DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute:Faculty Publications Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute 2011
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global
Standard
Standard
Arjen Y. Hoekstra Ashok K. Chapagain Maite M. Aldaya Mesfin M. MekonnenFollow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wffdocs
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The
Water
Footprint
Assessment
Manual
Setting the Global Standard
Arjen Y. Hoekstra,
Ashok K. Chapagain,
Maite M. Aldaya and
Mesfin M. Mekonnen
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Setting the Global Standard
Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain,
Maite M. Aldaya and Mesfin M. Mekonnen
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Appendix I Calculation of Green and Blue Evapotranspiration Using the
CROPWAT Model 131
Appendix II Calculating the Process Water Footprint of Growing a Crop:
An Example for Sugar Beet in Valladolid (Spain) 135 Appendix III Calculating the Water Footprint of a Product: Example for
Refined Sugar from Valladolid (Spain) 143 Appendix IV Examples of Grey Water Footprint Calculations 147
Appendix V Environmental Flow Requirements 151
Appendix VI Frequently Asked Questions 155
References 169
List of Symbols 183
Glossary 187
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1.2 The water footprint concept
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another catchment area or the sea or is incorporated into a product. The green
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1.3 Water footprint assessment
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Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of the components of a water footprint. It shows that the non-consumptive part of water withdrawals (the return flow) is not part of the water footprint. It also shows that, contrary to the measure of ‘water withdrawal’, the ‘water footprint’ includes green and grey water and
the indirect water-use component
Water footprint of a consumer or producer
Indirect water use Direct water use
Wat e r co n s u m p ti o n
Green water footprint
Blue water footprint
Wat e r p o llu tio n
Grey water footprint
Green water footprint
Blue water footprint
Grey water footprint
Non-consumptive water use (return flow) Water withdrawal
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1. Setting goals and scope.
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Figure 1.2 Four distinct phases in water footprint assessment Water footprint sustainability assessment Water footprint accounting Water footprint response formulation Setting goals and scope
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1.4 Guide for the reader
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Footprint Assessment
2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment
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Box 2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment
General
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Process water footprint assessment
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Product water footprint assessment
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Assessment of the water footprint within a geographically delineated area
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National water footprint assessment (water footprint within a nation and water footprint of national consumption)
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of national consumption, impacts of the water footprint of national
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Business water footprint assessment
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product water footprint assessment.)
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certification, identification of critical water footprint components,
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2.2 Scope of water footprint accounting
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Blue, green and/or grey water footprint?
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Where to truncate the analysis when going back along the supply chain?
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in nearly all processes. The argument could be made that employees are an
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embodying indirect resource use.
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Table 2.1 Spatiotemporal explication in water footprint accounting
Spatial explication
Temporal explication
Source of required data on water use
Typical use of the accounts
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carrying out a water
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of a strategy to reduce water footprints and associated local impacts.
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Which period of data?
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Direct and/or indirect water footprint?
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Box 2.2 Are there ‘scopes’ in water footprint accounting as there are in the case of corporate carbon footprint accounting?
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footprint accounting. The total water footprint of a consumer or producer
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case of water footprint accounting. In water footprint accounting there are thus two ‘scopes’ only: ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ water footprint.
Consider the water footprint within a nation or the water footprint of national consumption?
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2.3 Scope of water footprint sustainability assessment
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2.4 Scope of water footprint response formulation
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Water Footprint Accounting
3.1 Human appropriation of fresh water:
What do we measure and why?
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Soil and vegetation Precipitation Non production-related evapotranspiration Production-related evapotranspiration
Abstraction Return flow Production-related evapotranspiration Water contained in products Water transfer to other catchment Run-off at field level
Green water footprint Blue water footprint
Catchment area
Water contained in products
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3.2 Coherence between different sorts of
water footprint accounts
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lead to double counting.
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of all products produced
Water footprint of a group of consumers (e.g. of a nation, province or municipality) Water footprint of a group of
producers (e.g. a sector)
Water footprint within a geographically delineated area
(e.g. a nation or river basin)
Water footprint of a producer (business, company)
Product water footprints
Process water footprints Water footprint of consumer
add product water footprints of all products consumed
add process water footprints of all processes in a production system of a product
add process water footprints of all processes occurring within the area
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3.3 Water footprint of a process step
3.3.1 Blue water footprint
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Box 3.1 The relation between the different sorts of water footprints
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production and supply chain).
r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFS
r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPNNVOJUZUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG JUTNFNCFST
r 5IF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG OBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO UIF TVN PG UIF XBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGJUTJOIBCJUBOUT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFàOBMQSPEVDUTUIBUUIFCVTJOFTTQSPEVDFT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BNVOJDJQBMJUZQSPWJODFTUBUFOBUJPODBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOUIFTVN PGUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBMMQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFBSFB
8BUFSFWBQPSBUFT 8BUFSJTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFQSPEVDU 8BUFSEPFTOPUSFUVSOUPUIFTBNFDBUDINFOUBSFBGPSFYBNQMFJUJTSFUVSOFE UPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOUBSFBPSUIFTFB 8BUFSEPFTOPUSFUVSOJOUIFTBNFQFSJPEGPSFYBNQMFJUJTXJUIESBXOJOB TDBSDFQFSJPEBOESFUVSOFEJOBXFUQFSJPE ɨFëSTUDPNQPOFOUFWBQPSBUJPOJTHFOFSBMMZUIFNPTUTJHOJëDBOUPOFɨFSFGPSF POFXJMMPGUFOTFFUIBUDPOTVNQUJWFVTFJTFRVBUFEXJUIFWBQPSBUJPOCVUUIF PUIFSUISFFDPNQPOFOUTTIPVMECFJODMVEFEXIFOSFMFWBOU"MMQSPEVDUJPO SFMBUFEFWBQPSBUJPODPVOUTJODMVEJOHUIFXBUFSUIBUFWBQPSBUFTEVSJOHXBUFS TUPSBHF GPSFYBNQMFGSPNBSUJëDJBMXBUFSSFTFSWPJSTUSBOTQPSU GPSFYBNQMF
Figure 3.3 The direct and indirect water footprint in each stage of the supply chain of an animal product
Figure 3.4 5IFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOJOBTJNQMJàFE FYBNQMFGPSUXPUSBEJOHOBUJPOT Feed crop cultivation Livestock farming Food
processor Retailer Consumer
Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint Indirect water footprint Indirect water footprint Indirect water footprint Water footprint of national consumption Virtual-water import Nation A Water footprint within the nation Virtual-water export Virtual-water import Water footprint within the nation Virtual-water export Nation B Water footprint of national consumption external
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Box 3.2 Unit of a water footprint
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volume per product unit.
r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNF QFSQSPEVDUVOJU&YBNQMFT
– water volume per unit of mass (for products where weight is a good indicator of quantity)
– water volume per unit of money (for products where value tells more than weight)
– water volume per piece (for products that are counted per piece rather than weight)
m XBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ QFSLDBMGPSGPPEQSPEVDUTPSQFS
joule for electricity or fuels)
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