouns
•
Adjectives
•
Verbs
•
Prepositions of 5+ letters
For more information on capitalization and titling, see section 14.93 of
The Chicago Manual of
Style
.
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Chicago Examples of
Popular Sources
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Book
Last name, First name. Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Green, John. The Fault in Our Stars. New York: Dutton Books, 2012.
Chicago
Ex:
Chapter/Anthology
Chicago
Ex:
Last name, First name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, page-page. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Melville, Herman. “Hawthorne and His Mosses.” In The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 5-25. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.
Magazine
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title, Month Date, Year of Publication.
Firestone, Lisa. “Breaking Free from Addiction.” Psychology Today, April 23, 2013.
Chicago
Ex:
Newspaper
*Note: The Chicago Manual of Style offers another formatting option for chapters in books. See 14.111.
*Note: Newspapers are typically cited in notes or in-text citations and *not* in a bibliography. If they are referenced in the text, leave them out of the bibliography. If your instructor requires a newspaper citation in the bibliography, follow this structure.
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title, Month Date, Year of Publication.
Bowman, Lee. “Bills Target Lake Erie Mussels.” The Pittsburgh Press, March 7, 1990.
Chicago
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Journal (online)
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year of Publication): page-page. doi:XXXX OR URL.
Erjavec, Karmen. “Informal Learning Through Facebook Among Slovenian Pupils.” Comunicar 21, no. 41 (2013): 117-126. doi:10.3916/ C41-2013-11.
Chicago
Ex:
Journal (print)
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year of Publication): page-page.
Lin, Meng-Fen, Ellen Hoffman, and Claire Borengasser. “Is Social Media Too Social for Class? A Case Study of Twitter Use.” TechTrends 57, no. 2 (2013): 39-45.
Chicago
Ex:
Website
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Website Title. Month Date, Year of Publication. Accessed Month Date, Year of access. URL.
Limer, Eric. “Heck Yes! The First Free Wireless Plan is Finally Here.” Gizmodo. October 1, 2013. Accessed February 18, 2014. http:// gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-plan-is-finally -here-1429566597.
Chicago
Ex:
TV/Radio Show
TV Series Name. “Episode Title.” Episode number (if available), Directed by
Chicago
*Note: If no DOI is available, include a stable URL.
Chicago Citation Fundamentals
Audio recording
Last name, First name of performer/band name.
Album Title
. Record Label
Number of Recording, Year of Recording, Format.
Arctic Monkeys.
AM
.
Domino Records WIGCD317, 2013, compact disc.
Chicago
Ex:
Film
Movie Title. Directed by Director First name Last name. City of Publication: Studio, Year of Release.
Submarine. Directed by Richard Ayoade. London: Film4 Productions, 2010.
Chicago
Ex:
* Audio materials should be listed under a discography. “Number of recording” refers to the catalog number for the record. This information can be found on the back cover, or online at websites such as www.discogs.com.
Online lecture slides
Last name, First name. “Presentation/Lecture Title.” Presentation/Lecture at Conference Name, City, State of conference, Month Dates, Year of conference. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.
Jacobson, Trudi E., and Tom Mackey. “What’s in a Name?: Information Literacy, Metaliteracy, or Transliteracy.” Presentation at ACRL, Indianapolis, IN, April 10-13, 2013. Accessed February 11, 2014. http://www.slideshare.net /tmackey/acrl-2013.
Chicago
Ex:
Dissertation
Last name, First name. “Dissertation Title.” PhD diss., University, Year of Publication.
Knight, Kimberly Anne. “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011.
Chicago
Chicago Web Rules
Chicago Web Rules
Chicago provides citation formats for many different source types found on the web,
such as online newspapers, encyclopedias and blogs.
Identify if the source you are using has its own citation structure in an electronic
format.
For example, do not use EasyBib’s website form to cite an electronic journal article.
Instead, use the journal form, and select the “online” or “online database” tab.
Some tips to keep in mind:
Journal Articles
•
Include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) at the end of the citation.
o
Ensure that doi is lowercase, then add a colon, a space, the DOI and a period.
o
e.g., doi: 10.1177/0013161X12471832.
•
If no DOI is available use a stable URL.
o
DOIs are preferred over URLs.
o
Ideally, use a shortened, stable URL (permalink) of the article or abstract. If no stable URL
is available, use the full web address instead.
o
See Section 14.184 of the
CMoS
for full details.
General Websites
Typically,
websites should only be referred to in your in-text citations
(footnotes/endnotes).
