CHAPTER 2 OUTLINE OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM

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CHAPTER 2 OUTLINE OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM

In this chapter, the computer program for solving the two layer zone smoke transport

model, BRI2002, is outlined.

2. 1 STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM

BRI2002 consists of a number of sub-programs as shown in FIGURE 2.1, which can

be classified as follows:

MAIN PROGRAM : Execute the calculation by invoking the subroutines for

vari-ous objectives

Control calculation time and monitors errors during

calcula-tion

SUBPROGRAMS : Classified into the three categories as follows:

1. Subprograms for Data Input and Output

- Data input for calculation control

- Data input for building conditions

- Data input for opening conditions

- Data input for fire source conditions

- Data input for boundary wall conditions

- Data input for outdoor air conditions

- Data input for smoke control conditions

2. Subprograms for Element Physics

- Set current fire source conditions

- Set current opening conditions

- Set current smoke control conditions

- Calculate species generation rates

- Calculate room pressures and opening flow rates

- Calculate heat transfer

- Calculate wall temperature

- Calculate plume flow rates

3. Subprograms for Numerics

- Integrate the ordinary differential equations for zone properties

- Solve non-linear algebraic equations for the room pressures

- Solve finite difference equations for wall temperatures

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FIGURE 2.1 PROGRAM STRUCTURE EQIVRT Layer global equivalence ratio OPNSCH Current opening conditions FRSOUC Current fire source conditions

SMCSYS Current smoke control conditions LYRDIM Layer thickness and wall surface area INITDT Set Initial Conditions Input Data Set Time t=0 PROCES Calculation of element processes

LYREMT Emmittance of layers

ABSORB Absorption coefficient of gas mixture

t=t+

⊿

t BRI2000 Define I/O Files Call Sub- programs

WRITDT Output of input data for check

SPECS2 Species generation rate per unit mass of gasified fuel consumed due to burning RHTRAN Radiation heat transfer

CHTRAN Convective heat transfer HCONDT Wall temperatures

FPLUME Plume flow rate VENTLE Multi-room ventilation

FLWRAT Opening flow rate

LINLU Solver for a system of linear equations DOORJT Opening jet property

DPLUME Opening jet plume flow rate DJTSMC Opening jet due to mech. air supply GPBRAT Mass burning rate of gasified fuel Output of results

Runge-Kutta to integrate zone equations DFFUNC Differential coef. RESULT RUNGE BLOCK DATA (default property data etc.) BLDGDT OPENDT FIREDT TYWDAT OUTDOR SMCLDT

Input building conditions Input opening conditions Input fire source conditions

Input initial wall and indoor air conditions Input outdoor air conditions

Input smoke control conditions

BISEC Bi-section numerics

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2. 2 MAIN PROGRAM

i) JOB

FUNCTION

- Predict smoke transport behavior in a building having multiple rooms on multiple

floors which subject to fire.

Predictions of : temperature, thickness, species concentration of upper and lower

layers,

room pressures, opening flow rates,

radiative and convective heat transfer rates,

generation and consumption rates of species,

effectiveness of a smoke control system.

ii) I/O

FILES

UNIT No. FILE NAME CONTENTS

10 INP.DAT Input data file

6 Screen Monitor

20 21

DETAIL.DAT SIMPLE.DAT

Output file for detail results Output file for selected results

- temperatures of upper and lower layers（℃） - heights of layer discontinuities (m)

- room pressure at floor level (reference to GL) (Pa) - mass burning rate of gasified fuel (kg/s)

- species mass fractions in upper and lower layers - heat transfer rate to wall

- wall temperature (℃) 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 TEMPSM.DAT TEMPAR.DAT HEIGHT.DAT PRSROM.DAT PRSDEF.DAT FLOWRT.DAT SMCEFF.DAT

Output of individual property items Temperatures of upper layers（℃） Temperatures of lower layers（℃） Heights of layer discontinuities (m)

Room pressure at floor level (reference to GL) (Pa) Pressure difference at the level of openings (Pa) Flow rates at openings (kg/s)

Smoke extraction efficiency

iii) REFERENCED SUBPROGRAMS

Sub. INITDT

Data input and initial conditions set

Sub. PROCES

Calculation of element processes of fire

Sub. RUNGE

Integration of ordinary differential equation for zone properties

Sub. RESULT

Output of calculated results

(4)

iv) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

FIGURE 2.2 JOB STREAM OF MAIN PROGRAM START

Data input & Initial cond. Time x= 0

Subr.INITDT

Save current results Calculation of element

processes of fire Output results to files

Subr.PROCES

Subr.RESULT

Predict layer properties at

x=x+H by Runge-Kutta Subr.RUNGE NO

YES

Time step H=H/10 Have time step H

been changed ?

Restore previous time cond. Message:

Calculation abandoned YES

NO March time x=x+H

Have time step H been changed ?

Return H to the original

STOP YES NO YES Complete time ? NO Normal pressure convergence ?

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2. 3 DATA I/O SUBPROGRAMS

2. 3. 1 Sub. INITDT

i) FUNCTION

- Intialize variables

- Input the data for the calculation conditions

- Output the input data for check

ii) DATA I/O FOR THE JOB

Input from Code

Symbol Math. Symbol Description PARAMETER COMMON/ROOM/ /TYZ/ NROMAX NRMAX5 HCLR(I) VR(I) TA(I) VR Ta

maximum number of rooms allowed in the code NROMAX+5(maximum number of outdoor spaces) ceiling height of room i from reference level (m) volume of room i (m3₎

temperature of the lower layer in room i (K)

Output to Code Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/FLOW/ COMMON/TYZ/ COMMON/SMC/ COMMON/RVAR/ SS SA AS AA SSD SAD ASD AAD KSS KSA KAS KAA ZS ZA VS VA G1S G1A G2S G2A G1SD G1AD K1S K1A X KERR TMIN SS SA AS AA SS’ SA’ AS’ AA’ kSS kSA kAS kAA ZS ZA VS VA M1S M1a M2S M2a M1S’ M1a’ k1S k1a t

opening flow rate from an upper to an upper layer (kg/s) opening flow rate from an upper to a lower layer (kg/s) opening flow rate from a lower to an upper layer (kg/s) opening flow rate from a lower to a lower layer (kg/s) mass penetration rate due to plume of opening jet SS (kg/s) mass penetration rate due to plume of opening jet SA (kg/s) mass penetration rate due to plume of opening jet AS (kg/s) mass penetration rate due to plume of opening jet AA (kg/s) fraction of layer penetration of heat and species in SS fraction of layer penetration of heat and species in SA fraction of layer penetration of heat and species in AS fraction of layer penetration of heat and species in AA thickness of an upper layer (m)

height of layer discontinuity from reference level (m) volume of an upper layer (m3₎

volume of a lower layer (m3₎

flow rate into upper layer due to mechanical air supply(kg/s) flow rate into lower layer due to mechanical air supply(kg/s) rate of mechanical gas extraction from upper layer (kg/s) rate of mechanical gas extraction from lower layer (kg/s) penetration rate into lower layer thru plume from M1S(kg/s) penetration rate into lower layer thru plume from M1a(kg/s) fraction of heat/species in M1S penetrating into lower layer fraction of heat/species in M1a penetrating into lower layer current time (s)

error code

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iii) REFERENCED SUBPROGRAMS

・

BLDGDT

Input the data of the dimensions of the object building

・

OPENDT

Input the data of the conditions of the openings

・

FIREDT

Input the data of the conditions of the fire source

・

TYWDAT

Input the data of the conditions of the boundary walls

・

OUTDOR

Input the data of the conditions of the outdoor conditions

・

SMCLDT

Input the data of the conditions of the mechanical air

sup-ply/smoke extraction

Variable initialization Input data for calculation

Check input data for initial upper layer temperature

START RETURN Subr.BLDGDT Subr.OPENDT Subr.FIREDT Subr.TYWDAT Subr.OUTDOR Subr.SMCLDT Check input data for

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2. 3. 2 Sub. BLDGDT

i) FUNCTION

- Input the data for calculation time, time increment, output interval etc.

