Representational Issues within Eurotra

(1)

H

anne

F

ersøe

Representational Issues within Eurotra

A b stra ct

Machine translation o f subordinate clauses, whether finite or non-finite, poses a series o f problems within representational issues. In £ U R O T R A this subject has recently been investigated for complements as well as for modifiers to verbal, nominal, adjectival, and prepositioned heads.

Some o f the problems encountered during these investigations will be addressed in this paper, with a particular focus on the representation of finite and non-finite modifiers.

The claim is made that neutralization o f surface differences is necessary. This neutralization o f the surface structure is shown to be a prerequisite to simple transfer. The concept o f simple transfer is briefly introduced.

Various example representations are shown and discussed.

1

Introduction

M a ch in e tra n s la tio n o f s u b o r d in a te o r d e p e n d e n t c la u se s, w h e th e r fin ite o r n o n - fin ite, p o se s a series o f p r o b le m s a n d ch a llen g es w ith in r e p r e s e n ta tio n a l issu es. In E U R O T R A th is s u b je c t h as re ce n tly b e e n in v e s tig a te d fo r a ll ty p e s o f se n te n tial c o m p le m e n ts a n d m o d ifie rs, fin ite as w ell as n o n -fin ite , t o v e r b a l, n o m in a l, a d je c tiv a l, a n d p r e p o s itio n a l h ea d s. ( P O - 2 2 , 1 9 8 9 )

T h is p a p e r p resen ts s o m e o f th e resu lts o f th e s u b se t o f th e w o r k , w h ich h as b een ca rrie d o u t b y th e D a n ish la n g u a g e g r o u p , a n d w ith in th is, in p a r tic u la r th e s p e cia l resea rch t o p i c d e a lt w ith b y m y c o lle a g u e P a tr iz ia P a g g io a n d m y self.

W e h a v e b e e n p a r tic u la r ly in terested in th e d e fin itio n o f a re p r e s e n ta tio n w h ich n eu tra lizes a r b it r a r y su rfa ce v a r ia tio n fo u n d in d e p e n d e n t cla u ses in th e n in e E E C la n g u a g es. O f th e m a n y p o s s ib le s tr u c tu r e s e n c o u n te r e d in th e a b o v e m e n tio n e d s y n ta c tic fu n c tio n s w e h a v e p r im a r ily c o n c e n tr a te d o n fin ite a n d n o n - fin ite a d v e r b ia l m o d ifie r s t o v e rb s a n d n o u n s. T h e s p e c ific a tio n s , w h ich w e h a v e p r o p o s e d as a resu lt o f o u r w o r k , a re n o w p a rt o f th e E u r o t r a R e fe r e n c e M a n u a l, w h ich h as ‘ le g is la tiv e ’ sta tu s in th e p r o je c t . ( R .M . 6 .0 ).

In th e fo llo w in g q u ite a fe w e x a m p le s o f su ch s tr u c tu r e s w ill b e s h o w n a n d d iscu ssed . T h e fo llo w in g list o f e x a m p le s serves t o cla rify , w h ich ty p e s o f c o n s tr u c tio n s a re in v o lv e d .

(2)

Complements to verbal head, non-flnite

In d u strie n p r ø v e r A T O V E R T A G E F I N A N S I E R I N G E N L a C o m m is s io n v e u t R E N V E R S E R C E T T E T E N D A N C E

Complements to verbal head, finite

E F ø n sk e r, A T I N D U S T R I E N S K A L O V E R T A G E F I N A N S IE R IN G E N T h e C o m m is s io n w o n d e r s , W H E T H E R I N D U S T R Y W I L L T A K E O V E R

Modifiers to verbal head, non-finite

E V E R Y B O D Y H A V I N G A G R E E D O N T H E D A T E , th e m e e tin g w as a d jo u r n e d

A L S E R C O N S C I E N T E D E L P R O B L E M A , la C o m is id n fo rm u ld u n a p r o p u e s ta