However, if your instructor requires a bibliography citation, format it as follows:
If you are referencing a website whose content changes over time, such a wikis, use the following
format:
For more information, see Section 14.245 of the CMoS, or http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
/tools_citationguide.html.
Formatting URLs
If a URL runs across multiple lines of text in a citation, break it
after
the two slashes of the protocol
(http://) or
before
any other punctuation(slashes, dashes, periods, etc.).
Last name, First name (or Corporation). “Article Title.” Website Title. Accessed
Month Date, Year. URL.
Last name, First name (or Corporation). “Article Title.” Last modified Month Date,
Year. URL.
Chicago Web Rules
Examples of citations for a/an:
General website article with an author
Limer, Eric. “Heck Yes! The First Free Wireless Plan is Finally Here.” Gizmodo. October 1, 2013. Accessed February18, 2014. http://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free- wireless-plan-is-finally-here-1429566597.
Journal article (found in a database or elsewhere online)
Trier, James. “‘Cool’ Engagements with YouTube: Part 2.” Media Literacy 50, no. 7 (2007). doi:10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8.
Online newspaper article
Kaplan, Karen. “Flu Shots May Reduce Risk of Heart Attacks, Strokes and Even Death.” Los Angeles Times, October 22, 2013. Accessed February 11, 2014. http://articles
.latimes.com/2013/oct/22/science/la-sci-sn-flu-shot-heart-attack-stroke-death -20131022.
*Note: Newspapers are typically cited in notes or in-text citations and *not* in a bibliography. If they are referenced in the text, leave them out of the bibliography. However, if your instructor requires a newspaper citation in the bibliography, follow this structure.
General website article with no author
“India: Country Specific Information.” Bureau of Consular Affairs: U.S. Passports & International Travel. October 23, 2013. Last modified February 10, 2014. http:// travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/india.html.
Chicago Notes
Chicago Notes
Example of references cited in text:
Great efforts have been put forth to save giant pandas in recent decades. The Chan Foundation for Panda Livelihood contributed over $20,000 to the San Diego Zoo last year to ensure that its Panda Cam would operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.1 President Danny Chan said, “Now
people from all over the world can see the fascinating behavior of pandas, such as eating bamboo and sleeping, whenever they want.”2
Why we include in-text citations and notes
Researchers include brief citations in their writing to acknowledge references to other people’s work.
Generally, Chicago uses either footnotes or endnotes (or both) to give credit in text.
Citations are:
•
Indicated by a superscript numeral in the text
•
Listed in the footnote/endnote in standard font size
•
Numbered consecutively
•
Placed at the end of a sentence/clause
•
Placed after quotation marks and
punctuation…
•
…Except dashes, where they are placed before
Example of corresponding notes:
1. Danny Chan. My Philanthropic Life: Helping the World Through Panda Rescues (New York: Scribner), 123.
2. Michele Kirschenbaum, “How One Man Saved Many Pandas,” Journal of Animal News 67 (2014): 12.
This chapter provides a general overview of formatting notes using the
Chicago
Manual of Style
. For complete information, refer to Section 14 of the
CMoS
.
Chicago Notes
First name Last name, Book Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication): Pages Cited.
Note structure for a book
First name Last name and First name Last name, Book Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication): Pages Cited.
Two to three authors
One author
First name Last name et al., Book Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication): Pages Cited.
Four or more authors
First name Last name ed./trans./comp., Book Title (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication): Pages Cited.
Editor/translator/compiler with no author
*Also see page 2 of this guide
Author First name Last name, Book Title, ed./trans./comp. First name Last name (City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication): Pages Cited.
Editor/translator/compiler with an author
Note structure for a scholarly journal article
First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year of Publication): Page(s).
Print journal
First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year of Publication): Page(s), doi: XXXX OR URL.
Online journal
Chicago Notes
First name Last name, “Article Title,” Publication Title, Month Date, Year of Publication, Page(s).
Note structure for a newspaper/magazine article
First name Last name, “Title of Dissertation” (PhD diss., University Name, Year).
Note structure for a thesis or dissertation
First name Last name or Group, Recording Title, recorded Month Date, Year.
Note structure for a musical recording
*The CMoS has many suggestions for formatting notes of musical recordings. See Section 14.276.