- Input number of story and rooms, story height, room dimensions etc.

Input from: Description

Input Data File (INP.DAT) (The same as the output) Output to: CODE _Symbols

Math.

_Symbol Description COMMON/NBLG/ COMMON/TIMED/ COMMON/DL/ COMMON/WORK/ COMMON/DBLG/ COMMON/WALD/ COMMON/ROOM/ DIMENSION BLGNAM DATAED CONDNO CONDTN RMNAME XEND H HPRNT PRTS DLMIN ACR0 NROOM NFLOOR FLH(N) FLHR(N) NFL(I) CLH(I) NTYTYP(I) NW1TYP(I) NW2TYP(I) NMAXAR(I) ASWB(I,J) ASWW(I,J) AR(I,J) ZAR(I,J) ASW(I,J) AW(I) VR(I) HCLR(I) HFLR(I) RSCALE(I) FPOS(I) VR L

comment on the calculation, e.g. building name date of calculation (comment, optional) no. of calculation conditions(comment, optional) comment on calculation conditions (optional) name of rooms

end time for calculation (s) time increment (s) output time interval (s)

interval of simple output/individual item output (s) minimal layer thickness (m)＊１）

pressure convergence criterion＊２） total number of rooms

number of stories

story height of Nth story (m)

floor height of Nth story from reference level (m) floor number on which room i located

ceiling height of room i (m)

type number of initial air conditions

type number of wall contacting with upper layer type number of wall contacting with lower layer number of horizontal division of an irregular space＊３） width of j-th divided volume elements of space i (m) depth of j-th divided volume elements of space i (m) projected area of j-th divided volume elements of space i (m2₎

height from floor of j-th divided volume elements of space i (m)

area of perimeter walls of j-th divided volume ele-ments of space i (m2₎

area of boundary wall of room i (m2₎ volume of room i (m３₎

height of ceiling of room i from reference level (m) height of floor of room i from reference level (m) representative length of room i (m)

(8)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

*1) This model assumes that an upper and a lower layers exist at any time from the

beginning. Sub. INITDT sets as DLMIN=10

-2

if input 0 or nothing, and changes to

DLMIN=0.1 if input a number greater than 0.1.

*2) Sub. INITDT sets as ACR0=0.1 if input 0 or nothing. User input value needs be

ACR0>1.0x10

-5

.

*3) NMAXR(i)=1 if the geometry of horizontal section of room i does not change with

height.

AR(i,1) AR(i,2) AR(i,j) AR(i,j)=ASWB(i,j)×ASWW(i,j) ZAR(i,j) ZAR(i,2) Input comments on calculation conditions

Input calculation time, time increment, output interval Input number of stories, story height

Calculate heights of ceilings /floors from reference level (GL)

Input conditions of room i :

floor no., ceiling height , type no. of initial air cond., wall type nos., number of space division

START

Input total number of rooms

Calculate volume/wall area of rooms Calculate representative length of rooms

RETURN

Calculate ceiling/floor heights from reference level Input dimensions of divided volume elements

height from floor, width, depth i=i+1

(9)

2. 3. 3 Sub. OPENDT

i) FUNCTION

- Input the data for opening conditions (location, dimensions, schedule)

- Combine and synchronize the opening schedule data with the condition of each

opening concerned.

Input from: CODE

Symbol

Math.

Symbol Description Input data file

(INP.DAT) B H1 H2 AO NOPTYP NSCHPTN Hh Hl width of opening (m)

height of upper end of opening from floor (m)＊1） height of lower end of opening from floor (m)＊1） area of opening (m2₎＊1）

type no. of opening area change＊2） pattern no. of opening schedule

Output to: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/OPEND/ COMMON/OPNSH/ COMMON/SCHEDL/ COMMON/OPSC2/ BW(I,J,K) HUR(I,J,K) HLR(I,J,K) KN(I,J) AOPN(I,J,K) BW0(I,J,K) HUR0(I,J,K) OPNFCT(I,J,K) NSCHDAT(M) TCHNGE(M) SCHTIM(M,L) SCHDAT(M,L) NTIME0 XTIME0(L) B Hh Hl k

width of k-th opening between rooms i and j (m) upper end height of k-th opening between rooms i and j (m)

upper end height of k-th opening between rooms i and j (m)

opening no. of opening between rooms i and j area of k-th opening between rooms i and j (m2₎ width of opening k(i, j) at full open (m)

upper end height of opening k(i,j) at full open (m) opening ratio (=actual open area/full open area) of opening k (between rooms i and j)

number of times at which schedule of pattern M changes

time required between closed and full open of schedule of pattern M (s)

time at L-th change of pattern M schedule (s) opening ratio at L-th change of pattern M schedule total number of times of change in all schedules time at L-th change in all the schedules

*1) If an opening is horizontal or slant, input actual area opening. Then, Sub. OPENDT

calculates the width regarding as ‘the area/opening height’. If H1=H2 the opening is

deemed as horizontal and H1 and H2 are changed to H1=H1+h+HDLMIN and

H2=H2+HDLMIN, respectively, h being (opening area)

1/2

×

0.1, HDLMIN being

minimum layer thickness calculated subr. INITDT.

*2) Vertical opening change like a shutter is allowed. NOPTYP =0: width change, 1:

upper end change

(10)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

*1) GL: Ground level. Reference level is usually set at ground level.

Input opening data:

corresponding room No. i, j

width, heights of upper and lower end, area type of area change (horizontal, vertical) opening schedule pattern id. No.

START

horizontal or slant NO

Input of all the opening schedules completed ? (NSCHPTNO≧99)

YES Input of all the opening

data completed ?（i=9999）

NO

YES

Calculate opening area

Calculate opening height from GL*1) Default opening schedule ＝full open（OPNFCT=1.0）

Input the data for opening schedule: change time, opening ratio, operation time

NO

RETURN

Combine the data for opening conditions of each opening and corresponding opening schedules Arrange the opening schedules in order of time for output

YES Convert to a vertical opening with

height(h) equas to 0.1x(area)1/2 Horizontal opening (H1= H2) ? width B= A0/(H1-H2) NO YES all openings

all opening sched-ule patterns

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2. 3. 4 Sub. FIREDT

i) FUNCTION

- Input the data for fire source conditions (the room of origin, HRR, area etc.)