Modifiers to verbal head, finite

E F T E R A T A L L E V A R B L E V E T E N IG E O M D A T O E N , b le v m ø d e t h æ v e t

D A D E N B L E V O P M Æ R K S O M P Å P R O B L E M E T , fo rm u le re d e K o m m is s io n e n et fo rs la g

A L T H O U G H L A B O U R IS E X P E N S I V E E u r o p e e m p lo y s m a n y p e o p le

Modifiers to nominal head, non-finite

T h e a c t io n s T A K E N b y in d u s tr y h a v e n o t rev ersed th e tre n d

Modifiers to nominal head, finite

d e fo r h o ld s r e g le r , S O M IN D U S T R I E N H A R T A G E T , hsir ik k e v e n d t ten d en sen

2

Simple Transfer and IS

O n e v e r y fu n d a m e n ta l issu e in th e E U R O T R A tra n s la tio n m o d e l is th e c o n c e p t o f s im p le tra n sfer. P o u l A n d e r s e n h a s g iv e n a n in t r o d u c tio n t o th is c o n c e p t , its im p lic a t io n s , a n d p r o v id e d e x e m p lific a tio n in A n d e rs e n (1 9 8 9 ).

S im p le tra n sfe r is a c h ie v e d th r o u g h a v e r y d e e p an a ly sis o f th e in p u t strin g s u ch th a t th e ‘ m e a n in g ’ o f e .g . a cla u se is re p resen ted as an a n n o ta te d tre e stru c tu re . S im p le tra n sfe r th e n co n s is ts o f s u b s titu tin g th e le x ica l u n its o f th e so u rce la n g u a g e tr e e , a ls o c a lle d th e I S r e p r e s e n ta tio n , w ith th e a p p r o p r ia te lex ica l u n its o f th e ta r g e t la n g u a g e . F o r th e tr a n s la tio n t o b e su cce ssfu l, h ow ev er, m a n y c o n d it io n s h a v e t o b e fu lfille d , o n e o f th e m is s u ccessfu l le x ic a l d is a m b ig u a tio n , w h ic h is a n o n -tr iv ia l p r o b le m . T h e c o n d it io n in fo c u s h ere, th o u g h , is n o t lex ica l, b u t re p re s e n ta tio n a l. S im p le tra n sfe r req u ires th a t th e a n n o t a te d tree stru ctu re m u st b e tra n s fe rre d u n m o d ifie d .

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o f th e stru ctu re s d e fin e d a t IS is th a t a r b it r a r y s u r fa c e d iffe re n ce s, w h ich e x is t b etw een th e la n g u a g es, sh o u ld b e n e u tra lize d p re c is e ly s o th a t s tr u c tu r a l tra n s fer n eeds n o t ta k e p la c e . S tru ctu ra l tra n sfer m ea n s m o d ific a t io n o f th e s o u r c e la n g u a g e IS s tr u c tu r e d u r in g tramsfer t o th e ta r g e t la n g u a g e IS s tr u c tu r e .

S u ch su rfa ce d ifferen ces c a n b e o b s e r v e d in th e e x a m p le s listed a b o v e . T h e y sh ow e x a m p le s o f b o t h n o u n a n d sen te n ce m o d ifie rs, w h e re a d ir e c t s tr u c tu r a l m a p p in g fr o m o n e la n g u a g e t o a n o th e r, i.e. s im p le tra n sfe r, is n o t p o s s ib le . O u r in v e stig a tio n s h a v e s h o w n e v id e n c e o f g r e a t v a ria tio n w .r .t . s u rfa ce re a liz a tio n o f th e s o ca lle d s e n ten tia l c o m p le m e n ts a n d m o d ifie r s a c r o s s th e n in e E E C l£in- g u ages.