Tips for Formatting Your Bibliography
Once you’ve compiled your footnotes or endnotes, you may need to compile these references in a
bibliography. Here are some for
Chicago style bibliographies are:
•
Arranged alphabetically
•
Placed at the end of a paper, before the index
•
Formatted with the word
Bibliography
centered at the top of the page
Chicago Visual Guides
16
th
ed.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
This guide will provide visual examples of citing the following in
Chicago style (16
th
edition):
•
Books
•
Journal articles
•
Newspaper articles
•
Reports
•
Scholarly projects (theses/dissertations)
•
Lecture notes
•
Encyclopedia entries
•
Religious/classical works
Be sure to check out Part 2, which provides visual guides for
citing multimedia and electronic source types.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This means you can:
•
Copy and redistribute this work in any medium or format
Table of Contents
1
Books
pp.
1-3
2
Journal articles
pp.
4-5
3
Newspaper articles
pp.
6-7
4
Reports
pp.
8-9
5
Scholarly projects
pp.
10-11
5
Online lecture notes
pp.
12
7
Encyclopedias
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Structure:
Last name, First name.
Title of Work.
Publisher city: Publisher, Year of
publication.
Title page
Much of the information you need to
create a print book citation can be
found on the title page.
The title page is found within the first
couple of pages of the book.
Title of work
Author
Publisher
Publisher
city /state*
Year of
publication
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
*Some e-books may be available online through your library’s databases or catalog.
Citing an e-book found in a database
Structure:
Last name, First name.
Title of Work
. Publisher city: Publisher, Year of
publication. doi:xxxx OR URL.
Title of work
Authors
Year of
publication
DOI
Citation:
Rodgriuez-Garcia, Rosalia, and Elizabeth M. White.
Self-Assessment in Managing
for Results: Conducting Self-Assessment for Development Practitioners
.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2005. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6148-1.
Publisher
Publisher
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Kindle HDX
Book title
Author
Year of
publication
Structure:
Last name, First name.
Title of Work.
Publisher city: Publisher, Year of
publication. E-reader edition.
Citing an e-book from an e-reader (Kindle, iPad, nook, etc.)
Edition
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing a journal article found online (in a database or elsewhere)
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Periodical Title
volume, no. issue (year of
publication). Page-page. doi:xxxx OR URL.
DOI
Article title
Author
Periodical title
Publication year
Volume and issue
Citation:
Trier, James. “‘Cool’ Engagements with YouTube: Part 2.”
Media Literacy
50, no.
7 (2007). doi:10.1598/JAAL.50.7.8.
*Page numbers are not included in this visual example. Page numbers are typically found in the
bottom corners of the page.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing a journal article found in print
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Journal Title
volume, no. issue (year of
publication). Page-page.
Title
Authors
Periodical title
Year of publication
Volume and issue
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing a newspaper articles in print
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Newspaper Title
, Month Date, Year of
publication.
Citation:
Bowman, Lee. “Bills Target Lake Erie Mussels.”
The Pittsburgh Press
, March 7,
1990.
Author
Article
title
Newspaper title
Publication date
*According to the Chicago Manual of Style, newspaper articles are usually cited directly in-text
and not included in bibliographies. Please see CMoS section 14.206 for further details. If your
instructor requires you to cite newspaper articles, please use the following format.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Article Title.”
Newspaper Title
, Month Date, Year of
publication. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.
Citing an online newspaper article
Newspaper
title
Author
Article
title
Publication date
*According to the Chicago Manual of Style, newspaper articles are usually cited directly in-text
and not in the bibliography. Please see section 14.206 for further details.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing an online report
Cover page
Structure:
Last name, First name.
Title of Work.
Publisher city: Publisher, Year of
publication. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.
Agency name
(Publisher)
Title of report
Title page
Publication year
Acknowledgements page
Author
Citation:
Gorbunova, Yulia.
Laws of Attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s Civil Society
After Putin’s Return to the Presidency
. New York: Human Rights Watch,
2013. Accessed February 11, 2013. http://www.hrw.org/reports
/2013/04/24/laws-attrition.
*With this source, the report only specifies a publication country. To find the city of publication and other bibliographic data, search for the ISBN or publication title on a website like WorldCat.org (in this case, it is
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing a print report
Structure:
Last name, First name.
Title of Work.
Publisher city: Publisher, Year of
publication.
Acknowledgements page
Publisher
Publisher
city/state
Cover page
Organization
(no author listed)
Title of report
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing a scholarly project (dissertation, etc.) from a database
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Title of Dissertation.” PhD diss., Institution, Year of
publication. Accessed Month Date, Year. Name of database (Accession
no.).
Title of dissertation
Publication year
Name of database
Accession no.
Author
Citation:
Knight, Kimberly Anne. “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and
New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011.
Accessed February 20, 2014. EBSCO MLA International Bibliography
(2013420395).