- Input the data for the combustion properties of the fuel

Input from: CODE

Symbol

Math. Symbol

Description Input data file

(INP.DAT) COMMON/FIRDEF IFR NFRCNT KFRTYP FRXD(I) FRBD(I) FRAD(I) FRHD(I) WCDEF WHDEF WODEF WNDEF QEXPDF TPDEF QCFYDF WMFLDF WDEF PMDEF SOOTDEF WC WH WO WN ∆Hexp Tp Ld Ml w m s

room no. of the room of fire origin

no. of times at which fire source schedule change type no. of input of fire source conditions*1) I-th shedule time (s)

mass burning rate (kg/s) or heat release rate (kW) at I-th schedule time*2)

fire source area at I-th schedule time (m2₎

fire source height from floor at I-th schedule time (m) default mass fraction of C in fuel

default mass fraction of H in fuel default mass fraction of O in fuel default mass fraction of N in fuel default heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg) default gasification temperature of fuel (K) default latent heat of gasification of fuel (kJ/kg) default molecular mass of species (kg/mol) default residual char mass fraction in dry base fuel default moisture mass fraction in dry base fuel default soot mass generation fraction in dry base fuel

Output to: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/FEL1 COMMON/FEL2 COMMON/PLUM WW PM WC WH WO WN STMIN COMIN KFUEL TP QEXP QGFY WMOL(L) ROWS YP(L) w m WC WH WO WN Tp ∆Hexp Ld Ml ρsoot Yl

residual char mass fraction in dry base fuel moisture mass fraction in dry base fuel mass fraction of C in fuel

mass fraction of H in fuel mass fraction of O in fuel mass fraction of N in fuel

minimal soot generation fraction in dry base fuel minimal CO generation fraction in dry base fuel fuel identifier no.

gasification temperature of fuel (K) heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg) latent heat of gasification of fuel (kJ/kg) molecular mass of species (kg/mol) density of soot (kg/m3₎

(12)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

*1) Input KFRTYP =0 or ignore : Input mass burning rate for FRBD

=1

: Input heat release rate for FRBD

*2) When input either of heat release rate and mass burning rate, the other is

auto-matically generated. Both are used in the program.

Input fire source data: time of burning schedule burning rate

fire source area height from floor

START Input room no. of fire origin

Input specific data for the fuel ?

RETURN Input fuel data:

mass fractions of C, H,O.. heat of combustion latent heat of gasification

Invoke the data of fuel no.: KFUEL from the default fuel data set Yes

No (KFUEL<FFLDEF) Input fuel no.(KFUEL)

(13)

2. 3. 5 Sub. TYWDAT

i) FUNCTION

- Input the data for initial room air conditions (temperature, humidity)

- Input the data for the properties of each type of wall (user specification/default)

- combine room wall types and property data

- set initial conditions of walls

Input from: CODE

Symbol

Math.

COMMON/DTYW/ COMMON/WORK/ /DBLG/ NYINR NTYMAX T0 HUMIDITY NWALCT NWLYTP(I) EPTP(I) WLTP(I) WLMDTP(I) WSPTP(I) WROWTP(I) NROOM NTYTYP(I) NW1TYP(I) NW2TYP(I) εW l λ c ρ

Input type no. of initial room air conditions*1) number of input types of initial room air conditions initial room air temperature (K)

initial room air relative humidity (％)

number of wall types to which input property data*2) number of slices of I-th type wall for finite difference temperature calculation

emissivity of I-th type wall thickness of I-th type wall (m)

thermal conductivity of I-th type wall (kW/m/K) specific heat of I-th type wall (kJ/kg/K) density of I-th type wall (kg/m3₎ number of rooms

type no. of initial room air conditions for room I wall type no. contacting with upper layer of room I wall type no. contacting with lower layer of room I*3)

Output to: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/DTYW/ COMMON/FULWAL/ COMMON/PPRS/ COMMON/TYZ/ COMMON/WTMP/ Y0 WALNAM PPO TS TA NWLYR1 TWS(I,N) EP1 WL1 WLMD1 WSP1 WROW1 NWLYR2 TWA(I,N) EP2 WL2 WLMD2 WSP2 WROW2 P Ts Ta N T ε1 l λ c ρ N T ε₂ l λ c ρ

initial mass fraction of species in room air name of the wall material

initial partial pressure of species (atm) temperature of an upper layer (K) temperature of a lower layer (K)

number of slices of wall contacting with an upper layer for finite difference temperature calculation

temperature at N-th grid in an upper wall in room I (K) emissivity of surface of the upper wall in room I thickness of the upper wall in room I (m)

heat conductivity of the upper wall in room I (kW/m/K) specific heat of the upper wall in room I (kJ/kg/K) density of the upper wall in room I (kg/m3₎

number of slices of the wall contacting with a lower layer for finite difference temperature calculation

temperature at N-th grid in the lower wall in room I (K) emissivity of surface of the lower wall in room I thickness of the lower wall in room I (m)

heat conductivity of the lower wall in room I (kW/m/K) specific heat of the lower wall in room I (kJ/kg/K) density of the lower wall in room I (kg/m3₎

(14)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

*1) NYINR =0 : Input temperature only (default relative humidity=50%)

=1 : Input temperature and relative humidity.

*2) Equal or less than 10 wall types are disposed for input by user, i.e. NWALCT=<10.

*3) Input at Subr.BLDGDT.

Air condition input type no. (NYINR)

START

Designate how to input air cond.

Input default species fraction 0

1

Input temperature only (user)

(default relative humidity 50%) Input temperature and relative humidity

In put number of wall types (NWALCT)

Wall type no.

Input wall properties (by user) number of division, emissivity, conductivity, specific heat, etec.

1～10

11～31

Invoke default wall properties number of division, emissivity, conductivity, specific heat, etec.

Initial set of air and wall temperatures

RETURN

(15)

2. 3. 6 Sub. OUTDOR

i) FUNCTION

- Input the outdoor conditions

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description Input data file

(INP.DAT) COMMON/PPRS/ NYIN0 TOUT HUMIDITY YOUT WNDC WNDV0 WNDH0 NOUT PPOUT CW V0 h0

Input type no. of the outdoor air conditions*1) temperature of the outdoor air (K)

relative humidity of the outdoor air (%) species mass fraction in the outdoor air wind pressure coefficient

wind velocity at reference height (m/s) reference height (m)

number of the outdoor space*2)

partial pressure of species in the outdoor air (atm) Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/WIND/ WNDEXP WINDCV

n power on wind velocity distribution with height coefficient concerning wind pressure*3)

*1) NYIN0 =0 : Input temperature only (default relative humidity=50%)

=1 : Input temperature and relative humidity.

*2) Considering a rectangular building exposed to outdoor wind, the five outdoor spaces

are introduced to take into account, at most, the five different wind pressures

ex-erted on the four wall surfaces and roof with different angle. Number of the outdoor

spaces NOUT can be used for this aim within the limit of NOUT=<5.

*3) Letting

C

be wind pressure coefficient, the wind pressure

∆

P

w

is calculated as

2 0

2

1

V

C

Pw

=

ρ

∆

and, letting

h

0

and

V

0

be the reference height and the wind velocity at the reference

height, respectively, the wind velocity at height

h

is calculated as

n h h V V _      = 0 0

In this program,

∆P

w

is expressed as

n

h

WINDCV

Pw

=

・

2

∆

where WNDCV is the invariable given as follows:

n

h

V

C

WINDCV

2 0 2 0 0

1

2

1













=

ρ

(16)

Input type no. of outdoor conditions (NYIN0)

START

Select input type of outdoor air

Invoke default species conc.

0

1

Input temperature only (user) (default humidity 50%)

Input temperature and relative humidity (user)

Input wind velocity at reference height & wind pressure coefficients

RETURN Calculate coefficient WNDCV Calculate species mass and volume fractions in the outdoor air

(17)

2. 3. 7 Sub. SMCLDT

i) FUNCTION

- Input the data for mechanical smoke control conditions

- Combine and synchronize the smoke control schedule data with smoke control at

each room concerned.

Input from: CODE

Symbol

Math.

