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The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global Standard

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DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute:

Faculty Publications Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute 2011

The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global

The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting the Global

Standard

Standard

Arjen Y. Hoekstra Ashok K. Chapagain Maite M. Aldaya Mesfin M. Mekonnen

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/wffdocs

Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, Hydraulic Engineering Commons, Hydrology Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons,

Sustainability Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute: Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.

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The

Water

Footprint

Assessment

Manual

Setting the Global Standard

Arjen Y. Hoekstra,

Ashok K. Chapagain,

Maite M. Aldaya and

Mesfin M. Mekonnen

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

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Setting the Global Standard

Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ashok K. Chapagain,

Maite M. Aldaya and Mesfin M. Mekonnen

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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix Acknowledgements xiii Preface xvii Acronyms xix 1 Introduction 1 #BDLHSPVOE ɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUDPODFQU 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOU (VJEFGPSUIFSFBEFS

2 Goals and Scope of Water Footprint Assessment 7

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5 Library of Water Footprint Response Options 99 4IBSFESFTQPOTJCJMJUZ 3FEVDJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGIVNBOJUZ8IBUJTQPTTJCMF $POTVNFST $PNQBOJFT 'BSNFST *OWFTUPST (PWFSONFOUT 6 Limitations 115 7 Future Challenges 119 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUBTTFTTNFOUNFUIPEPMPHZBOEEBUB "QQMJDBUJPOPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOEJêFSFOUDPOUFYUT &NCFEEJOHUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJOFYJTUJOHXBUFSBOE FOWJSPONFOUBMBDDPVOUTBOESFQPSUT -JOLJOHUPFDPMPHJDBMFOFSHZBOEDBSCPOGPPUQSJOUNFUIPET -JOLJOHUPNBUFSJBMìPXBOBMZTJTJOQVUPVUQVUNPEFMMJOHBOEMJGF DZDMFBTTFTTNFOU 8 Conclusion 129

Appendix I Calculation of Green and Blue Evapotranspiration Using the

CROPWAT Model 131

Appendix II Calculating the Process Water Footprint of Growing a Crop:

An Example for Sugar Beet in Valladolid (Spain) 135 Appendix III Calculating the Water Footprint of a Product: Example for

Refined Sugar from Valladolid (Spain) 143 Appendix IV Examples of Grey Water Footprint Calculations 147

Appendix V Environmental Flow Requirements 151

Appendix VI Frequently Asked Questions 155

References 169

List of Symbols 183

Glossary 187

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the chapter on sustainability assessment.

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1.2 The water footprint concept

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another catchment area or the sea or is incorporated into a product. The green

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1.3 Water footprint assessment

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Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of the components of a water footprint. It shows that the non-consumptive part of water withdrawals (the return flow) is not part of the water footprint. It also shows that, contrary to the measure of ‘water withdrawal’, the ‘water footprint’ includes green and grey water and

the indirect water-use component

Water footprint of a consumer or producer

Indirect water use Direct water use

Wat e r co n s u m p ti o n

Green water footprint

Blue water footprint

Wat e r p o llu tio n

Grey water footprint

Green water footprint

Blue water footprint

Grey water footprint

Non-consumptive water use (return flow) Water withdrawal

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1. Setting goals and scope.

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Figure 1.2 Four distinct phases in water footprint assessment Water footprint sustainability assessment Water footprint accounting Water footprint response formulation Setting goals and scope

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1.4 Guide for the reader

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Footprint Assessment

2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment

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Box 2.1 Goals of water footprint assessment

General

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Process water footprint assessment

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Consumer or community water footprint assessment

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Assessment of the water footprint within a geographically delineated area

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National water footprint assessment (water footprint within a nation and water footprint of national consumption)

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of national consumption, impacts of the water footprint of national

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Business water footprint assessment

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product water footprint assessment.)

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certification, identification of critical water footprint components,

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2.2 Scope of water footprint accounting

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Blue, green and/or grey water footprint?

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Where to truncate the analysis when going back along the supply chain?

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in nearly all processes. The argument could be made that employees are an

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embodying indirect resource use.