*Accession numbers are unique numbers that can help your readers easily find the thesis or
dissertation you referenced.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing a scholarly project (dissertation) from a website
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Title of Dissertation.” PhD diss., Institution, Year of
publication. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.
Title of thesis
Author
Publication
year
URL
Institution
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing online lecture notes or presentation slides
Title slide of lecture
Structure:
Last name, First name. “Presentation/Lecture Title.” Presentation/Lecture at
Conference Name, City, State of conference, Month Dates, Year of
conference. Accessed Month Date, Year. URL.
Presentation/
lecture title
Authors
Conference dates and city/
state of conference
Citation:
Jacobson, Trudi E., and Tom Mackey. “What’s in a Name?: Information
Literacy, Metaliteracy, or Transliteracy.” Presentation at ACRL,
Indianapolis, IN, April 10-13, 2013. Accessed February 11, 2014. http://
www.slideshare.net/tmackey/acrl-2013.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 1
Citing an encyclopedia entry in print
Title Page(s) Provide
Publication Information
First published in North America in 2007 by
the National Geographic Society 1145 17th
Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036-4688
Publisher
City of publication
Publication
year
Structure:
Last name, First name.
Encyclopedia Title
. # ed. # vols. Edited by First Name
Last Name. City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
*Major dictionaries and encyclopedias are not usually included in bibliographies. Check with
your instructor.
Front Cover
Author(s)
Karen McGhee and George McKay
Chicago Visual Guides
16
th
ed.
Part 2
Chicago Visual Guides Part 2
This guide will provide visual examples of citing the following in
Chicago style (16
th
edition):
•
Blog posts
•
Musical recordings
•
Films
•
Television and radio programs
•
Online dictionary entries
•
Websites
Be sure to check out Part 1, which provides additional visual
guides for citing print and electronic source types.
Certain source formats within this e-book are not included in
the bibliography, but rather in the notes or a discography (in the
case of musical recordings). These exceptions are outlined in
red boxes.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Table of Contents
1
Blog posts
pp. 1
2
Musical recordings
pp. 2
3
Films
pp. 3
4
TV shows
pp. 4
5
Online dictionary entries
pp. 5
6
Websites
pp. 6
Chicago Visual Guides Part 2
Citing a blog post
Notes structure:
First name Last Name, “Title of Blog Post,”
Blog Title
(blog),
Publisher/Sponsor
of Blog
(if applicable), Month Date, Year of post, URL.
*According to the Chicago Manual of Style,
blog posts are typically not included in
bibliographies,
but can be cited in the running text and/or notes. However, if a blog is cited
frequently, you may include it in the bibliography.
Date of
post
Author
Title of blog post
Blog title
Publisher/
sponsor of blog
Chicago Visual Guides Part 2
Citing a musical recording
* “Number of recording” refers to the catalog number for the recording. This information can be found on the back cover or online at websites like www.discogs.com.
Structure:
Last name, First name of performer/band name.
Album Title
. Record label
Number of recording, Year of recording, format.
Citation:
Arctic Monkeys.
AM
.
Domino Records WIGCD317, 2013, compact disc.
Artist’s name
Album title
Album cover
Back cover
Record label information
and year of recording
*The Chicago Manual of Style states that
audio materials should be listed in a discography,
not a
Chicago Visual Guides Part 2
Citing a motion picture or film
Structure:
Movie Title
. Directed by First name Last name. City of publication: Studio,
Year of release.
*If you cannot locate certain bibliographic data from the film’s cover, consult IMDB.com or a similar website.
Director
Studio and location
information
Movie title
Year of
Chicago Visual Guides Part 2
TV series name
Episode title
Director
Writer
Original air date
Citing an episode from a TV show
Structure:
TV series name
. “Episode Title.” Episode number (if available). Directed by
First name Last name. Written by First name Last name. Name of
network, Month Date, Year of original air date.
Citation:
House, M.D.
“Simple Explanation.” Directed by Greg Yaitanes. Written
by Leonard Dick. Fox Broadcasting, April 6 2009.
*The Chicago Manual of Style does not have an explicit citation structure for TV episodes or
series. This citation is modeled after best practices suggested by librarians and The Chicago
Manual of Style’s Q&A website.
*If you cannot find the necessary bibliographic data within the episode’s credit, consult IMDB.com or a similar website.
Chicago Visual Guides Part 2
Notes structure:
Dicationary title
, s.v. “Definition word,” by First name Last name (if applicable),
accessed Month Date, Year, URL.
Here is how you would cite the entry for “food baby” from an online dictionary
Definition word
URL
*Publication year may also be found at the bottom of the page.
*Website title may also be at the top left of the page.