(INP.DAT) NSMC NOEX NRG2(N) HUG2(N) HLG2(N) EXHVOL(N) KSCHPS(N) NEXRM(N) NOPTNDTS(K) TEXCHG(K) NOSUP NRG1(N) HUG1(N) HLG1(N) SUPVOL(N) KSCHPA(N) NOPTNDTS(K) TSUPCHG(K)

code no. for presence of mechanical smoke control*1) smoke vent no.

room no. in which smoke vent N exists

height from floor of upper end of smoke vent N (m) height from floor of lower end of smoke vent N (m) volumetric extraction rate from smoke vent N (m3_/s) smoke extraction schedule pattern no. of smoke vent N number of vents of which smoke vent N consists*2) number of data (or change) of smoke extraction schedule pattern K

time needed from start to full operation of smoke extraction pattern K (s)*3)

air inlet no.

room no. in which air inlet N exists

height from floor of upper end of air inlet N (m) height from floor of lower end of air inlet N (m) volumetric air supply rate from air inlet N (m3_/s) air supply schedule pattern no. fof air inlet N number of data (or change) of air supply schedule pattern K

time needed from start to full operation of air supply pattern K (s)*3)

Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description COMMON/SMC/ COMMON/SMC2/ T1 Y1 HUG1R(N) HLG1R(N) HUG2R(N) HLG2R(N) SCHTIMS(K,J) SCHDATS(K,J) SCHTIMA(K,J) SCHDATA(K,J) TEXCHG(K) TSUPCHG(K) HUG2(N) HLG2(N) EXHVOL(N) NEXRM(N) T1 Y1

temperature of mechanically supplied air (K) species mass fraction in mechanically supplied air height from ref. level of upper end of air inlet N(m) height from ref. level of lower end of air inlet N (m) height from ref. level of upper end of smoke vent N(m) height from ref. level of lower end of smoke vent N(m) J-th schedule time of smoke extraction pattern K (s) operation rate at time SCHTIMS(J,K)*4)

J-th schedule time of air supply pattern K (s) operation rate at time SCHTIMA(N,K) *4)

time needed from start to full operation of smoke extraction pattern K (s)*3)

time needed from start to full operation of air supply pattern K (s)*3)

height from floor of upper end of smoke vent N (m) height from floor of lower end of smoke vent N (m) volumetric extraction rate from smoke vent N (m3_/s) number of vents of which smoke vent N consists

(18)

COMMON/SMC4/ COMMON/SMCD/ COMMON/PPRS/ HUG1(N) HLG1(N) SUPVOL(N) KSCHPS(N) KSCHPA(N) NOG1A NOG2S NRG1(N) NRG2(N) PP1

height from floor of upper end of air inlet N (m) height from floor of lower end of air inlet N (m) volumetric air supply rate from air inlet N (m3_/s) smoke extraction schedule pattern no. of smoke vent N air supply schedule pattern no. of air inlet N total number of air supply inlets

total number of smoke vents room no. in which air inlet N exists room no. in which smoke vent N exists partial pressure of species in supplied air (atm)

*1) NSMC= 1 : with smoke control system

0 : without smoke control

*2) Only one smoke vent is allowed in a room in this model. However, if multiple smoke

vents with identical smoke extraction rates are provided in a room, they can be

treated as one combined vent having the total extraction rate. In such a case, despite

the total extraction rate is the same, smoke extraction efficiency, which is calculated

in Sub. SMCSYS on the basis of the extraction rate of a vent, can be higher than the

case of only one vent extracting the same total rate. Incidentally, in the case the

smoke extraction system in a room is equipped with two or three vents with different

extraction rates, dividing the room into the number of pseudo rooms may be a

pos-sibility.

*3) The default value is tentatively set to 5 seconds since this time will vary from one to

another, but it will take significantly more time for a usual mechanical fan to reach

its full operation state. Users are advised to input a relevant value if the time is

important for their particular issues.

*4) Operation rate at a time here is defined as the ratio: the rate at the time/the rate at

the full operation stage)

(19)

Complete input for smoke vents (NOEX0≧99)？

Plan smoke control ? START

Yes (NSMC=1)

No (NSMC=0)

Input data of smoke vents

room no. for the vent, vent height, extraction rate, schedule No. all smoke vents

Input schedule data for smoke venting schedule pattern no.

number of schedule data

schedule time, schedule operation rate time for full operation

Plan smoke venting？

Arrange all schedule times in order (for output)

Combine and synchronize the schedule data of each smoke extraction pattern and the smoke extraction schedule in each room

Calculate the heights of vents from ref. level

Complete the input for air inlets (NSUP0≧99)？

Input the data for air inlets

room no. for the air inlet, inlet height, air supply rate, schedule No.

No. of smoke vents =0 No. of air inlets =0

YES NO

A

B

Smoke Extraction Air Supply all air inlets

(20)

Input type no. of supplied air (NYINA)

RETURN Type no. NYINA =0

=1

=2 or 3

Input temp. & humidity (default species fractions)

Input temp. , humidity, species mass fractions

=3 =2

Input temp., humidity, species volume fractions Set the temperatre &

relative humidity as the same as outdoor

Input schedule data for air suuply

schedule pattern no. number of schedule data

schedule time, schedule operation rate time for full operation

Plan air supply ?

Arrange all schedule times in order (for output) Combine and synchronize the schedule data of each air supply

pattern and the air supply schedule in each room Calculate the heights of air inlets from ref. level

Calculate mass and volume fractions of species

Calculate volume fraction of species

Calculate mass fraction of species

Set up temp. & species fraction of each sup-plied using the input or calculated data

A

B

(21)

2. 3. 8 Sub. CRTXO2

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate molecular number of chemical elements in unit mass of gasified fuel

- Calculate stoichiometric fuel/air ratio

Φ

s

- Calculate the layer oxygen concentrations corresponding to Equivalence ratio =

0.0, 1.0 and 2.0, which are used to obtain equivalence ratio at arbitrary condition.

ii) DATA I/O FOR THE JOB

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/FEL1/ WW WC WH WO WN w WC WH WO WN

residual char mass fraction in dry base fuel mass fraction of C (carbon) in dry base fuel mass fraction of H (hydrogen) in dry base fuel mass fraction of O (oxygen) in dry base fuel mass fraction of N (nitrogen) in dry base fuel Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/EQVRT2/ COMMON/EQVRT/ ENC ENH ENO ENN FAI0 FAI1 FAI2 νC νH νO νN Φ

molecular number of C in unit mass of gasified fuel molecular number of H in unit mass of gasified fuel molecular number of O in unit mass of gasified fuel molecular number of N in unit mass of gasified fuel Oxygen mass fraction at Equivalence Ratio=0.0 Oxygen mass fraction at Equivalence Ratio=1.0 Oxygen mass fraction at Equivalence Ratio=2.0

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

START

Calculate molecular number of chemical elements in unit mass of gasified fuel

Calculate stoichiometric fuel/air ratio Φs

Calculate the layer oxygen concentrations

corresponding to Equivalence ratio = 0.0, 1.0 and 2.0

(22)

2. 3. 9 Sub. WRITDT

i) FUNCTION

- Output the data for verification check of the input data

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

See 2.3.1～2.3.7 See 2.3.1～2.3.7

Output to: CODE

Symbol

Math.

Symbol Description

DETAIL.DAT See 2.3.1～2.3.7

START

Output calculation conditions & building data

Output the data for rooms, walls, openings

Output the data for opening schedules Output initial temperature, species fractions

Output the data for outdoor conditions Output the data for wall properties

Output the data for fire source: the room of origin, fuel properties, burning schedule

RETURN

(23)

2. 4 COMPONENT PHYSICS SUBPROGRAMS

2. 4. 1 Sub. PROCES

i) FUNCTION

- Predict the behavior of the element processes of the fire by invoking the relevant

subprograms.