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Which level of spatiotemporal explication? 8BUFSGPPUQSJOUTDBOCFBTTFTTFEBUEJêFSFOUMFWFMTPGTQBUJPUFNQPSBMEFUBJM 5BCMF "U-FWFM"UIFMPXFTUMFWFMPGEFUBJMUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTFTTFECBTFEPO HMPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBGSPNBOBWBJMBCMFEBUBCBTFɨFEBUBSFGFSUP NVMUJZFBSBWFSBHFTɨJTMFWFMPGEFUBJMJTTVïDJFOUBOEFWFONPTUJOTUSVNFOUBM GPSUIFQVSQPTFPGBXBSFOFTTSBJTJOHɨJTMFWFMPGEFUBJMDBOBMTPCFTVJUBCMFXIFO UIFBJNJTUPJEFOUJGZQSPEVDUTBOEJOHSFEJFOUTUIBUNPTUTJHOJëDBOUMZDPOUSJCVUF UPUIFPWFSBMMXBUFSGPPUQSJOU(MPCBMBWFSBHFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBDBOBMTPCF VTFGVMGPSEFWFMPQJOHSPVHIQSPKFDUJPOTPGGVUVSFHMPCBMXBUFSDPOTVNQUJPO HJWFONBKPSDIBOHFTJODPOTVNQUJPOQBUUFSOT TVDIBTBTIJGUUPXBSETNPSFNFBU PSCJPFOFSHZ"U-FWFM#UIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBTTFTTFECBTFEPOOBUJPOBMPS SFHJPOBMBWFSBHFPSDBUDINFOUTQFDJëDXBUFSGPPUQSJOUEBUBGSPNBOBWBJMBCMF HFPHSBQIJDBMMZFYQMJDJUEBUBCBTFɨFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTBSFQSFGFSBCMZTQFDJëFECZ NPOUICVUXJMMTUJMMCFNVMUJZFBSBWFSBHFNPOUIMZEBUBɨJTMFWFMPGBDDPVOUJOH JTTVJUBCMFUPQSPWJEFBCBTJTGPSVOEFSTUBOEJOHXIFSFIPUTQPUTJOMPDBMXBUFSTIFET DBOCFFYQFDUFEBOEGPSNBLJOHXBUFSBMMPDBUJPOEFDJTJPOT"U-FWFM$XBUFS GPPUQSJOUBDDPVOUTBSFHFPHSBQIJDBMMZBOEUFNQPSBMMZFYQMJDJUCBTFEPOQSFDJTF

Table 2.1 Spatiotemporal explication in water footprint accounting

Spatial explication

Temporal explication

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water consumption and

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water consumption and

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location and over the year.

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carrying out a water

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of a strategy to reduce water footprints and associated local impacts.

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Which period of data?

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Direct and/or indirect water footprint?

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Box 2.2 Are there ‘scopes’ in water footprint accounting as there are in the case of corporate carbon footprint accounting?

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footprint accounting. The total water footprint of a consumer or producer

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case of water footprint accounting. In water footprint accounting there are thus two ‘scopes’ only: ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ water footprint.

Consider the water footprint within a nation or the water footprint of national consumption?

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2.3 Scope of water footprint sustainability assessment

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2.4 Scope of water footprint response formulation

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Water Footprint Accounting

3.1 Human appropriation of fresh water:

What do we measure and why?

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Soil and vegetation Precipitation Non production-related evapotranspiration Production-related evapotranspiration

Abstraction Return flow Production-related evapotranspiration Water contained in products Water transfer to other catchment Run-off at field level

Green water footprint Blue water footprint

Catchment area

Water contained in products

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3.2 Coherence between different sorts of

water footprint accounts

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lead to double counting.

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of all products produced

Water footprint of a group of consumers (e.g. of a nation, province or municipality) Water footprint of a group of

producers (e.g. a sector)

Water footprint within a geographically delineated area

(e.g. a nation or river basin)

Water footprint of a producer (business, company)

Product water footprints

Process water footprints Water footprint of consumer

add product water footprints of all products consumed

add process water footprints of all processes in a production system of a product

add process water footprints of all processes occurring within the area

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3.3 Water footprint of a process step

3.3.1 Blue water footprint

ɨFCMVFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUJTBOJOEJDBUPSPGDPOTVNQUJWFVTFPGTPDBMMFECMVF XBUFSJOPUIFSXPSETGSFTITVSGBDFPSHSPVOEXBUFSɨFUFSNADPOTVNQUJWF XBUFSVTFSFGFSTUPPOFPGUIFGPMMPXJOHGPVSDBTFT

