Swedish Opinion on the Swedish Membership in the European Union

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Swedish Opinion on the

Swedish Membership in the

European Union

Sören Holmberg

[SOM-report no 2012:5]

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Data: SOM Institute, University of Gothenburg; Annual nationwide surveys in Sweden; Sample size: 9 000; age: 16–85 years old; Mail questionnaires with an average response rate of 65 percent. Question: ”What is your opinion of the Swedish membership in the European Union?” Three response alternatives: ”On the whole in favour; On the whole against; No definite opinion.”

Comment: All respondents answering the question are included in the percentage base.

Principal investigator: Sören Holmberg, phone +46 31 786 12 27, e-mail: soren.holmberg@pol.gu.se. Data processed by Frida Vernersdotter, SOM Institute.

46 ₄₆ 20 26 34 29 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 In favour Against No definite opinion procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Women and Men, 1991–2011

Data: The annual nationwide SOM survey, SOM Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

53 ₅₂ 39 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Men Women procent

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among Swedes in Different Age Groups, 1991–2011

46 41 49 51 51 43 33 44 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 65 - 85 50 - 64 30 - 49 16 - 29 procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Swedes in Different Educational Groups, 1994–2011

56 67 41 49 30 39 25 26 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 High Middle to high Middle to low Low procent

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among Swedes Belonging to Different Subjective Family Classes, 1994–2011

66 73 54 54 49 65 39 23 37/37 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Higher non-manual Self employed Lower non-manual Farmer Worker procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Members of Different Trade Unions, 1994–2011

28 ₂₆ 49 49 58 69 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 LO TCO SACO procent

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among Swedish Citizens and Non-Citizens, 1993–2011

28 55 30 45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Other citizenship Swedish citizenship procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Swedes Living in Cities or Rural Areas, 1994–2011

56 58 43 49 34 39 31 33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Big city Smaller city Town Rural procent

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among Swedes Living in the North or in the South of Sweden, 1994–2011

Comment: The South is defined as Southern Sweden (Skåne and Blekinge) and the North is defined as Upper Norrland. Data: The annual nationwide SOM survey, SOM Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

47 47 24 29 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 South North procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Swedes with Different Degrees of Political Interest, 1994–2011

47 54 28 36 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Interested Not interested procent

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among Swedes with Different Left-Right Ideological Self-Placements, 1994–2011

Principal investigator: Sören Holmberg, phone +46 31 786 12 27, e-mail: soren.holmberg@pol.gu.se. Data processed by Frida Vernersdotter, SOM Institute

67 63 33 ₃₃ 24 36 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Right Neither Left procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Swedes with Different Party Sympathies, 1994–2011

72 61 33 62 64 78 36 ₃₆ 12 37 29 35 11 22 18 23 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Conservative Christian Dem. Liberal Center Green Social Democrats Left Sweden democrats procent

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among Swedes with Different Degrees of General Trust in Other People, 1996–2011

37 55 26 36 24 31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 High Middle Low procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Swedes with Different Degrees of General Trust in Politicians, 1998–2011

Principal investigator: Sören Holmberg, phone +46 31 786 12 27, e-mail: soren.holmberg@pol.gu.se.

46 58 35 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 High Low procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Morning Paper Readers, 1994–2011

42 49 42 32/32 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 5-7 days/week 1-4 days/week Less frequently procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Evening Paper Readers, 1994–2011

44 39 34 37 42 49 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 6-7 days/week 1-5 days/week Less frequently procent

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among Listeners to Public Service Radio News (“Ekot”), 1994–2011

49 51 37 43 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Listens at least once a week Listens less frequently procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Viewers of Public Service Television News (SVT), 1994–2011

43 46 32 43 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Watches at least 5 days/week

Watches less than once a week procent

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among Viewers of Commercial Television News (TV4), 1994–2011

33 43 41 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Watches at least 5 days/week

Watches less than once a week procent

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Percent in Favour of the Swedish Membership in the European Union

among Viewers of Television News on SVT or TV4, 1994–2011

43 43 33 46 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 SVT at least 5 days/week TV4 at least 5 days/week procent

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Swedish Opinion on the Swedish Membership in the European Union