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description Refer to

2.4.2- 2.4.18 Refer to 2.4.2- 2.4.18

Output to: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMOM/PLUM/ COMMON/QNET/ EMO QSNET QANET QWSNET QWANET m0 Qh Qh Q"x=0 Q"x=0

mass loss rate of fire source (kg/s)

net heat gain of an upper layer due to radiative and convective heat taransfer (kW)

net heat gain of a lower layer due to radiative and convective heat taransfer (kW)

net heat flux to an upper wall (kW/m2₎ net heat flux to a lower wall (kW/m2₎

(24)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

*1) To obtain the net heat flux to walls and the net heat gain of the layers as a result of

the radiative and convective heat transfer among the layers and the walls in the

room.

*2) Calculate the plume mass flow rate at the height of layer discontinuity and the rates

of penetration of mass, heat and chemical species into the other layer.

FRSOUC OPNSCH SMCSYS Renew the schedule data to the values for the

current time: fire source conditions opening conditions mechanical ventilation rates

LYRDIM LYREMT EQIVRT HCONDT RHTRAN CHTRAN FPLUME VENTLE DOORJT DJTSMC GPBRAT START

RETURN

Calculate of element physics properties : Layer thickness

Layer emissivity Equivalence Ratio Species generation rates Heat conduction in wall Radiation heat transfer*1) Convective heat transfer*1) Fire plume*2)

Opening flow rates Plume due to opening jet*2) Plumes due to mech. air supply*2) Burning rate of gasified fuel

(25)

2. 4. 2 Sub. FRSOUC

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the mass loss rate,/the heat release rate, the area and the height of the

fire source at the current time from the input schedule data by means of

interpo-lation.

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description Argument COMMON/WORK/ COMMON/FIRD/ X IFR NFRCNT FRXD(N) FRBD(N) FRAD(N) FRHD(N) t current time (s)

room no. of the room of origin

number of schedule data of the fire source conditions N-th schedule time data (s)

mass loss rate or heat release rate data for N-th schedule time (kg/s or kW)

fire source area data for N-th schedule time (m2₎ fire source height from floor data for N-th schedule time (m)

Output to: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/FIRE/ FRBX FRAX FRHX FRQX FRDX m0 Af Qｆ D

mass loss rate at current time t (kg/s) fire source area at current time t (m2₎

fire source height from floor at current time t (m) heat release rate at current time t (kW)

fire source diameter at current time t(m)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

Locate the current calculation time relative to the input schedule times

RETURN START

Calculate burning rate/heat release rate, fire source area and height using

interpolation of the schedule data

t(N) t t(N+1) d(N) d(N+1) d(t) time D at a of f ir e so ur ce c ond iti on t(N) t t(N+1) d(N) d(N+1) d(t) time D at a of f ir e so ur ce c ond iti on

Calculation of current time conditions of fire source conditions by interpolation

(26)

2. 4. 3 Sub. OPNSCH

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the opening conditions at the current time based on the opening

sched-ules given in advance as input data.

Input from: CODE _SYMBOL Math. _Symbol Description Argument COMMON/WORK/ /OPNSH/ X NROOM NOUT BWO OPNFCT

t current calculation time (s) number of rooms

number of outdoor spaces full open width of opening (m) opening ratio schedule data

Output to: CODE

SYMBOL Math. Symbol Description COMMON/OPEND/ COMMON/OPNSH/ BW HUR SAOPN(I) B Hh

width of an opening at current time(m)

upper end height of an opening at current time (m)*1) total opening area of room i (m2₎*2)

*1) Area of an opening can be changed not only by the width but also by the upper end

height so a fire shutter etc, can be dealt with.

*2) The total opening area is used in Sub.VENTLE to adjust pressure convergence

cri-terion for a room corresponding to the size of openings involved in the room.

iii) CALCULATION METHOD

(a) Change of opening area for door and window etc.

In the case of a door or window etc(NOPTYP=0)., the change of opening area with

time is treated by the change of width, retaining the initial height of opening (refer to

2.3.2 Sub. OPENDT, *2), i. e. the width of opening at time X is calculated as

B(X)=BO

×

OPNFCT(X)

where BO is the full open width.

(b) Change of opening area for shutter etc.

In case of a shutter and the like (NOPTYP=0), retaining the initial width and lower

end height, only the upper end height is changed with time, i. e. the upper end height

Hh(X) is changed with time as follows:

Hh(X)=Hl+(Hh0-Hl)

×

OPNFCT(X)

where Hh0 and Hl are the initial heights of the upper and the lower ends of the opening,

respectively.

(c) TCHANGE (time to take from closed to full open) and calculation of OPENFCT (the

ratio of actual opening area/full open state area) by interpolation is as illustrated

below:

(27)

OPNFCT(i) OPNFCT(i-1) t(i) t(i+1) 1

time

OPNFCT(i) OPNFCT(i-1) t(i) t(i+1) 1 OPNFCT(

x

)

x

TCHANGE

time

Input data of

OPNFCT

(example)

OPNFCT

calculated

at time x

(example)

OPNFCT(i) OPNFCT(i-1) t(i) t(i+1) 1

time

OPNFCT(i) OPNFCT(i-1) t(i) t(i+1) 1 OPNFCT(i) OPNFCT(i-1) t(i) t(i+1) 1

time

x

)

x

TCHANGE

time

x

)

x

TCHANGE

time

Input data of

OPNFCT

(example)

OPNFCT

calculated

at time x

(example)

Locate the current calculation time in the input schedule times

START

Calculate current opening ratio: OPNFCT

RETURN

Calculate total opening area of the room Calculate opening width or upper end height

(28)

2. 4. 4 Sub. SMCSYS

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the mass flow rates to and from an upper and a lower layers at current

time based on the relationship between the height of the layer discontinuity and

the heights of smoke vents/air inlets, the scheduled rates of volumetric smoke

ex-traction/air supply, and their temperatures.

- Calculate the smoke extraction efficiency in the event the smoke vent is

horizon-tally mounted.

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math._Symbol Description COMMON/ROOM/ COMMON/SMCD/ COMMON/SMC/ COMMON/SMC2/ COMMON/SMC4/ COMMON/TYZ/ HCLR(I) NRG1(N) NRG2(N) NOG1A NOG2S T1 HUG1R(I) HLG1R(I) HUG2R(I) HLG2R(I) SCHTIMS(K,J) SCHTIMA(K,J) SCHDATS(K,J) SCHDATA(K,J) SUPVOL(N) EXHVOL(N) NOPTNDTS(K) NOPTNDTA(K) NEXRM(N) KSCHPA(N) KSCHPS(N) TS(I) TA(I) T1 Ts Ta

ceiling height of room I from reference level(m) room no. in which air inlet N exists

room no. in which smoke vent N exists total number of air inlets

total number of smoke vents

air temperature of mechanical air supply (K) upper end height of the air inlet in room I from ref-erence level (m)

lower end height of the air inlet in room I from ref-erence level (m)

upper end height of the smoke vent in room I from reference level (m)

lower end height of the smoke vent in room I from reference level (m)

J-th schedule time for smoke extraction pattern K (s) J-th schedule time for air supply pattern K (s) ractio of maximum smoke extraction of pattern K at J-th schedule time: SCHTIMS(K,J)

fraction of maximum air supply of pattern K at J-th schedule time: SCHTIMA(K,J)

volumetric air supply capacity of air inlet N (m3_/s) volumetric smoke exhaust capacity of vent N (m3_/s) number of the schedule data of smoke exhaut pattern K number of the schedule data of air supply pattern K actual number of the vents constituting the same smoke vent N*1)

schedule pattern no. for air supply inlet N schedule pattern no. for smoke vent N upper layer temperature in room I (K) lower layer temperature in room I (K)

(29)

Output to: CODE Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/SMC/ G1S G1A G2S G2A M1 s M1 a M2 s M2 a

rate of air supplied to an upper layer by mechanical air supply (kg/s)

rate of air supplied to a lower layer by mechanical air supply (kg/s)

rate of smoke extracted from an upper layer by me-chanical extraction (kg/s)

rate of smoke extracted from a lower layer by me-chanical extraction (kg/s)

*1) all the vents constituting a same smoke vent need be of the same extraction rate and

the same height for the smoke extraction efficiency is calculated based on the

condi-tions of a member vent.