U p u n til r e c e n tly th e E U R O T R A I S t h e o r y h a d n o t b e e n e x te n d e d t o c o v e r all th ese p h e n o m e n a . T h is m ea n s th a t n o s o ca lle d ‘ le g is la tio n ’ w a s a v a ila b le fo r th e m , e x c e p t f o r in fin itiv es a n d fin ite cla u se s in o b je c t p o s it io n t o v e rb s. T h e fillin g o f su ch le g isla tiv e h oles, i.e. d e v e lo p m e n t, e x te n s io n , a n d refin em en t o f th e IS th eory , is c o n tr ib u te d t o b y th e la n g u a g e g r o u p s th r o u g h th e ir e x p e r im e n ts w ith p o s s ib le re p re se n ta tio n s. C o n s e q u e n tly q u ite d ifferen t s tr u c tu r e s h a v e s o fa r b e e n im p le m e n te d t o s u p p o r t th e se c o n s tr u c tio n s b y th e d ifferen t la n g u a g e g ro u p s.

3

Example Representations

In th e fo llo w in g a series o f e x a m p le s tr u c tu r e s fo r th e cla u se s in q u e s tio n w ill b e d iscu ssed . T h e s e e x a m p le s a re a u th e n tic , i.e. th e y h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d b y th e d ifferen t a n a ly sis m o d u le s d e v e lo p e d w ith in E U R O T R A . T h e s tru ctu re s , h ow ev er, h a v e b e e n sim p lified h ere fo r th e p u r p o s e o f h ig h lig h tin g th e issu e in q u e stio n . S o m e o f th e e x a m p le s h a v e a lr e a d y b e e n liste d a b o v e , b u t h ere th e y w ill b e d iscu ssed in m o r e d e ta il. T h e fo llo w in g la b e ls a re u sed in th e r e p re se n ta tio n s:

GOV

- governor, head of a construction

ARGl - argument 1, deep subject

ARG2 - argument 2, deep object

ARG3 - argument 3, indirect object

MOD

- modifier

TRANC - transconstructional

SBAR - dependent clause

S

- sentence

NP

- noun phrase

AP

- adjective phrase

PP

- prepositional phrase

0

- empty element

(4)

(1) ANALYSING FIGURES sas an essential task

S

1

GOV

1

ARGl/S

{stype=subord}

1

ARG2/NP

1

GOV

1

ARGl

1

ARG2/NP

1

be

1

emeilyse

{prespart}

1

0

1

figure

essential task

REVERSE THE TREND is essential

S

1

GOV

1

ARGl/S

{stype^subord}

1

ARG2/AP

1

GOV

1

ARGl

1

ARG2/NP

1

be

1

reverse

1

0

1

trend

essential

{infin}

In b o t h (1 ) a n d (2 ) th e A R G l ’s, a lth o u g h th e y a re in tern a lly d ifferen t (-in g cla u s e a n d in fin itiv e c la u s e ), h a v e b e e n a ssig n ed th e sa m e s tr u c tu r e , S, th e y o n ly d iffer in m o r p h o lo g ic a l t y p in g o f th e v e r b a l h ea d .

In th e fo llo w in g th re e e x a m p le s , ( 3 ) , (4 ) , a n d (5 ) , th e A R G 2 ’s a re all in fin itive c o n s t r u c t io n s , a n d th e y a re all re p resen ted as S s tr u c tu r e s w ith an e m p ty elem en t in s e rte d as th e lo g ic a l s u b je c t o f th e in fin itiv e. A g a in w e see, th a t th e y d iffer in fe a tu re s , b u t n o t in s tr u c tu r e .

(3) Industrien prøver AT OVERTAGE FINANSIERINGEN

I

GOV

I

ARGl/NP

ARG2/S

{stype-infcl}

prøve

industri

I

GOV

I

overtage

{inf}

I I

ARGl

ARG2/NP

I I

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Hanne Fersøe: Representational Issues within Eurotra