Box 3.1 The relation between the different sorts of water footprints

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production and supply chain).

r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG BMMQSPEVDUTDPOTVNFECZUIFDPOTVNFS

r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPNNVOJUZUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG JUTNFNCFST

r 5IF XBUFS GPPUQSJOU PG OBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPO UIF TVN PG UIF XBUFS GPPUQSJOUTPGJUTJOIBCJUBOUT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBCVTJOFTTUIFTVNPGUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPG UIFàOBMQSPEVDUTUIBUUIFCVTJOFTTQSPEVDFT r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBHFPHSBQIJDBMMZEFMJOFBUFEBSFB GPSFYBNQMF BNVOJDJQBMJUZQSPWJODFTUBUFOBUJPODBUDINFOUPSSJWFSCBTJOUIFTVN PGUIFQSPDFTTXBUFSGPPUQSJOUTPGBMMQSPDFTTFTUBLJOHQMBDFJOUIFBSFB

(47)

8BUFSFWBQPSBUFT 8BUFSJTJODPSQPSBUFEJOUPUIFQSPEVDU 8BUFSEPFTOPUSFUVSOUPUIFTBNFDBUDINFOUBSFBGPSFYBNQMFJUJTSFUVSOFE UPBOPUIFSDBUDINFOUBSFBPSUIFTFB 8BUFSEPFTOPUSFUVSOJOUIFTBNFQFSJPEGPSFYBNQMFJUJTXJUIESBXOJOB TDBSDFQFSJPEBOESFUVSOFEJOBXFUQFSJPE ɨFëSTUDPNQPOFOUFWBQPSBUJPOJTHFOFSBMMZUIFNPTUTJHOJëDBOUPOFɨFSFGPSF POFXJMMPGUFOTFFUIBUDPOTVNQUJWFVTFJTFRVBUFEXJUIFWBQPSBUJPOCVUUIF PUIFSUISFFDPNQPOFOUTTIPVMECFJODMVEFEXIFOSFMFWBOU"MMQSPEVDUJPO SFMBUFEFWBQPSBUJPODPVOUTJODMVEJOHUIFXBUFSUIBUFWBQPSBUFTEVSJOHXBUFS TUPSBHF GPSFYBNQMFGSPNBSUJëDJBMXBUFSSFTFSWPJSTUSBOTQPSU GPSFYBNQMF

Figure 3.3 The direct and indirect water footprint in each stage of the supply chain of an animal product

Figure 3.4 5IFSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGOBUJPOBM DPOTVNQUJPOBOEUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUXJUIJOBOBUJPOJOBTJNQMJàFE FYBNQMFGPSUXPUSBEJOHOBUJPOT Feed crop cultivation Livestock farming Food

processor Retailer Consumer

Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint Indirect water footprint Indirect water footprint Indirect water footprint Water footprint of national consumption Virtual-water import Nation A Water footprint within the nation Virtual-water export Virtual-water import Water footprint within the nation Virtual-water export Nation B Water footprint of national consumption external

(48)

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Box 3.2 Unit of a water footprint

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volume per product unit.

r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBQSPEVDUJTBMXBZTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNF QFSQSPEVDUVOJU&YBNQMFT

– water volume per unit of mass (for products where weight is a good indicator of quantity)

– water volume per unit of money (for products where value tells more than weight)

– water volume per piece (for products that are counted per piece rather than weight)

m XBUFSWPMVNFQFSVOJUPGFOFSHZ QFSLDBMGPSGPPEQSPEVDUTPSQFS

joule for electricity or fuels)

r 5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGBDPOTVNFSPSCVTJOFTTJTFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFS WPMVNFQFSVOJUPGUJNF*UDBOCFFYQSFTTFEBTXBUFSWPMVNFQFSNPOF UBSZVOJUXIFOUIFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUQFSVOJUPGUJNFJTEJWJEFECZJODPNF GPSDPOTVNFSTPSUVSOPWFS GPSCVTJOFTTFT5IFXBUFSGPPUQSJOUPGB DPNNVOJUZPGDPO

References

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