*2) Smoke extraction efficiency of a horizontal vent

Using the minimal smoke layer thickness

Z

min

with which a vent does not suck in

air below a smoke layer, the smoke extraction efficiency

R

eff

is calculated as

illus-trated below: (Refer to section '1. 3. 11 Efficiency of mechanical smoke extraction'

for some more detail)

(30)

*3) Vertical vents and air inlets

In the case of vertical smoke vents and air inlets, (a) the rates of air supplied to

upper and lower layers due to a mechanical air supply and (b) the rates of smoke, or

gases, extracted from upper and lower layers due to a mechanical smoke extraction,

are simply assumed to be shared in proportion to the thickness of the layers up to

the upper and lower edges of the vents as illustrated below.

to lower layer

air inlet

to upper layer from upper layer from lower layer

smoke vent

to lower layer

air inlet

to upper layer to lower layer

air inlet

to upper layer from upper layer from lower layer

smoke vent

from upper layer

from lower layer

(31)

iv) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

START

Locate the current calculation time in the input schedule times of air supply

Calculate operation rate of air supply

Calculate volumetric air supply rate

Calculate the rate of air supplied to upper and lower layers

Convert the rates into mass flow rates all air inlets

1

Mechanical Air Supply

(32)

Calculate the critical smoke layer thickness Zmin not to suck in air from

the lower layer

Calculate smoke extraction efficiency

Calculate the rates of volumetric extraction rate from the upper layer and from the lower using the smoke

extrac-tion efficiency and the total rate of extracextrac-tion Calculate the smoke extraction rate of a vent if the vent in the room con-sists of multiple identical vents

Horizontal vent ?

(the heights of the upper end and the lower end of the vent are the same ?)

YES

NO

Convert the rates into mass flow rates

RETUREN

1

Calculate volumetric extraction rate Locate the current calculation time in the

schedule times of smoke extraction

Calculate operation rate of extraction

all smoke vents

Mechanical Smoke Extraction

Calculate the extraction rates from the upper and the lower layers based on the height of

(33)

2. 4. 5 Sub. LYRDIM

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate layer thickness based on the prediction of layer volumes.

- Calculate the areas of wall the surfaces contacting with each layer, for heat

transfer calculation.

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/ROOM/ COMMON/WALD/ COMMON/TYZ/ HCLR(I) HFLR(I) NMAXAR(I) AR(I,N) ZAR(I,N) ASW(I,N) AW(I) VS(I) VA(I) Vs Va

ceiling height of room I from reference level (m) floor height of room I from reference level (m) number of divided space elements of room I projected area of N-th space element of room I (m2₎ height from floor of the bottom surface of N-th space element of room I (m)

perimeter wall surface area of N-th space element of room I (m2₎

wall surface area of room I (m2₎ upper layer volume in room I (m3₎ lower layer volume in room I (m3₎ Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/WALL/ COMMON/TYZ/ AWS(I) AWA(I) AD(I) ZS(I) ZA(I) Zs Za

wall surface area contacting with the upper layer in room I (m2₎

wall surface area contacting with the lower layer in room I (m2₎

area of the layer discontinuity in room I (m2₎ thickness of the upper layer in room I (m)

height from reference level of the layer discontinu-ity in room I (m)

(Note: A space whose horizontal section area changes with height, a dome, for example,

can be treated as the stack of multiple rectangular space slices)

(34)

START

V=VA (lower layer volume)

N=N+1

Ｎ＝１

V=V-VN (vol. of N-th space element)

V>0 ?

Calculate the height of layer discontinuity/thickness Calculate wall surface area contacting with each layer

RETURN all rooms Yes No AR(i,1) AR(i,2) AR(i,j) AR(i,j)=ASWB(i,j)×ASWW(i,j) ZAR(i,j) ZAR(i,2)

(35)

2. 4. 6 Sub. LYREMT

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the emissivity of the layers in each room by invoking Sub. ABSORB, the

calculation program for emissivity of mixture gases of CO

2

, H

2

O and soot by

Mo-dak.

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/WORK/ COMMON/WALL/ COMMON/FEL2 COMMON/TYZ/ NROOM AWS AWA AD WMOL ROWS TS TA YS YA VS VA Ml ρsoot Ts Ta Yl s Yl a Vs Va number of rooms

wall surface area contacting with an upper layer (m2₎ wall surface area contacting with a lower layer (m2₎ area of layer discontinuity (m2₎

molecular mass of species l (kg/mol) soot density (kg/m3₎

upper layer temperature (K) lower layer temperature (K)

mass fraction of species in an upper layer mass fraction of species in a lower layer upper layer volume (m3₎

lower layer volume (m3₎ Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/GAS/ EG1

EG2 εεG1G2

emissivity of an upper layer emissivity of a lower layer

iv) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

Subr.ABSORB Calculate : partial pressures of CO2, H2O

soot absorption coefficient mean light pass length

RETURN START

Calculate emissivity of the layer for both layers

(36)

2. 4. 7 Sub. EQIVRT

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the global Equivalence ratio (normalized fuel/air ratio) based on the

prediction of the oxygen mass fractions in a layer.

*1)

Input from:

CODE

Symbol

Math.

Symbol

Description

COMMON/TYZ/

COMMON/EQVRT3/

YS(I,3)

YA(I,3)

YFAI1

YFAI2

YFAI3

YO

s2

Y O

a2

O

2

mass fraction in the upper layer in room I

O

2

mass fraction in the lower layer in room I

O

2

mass fraction when Equivalence ratio=0

O

2

O

2

Output to:

CODE

Symbol

Math.

Symbol

Description

COMMON/EQVRT/

FAI1

FAI2

Φ

Equivalence ratio of upper layer

Equivalence ratio of lower layer

iii) REFERENCED SUBPROGRAMS

- Sub.BISEC (for iterative solution for

Φ

when O

2

mass fraction in a layer is given)

*1) It is assumed that the layer oxygen concentration and the Equivalence ratio are in

one-to-one correspondence. The figure below shows the relationship for the case of

Propane as the fuel.

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Equivalence Ratio

Φ

O2

CO

CO2

H2

H2O

unburnt fuel

Ma

ss f

racti

on

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Equivalence Ratio

Φ

O2

CO

CO2

H2

H2O

unburnt fuel

Ma

ss f

racti

on

(37)

2. 4. 8 Sub. SPECS2

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the generation of species and the heat release per unit mass of the

gas-ified fuel burnt.

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COM-MON/EQVRT/ COMMON/FEL1/ FAI1(I) FAI2(I) WW PM WC WH WO WN STMIN COMIN Φ Φ w m WC WH WO WN s η

Equivalence ratio of the upper layer in room I Equivalence ratio of the lower layer in room I residual char fraction per unit mass of dry fuel moisture content fraction per unit mass of dry fuel mass fraction of C per unit mass of dry fuel

mass fraction of H per unit mass of dry fuel mass fraction of O per unit mass of dry fuel mass fraction of N per unit mass of dry fuel minimal soot yield per unit mass of fuel burnt*1) minimal CO yield per unit mass of fuel burnt*1) Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/OPEN/ GMM(L) DHA QP QFRATE QFRAT2 Γl ∆H Qp

yield of species l per unit mass of fuel burnt heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg)

latent heat of gasification of fuel (kJ/kg)

heat release per unit mass of gasified fuel burnt (kJ/kg) conversion factor of mass loss rate and heat release rate

*1) A certain small amount of CO and soot may be produced depending on the nature of

a fuel however small

Φ

may be. In such a case, a user can input the minimal soot/CO

yield. Incidentally, default values of these are also provided for some of the fuels,

es-timated from Tewarson's experiments etc., but informed users are advised to obtain

the data by themselves from relevant sources.

Sub. EQIVRT

(38)

*1) The heat release is the heat liberated by the combustion of the fuel at gasified state

and also depends on the extent of incompleteness of the combustion. So its value

dif-fers from the heat of combustion, which is the heat released by complete combustion

and includes latent heat of gasification.

START

Calculate the heat release per unit mass of gasified fuel combusted*1)

Calculate the yield of each species per unit mass of gasified fuel combusted

RETURN

Calculate the latent heat of gasification of the fuel every layer

and room

Calculate the values of the parameters in the species generation model as a function of Equivalence Ratio

(39)

2. 4. 9 Sub. HCONDT

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate wall temperature by solving one dimensional heat conduction equation

using a Crank-Nicolson type implicit finite difference scheme.

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description Argument T(I) NL DT WL WLMD WSP ROW QIN QOUT T N ∆t l λ c ρ q"in q"out

wall temperatures at previous time step (K) number of finite difference elements of wall time increment (s)

thickness of wall (m)

thermal conductivity of wall (kW/m/K) specific heat of wall (kJ/kg)

density of wall (kg/m3₎

net incident heat flux to exposed surface (kW/m2₎ net heat flux leaving from rear surface (kW/m2₎

Output to: CODE Symbol

Math.

Symbol Description

Argument T(I) T wall temperatures at current time step (K)

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

Converge ?

Iterative calculation of the temperature at all finite difference grids in wall

RETUREN START

No

Calculate parameter of heat conduction

Calculate parameter for previous time

(40)

2. 4. 10 Sub. RHTRAN

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate radiation heat transfer in a room consisting of the gray layers and areas

of wall surfaces.

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

Argument A1 A2 AD EP1 EP2 EG1 EG2 TW1 TW2 TG1 TG2 A1 A2 Ad ε1 ε2 εG1 εG2 T1 T2 TG1 TG2

area of wall surface 1 (m2₎*1) area of wall surface 2 (m2₎ *2) area of layer discontinuity (m2₎ emissivity of wall surface 1*1) emissivity of wall surface 2*2) emissivity of upper layer (layer 1) emissivity of lower layer (layer 2) temperature of wall surface 1 (K) *1) temperature of wall surface 1 (K) *2) upper layer temperature (K) lower layer temperature (K)

Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/ QGRAD1 QGRAD2 QWRAD1 QWRAD2 QG1 QG2 Q1/A1 Q2/A2

net heat gain of an upper layer (layer 1) (kW) net heat gain of a lower layer (layer 2) (kW) net incident heat flux to wall surface 1 (kW/m2₎ *1) net incident heat flux to wall surface 2 (kW/m2₎ *2)

*1) wall surface 1 : wall surface contacting with upper layer

*2) wall surface 2 : wall surface contacting with lower layer

Calculate view factors: Fjk

Calculate heat transfer in the system of an upper and a lower layer and the walls

contacting with the layers

RETUREN START

(41)

2. 4. 11 Sub. CHTRAN

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the convective heat transfer between the layers and the walls.

Input from: CODE Symbol Math. Symbol Description Argument TW1 TW2 TG1 TG2 RSCALE AR QR AW1 AW2 Ts Ts T T HR AR Q Aw Aw

temperature of surface contacting with an upper layer (K) temperature of surface contacting with a lower layer (K) upper layer temperature (K)

lower layer temperature (K) average ceiling height (m) floor area of room (m2₎

heat release rate of fire source (kW)

area of surface contacting with upper layer (m2₎ area of surface contacting with lower layer (m2₎ Output to: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description Argument QCNV1 QCNV2 q" c q" c

convective heat flux to an upper layer (kW/m2₎ convective heat flux to a lower layer (kW/m2₎

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

(Note) For the upper layer of the room of origin and the room in which excess fuel burns,

the convective heat transfer coefficient

h

(kW/m

2

K) is calculated as a function of

non-dimensional heat release rate

Q

* as

h=8.3×10-3 ₍_Q＊_＜_2×10_-3_),_h_=0.1×(_Q＊₎_2/5_(2×10_-3_≦_Q＊_＜_0.1)_and_h_=40×10_-3_(0.1_≦_Q＊₎

where

For all lower layers and for both layers in the room with no combustion, the

convec-tive heat transfer coefficient is equally given as

h

=8.3×10

-3

(kW/m

2

K).

RETUREN START

Calculate conv. heat transfer coefficient Calculate convective heat flux to wall

R R R R p

A

H

Q

H

A

g

T

C

Q

=

×

−

×

∞ ∞ 3 2 / 1 *

≒

₀

.

9

10

ρ

(42)

2. 4. 12 Sub. FPLUME

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate flow rate at the height of layer interface and mass penetration rate into

upper layer of fire plume along with flame height.

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description Argument COMMON/FIRE/ ZAI TSI TAI HFLRI FRHX FRQX FRDX Za Ts Ta Q D

height of the layer discontinuity (m) upper layer temperature (K) lower layer temperature (K)

floor height of a room from reference level (m) fire source height (m)

heat release rate of a fire source (kW) fire source diameter (m)

Output to: CODE Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/FIRE/ COMMON/PLUM/ ZFL ZFLM Z0 EMO EMOD KEMO Zfl Zflm Z0 m0 m’ km

mean flame height (m) maximum flame height (m)

height of virtual point heat source(m) mass loss rate (kg/s)

mass penetration rate of a fire plume into upper layer (kg/s) fraction of heat/species in a fire plume penetrating into upper layer

iii) SUBROUTINE FLOW CHART

Calculate mass flow rate of fire plume

Calculate penetration rate into upper layer

RETUREN

Calculate height of virtual point source Calculate : mean flame height

maximum flame height START

(43)

2. 4. 13 Sub. VENTLE

i) FUNCTION

- Solve the coupled non-linear algebraic equations for room pressures using

New-ton-Raphson method.

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description COMMON/WORK/ COMMON/OPEN/ COMMON/OPNSH/ COMMON/SMC/ COMMON/PLUM/ COMMON/TYZ/ COMMON/GAS/ COMMON/QNET/ NROOM NOUT KN(I,J) SAOPN(I) T1 G1S G1A G2S GSA EMO TS TA RHRRM QSNET QANET T1 M1 s M1 a M2s M2 a m0 Ts Ta Q Qh Qh number of rooms

number of the outdoor spaces

number of openings between rooms I and J total opening area of room I (m2₎*1)

temperature of mechanically supplied air (K)

rate of air entering an upper layer due to mechanical air supply (kg/s)

rate of air entering a lower layer due to mechanical air supply (kg/s)

rate of gases extracting from an upper layer due to mechanical smoke extraction (kg/s)

rate of gases extracting from a lower layer due to me-chanical smoke extraction (kg/s)

mass loss rate (kg/s) upper layer temperature (K) lower layer temperature (K) heat release rate in a room (kW)

net heat gain of an upper layer due to heat transfer (kW) net heat gain of a lower layer due to heat transfer (kW) Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description

COMMON/PRES COMMON/FLOW P SS(I,J,K) SA(I,J,K) AS(I,J,K) AA(I,J,K) p SSijk SAijk ASijk AAijk

room pressure （converted value at reference level）(Pa) opening flow rate from an upper layer to an upper layer (kg/s) opening flow rate from an upper layer to a lower layer (kg/s) opening flow rate from a lower layer to an upper layer (kg/s) opening flow rate from a lower layer to an lower layer (kg/s)

*1) The convergence criteria for room pressures are constructed by dividing the energy

balance equation for each room by the total opening area of the involved room

SA-OPN, which is calculated in Sub. OPNSCH, so that the criteria be neither too tight

nor too loose, independent of opening size.

Sub. FLWRAT

(for calculation of opening flow rate)

Sub. LINLU

(for solution of coupled linear equations)

(44)

*1) When the convergence has not been attained, the re-trial is made with changed

convergence criterion and the value of pressure increment for numerical

differentia-tion

δ

p

.

*2) A coupled linear equations solver LINLU is used.

*3) p=

t

(

p

1

,

p

2

………..

p

n

), f=

t

(

f

1

,

f

2

………

f

n

)

*4) The coefficient C for under/over relaxation is set at 0.9 at first and reduced gradually

every time AFMAX changes sign.

Calculate fi (LHS of Pressure equation)

AFMAX =max{|f1|,…,|fi|,…,|fn|} NLOOP=1

START

AFMAX<ACR Yes RETURN

NLOOP≧NLPMAX Yes（failure） *1)

STOP

NLOOP=NLOOP+1 Solve the coupled linear equations*2)

[J]∆p=f *3) Subr.LINLU

Renew pressure guess: p=p－Cx∆p *4)

Subr. FLWRAT Calculate the value of each element of Jacobian matrix by numerically differentiating

fi (left hand side of the coupled equations for room pressure conditions) with respect of room pressure pj : δfi/δpj (i, j=1,2 ……. n)

No

(45)

2. 4. 14 Sub. FLWRAT

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate opening flow rates given the room pressures on both side of the opening.

Input from: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description COMMON/WORK/ COMMON/OPEN/ COMMON/WIND/ COMMON/TYZ/ Argument NROOM BW HUR HLR WNDCV WNDEXP TS TA I J K DPI DPJ B Hh Hl n Ts Ta i j k pi pj number of rooms opening width (m)

upper end height of an opening from reference level (m) lower end height of an opening from reference level (m) coefficient concerning wind pressure*1)

power of wind velocity distribution with height upper layer temperature (K)

lower layer temperature (K) room identifier no.

room identifier no. opening identifier no. pressure of room I (Pa) pressure of room J (Pa) Output to: CODE _Symbol Math. _Symbol Description COMMON/FLOW/ SS(I,J,K) SA(I,J,K) AS(I,J,K) AA(I,J,K) ZSS ZSA ZAA SSijk SAijk ASijk AAijk NSS NSA NAA

flow rate from an upper layer to an upper layer (kg/s)*2) flow rate from an upper layer to a lower layer (kg/s) *2) flow rate from a lower layer to an upper layer (kg/s) *2) flow rate from a lower layer to a lower layer (kg/s) *2) height of neutral plane between upper layers from reference level (m)

height of neutral plane between an upper and a lower layers from reference level (m)

height of neutral plane between lower layers from reference level (m)

*1) Coefficient WNDCV is related to but not exactly the wind pressure coefficient.

WNDCV is defined as (See Sub. OUTDOR for reference.)

n W

h

v

C

WNDCV

2 0 2 0 0

1

2

1













=

ρ

*2) More exactly,

SS

ijk

is the rate of flow from the upper layer in room i into the upper

layer in room j at the stage of passing at the opening. Likewise for the other opening

flows.

(46)

Zai＞Zaj

RETUREN START

Add wind pressures to outdoor pressures

Exchange i and j Yes

No

Calculate neutral zone height: Nss, Nsa, Naa

Calculate opening flow rate : SS SA, AS AA

(47)

2. 4. 15 Sub. DOORJT

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the mass penetration rates of door jet plumes into the layers concerned,

i.e. the upper layer when an upward plume originates from an opening flow below

the discontinuity and the lower layer when a downward plume originates from an

opening flow above the discontinuity.

Input from: CODE

Symbol Math. Symbol Description COM-MON/WORK/ COMMON/OPEN/ COMMON/FLW2/ COMMON/TYZ/ COMMON/FLOW/ NROOM NOUT KN(I,J) DHA TS(I) TA(I) YS(I,L) YA(I,L) ZA(I) SS(I,J,K) SA(I,J,K) AS(I,J,K) AA(I,J,K) ZSS ZSA ZAA ∆H Ts Ta Yl s Yl a Za SSijk SAijk ASijk AAijk NSS NAS NAA number of rooms

number of the outdoor spaces

number of openings between rooms I and J heat of combustion of a gasified fuel(kJ/kg) upper layer temperature (K)

lower layer temperature (K)

mass fraction of species lin an upper layer mass fraction of species l in a lower layer

height of the layer discontinuity from reference level (m) flow rate from an upper layer to an upper layer (kg/s)*1) flow rate from an upper layer to a lower layer (kg/s) *1) flow rate from a lower layer to an upper layer (kg/s) *1) flow rate from a lower layer to a lower layer (kg/s) *1) height of neutral plane between upper layers from refer-ence level (m)

height of neutral plane between an upper and a lower layers from reference level (m)

height of neutral plane between lower layers from refer-ence level (m)

Output to: CODE Symbol Math. Symbol Description COMMON/FLOW/ SSD SAD ASD AAD KSS KSA KAS KAA SS’ SA’ AS’ AA’ kSS kSA kAS kAA

mass penetration rate into the layer of the plume from SS (kg/s) mass penetration rate into the layer of the plume from SA (kg/s) mass penetration rate into the layer of the plume from AS (kg/s) mass penetration rate into the layer of the plume from AA (kg/s) fraction of heat/species in SS that penetrates into the layer fraction of heat/species in SAthat penetrates into the layer fraction of heat/species in AS that penetrates into the layer fraction of heat/species in AA that penetrates into the layer

*1) Refer to ‘2. 4. 14 Sub. FLWRAT’

(48)

*1) Calculate the heat release when an opening jet containing excess fuel enters into a

layer containing oxygen and when an opening jet containing oxygen enters into a

layer containing excess fuel. The heat raises the temperature of the opening jet to an

effective temperature to judge the direction, upward or downward, of the plume.

*2) It is assumed that in no buoyant plume is caused when the temperature difference

between the opening jet and the ambient layer is less than 1 K.

RETUREN

START

No

No layer penetration Towards the layer

discontinuity ? Temp. difference

be-tween jet and layer

Calculate the plume entrainment height

Calculate mass penetration rate ,

frac-tion of heat and species penetrafrac-tion Subr.DPLUME Yes

<1K (no plume)

>1K (opening jet plume occurs)*2) Calculate heat release due to opening jet*1)

Calculate effective temp. of opening jet*1)

F or al l SS, SA , AS, AA

(49)

2. 4. 16 Sub. DPLUME

i) FUNCTION

- Calculate the mass penetration rate of a plume and the fraction of heat/species in

the pl