161

(4) La Commission vent RENVERSER CETTE TENDANCE

S

1

GOV

1

ARGl/NP

1

ARG2/S

1

{stype^complet}

1

GOV

ARGI

1

ARG2/NP

1

vouloir

1

Conunission

1

renverser

0

1

cette

{infin}

tendance

(5) Kommissionen tillader industrien AT OVERTAGE FINANSIERINGEN

S

1

GOV

1

ARGl/NP

1

ARG2/S

1

ARG3/NP

1

{stype=infcl}

1

GOV

ARGI

ARG2/NP

1

tillade

I

Kommissionen

1

overtage

0 finansiering

1

industri

{inf}

T h e p re ce d in g fiv e e x a m p le s a ll s h o w c o m p le m e n ts — s u b je c t s o r o b je c t s . T h e ir s tru ctu ra l rep re se n ta tio n is in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e IS le g is la tio n , w h ich a lre a d y e x is te d b e fo r e o u r in v e s tig a tio n s s ta r te d , i.e. S w ith a n in s e rte d e m p ty elem en t in th e n o n -fin ite cla u ses.

T h e th ree fo llo w in g e x a m p le s , (6 ) , (7 ) , a n d (8 ) s h o w r e p r e s e n ta tio n s o f fin ite a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie r s t o a v e r b a l h ea d .

(6) ALTHOUGH LABOUR IS EXPENSIVE Europe employs many people

I I

GOV

ARGl/NP

I

ARG2/NP

employ

Europe

I

GOV

I

many people although be

I

TRANC/PP

I I

GOV

ARGl/S

{stype«main}

{finite}

I I

ARGl/NP ARG2/AP

I I

(6)

(7) Industrien overtager finansieringen, EFTER AT PROJEKTET

HAR NÅET VISSE AFTALTE DELMÅL

I I

GOV

ARGl/NP

I

ARG2/NP

I

MOD/S

{stype»subord}

I I

overtage industri

GOV

ARGl/NP

I I

finansiering nå

projekt

{fin}

I

ARG2/NP

I

visse

aftalte delmål

(8) La industria no tomö ninguna iniciativa, AUNQUE EL

PROBLEMA ERA CONOCIDO

I I

GOV

ARGl/NP

ARG2/NP

MOD/SBAR

I I

G0V

ARG1/S

{stype>subord}

I I I

GOV

ARGl ARG2/AP

I I I

no tosar industria

ninguna aunque conocer

0 problena

iniciativa

{finite}

A s th e e x a m p le s s h o w th e r e is g r e a t v a r ia tio n w .r .t t o th e stru ctu re s a n d th e la b e llin g c h o s e n fo r th e se m o d ifie rs .

T h e E n g lish a n a ly sis , ( 6 ) , sh o w s th e m o d ifie r la b e lle d T R A N C a ssign ed th e c a t e g o r y P P . T h is a p p r o a c h m ah es th e s u b o r d in a tin g c o n ju n c t io n , h ere ca lled a p r e p o s itio n , th e h e a d o r g o v e r n o r o f th e en tire m o d ifie r.

A sim ila r s tr u c tu r a l a p p r o a c h is ch o s e n in th e S p a n ish a n a ly sis ( 8 ) , b u t th e la b e llin g is d iffe re n t. M O D is ch o s e n t o la b e l th e m o d ifie r , b u t th e c a te g o r y is S B A R w ith a p r e p o s itio n as g o v e r n o r o f th e cla u se. L in g u is tic a lly it d o e s n o t seem p a r tic u la r ly w ell m o t iv a te d t o h a v e a p r e p o s itio n as th e h ea d o f a clau se. T h e h e a d r o le t o c la u se s is u s u a lly reserv ed fo r v erb s.

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Hanne Fersøe: Representational Issues within Eurotra

163

T h e fo llo w in g liv e e x a m p le s s h o w d e p e n d e n ts o f n o m in a l h ea d s.

(9) Le ditto fimeraimo il contratto PREVISTO DALLA COMMISSIONE

S

1

GOV

1

ARGl/NP

1

ARG2/NP

1

GOV

1

MOD/S

1

{stype^simple}

1

GOV

ARGl/NP

1

firmare

ditte

contratto

prevedere

commissione

{pastpart}

(10) Le ditto firmeraimo il PREVISTO contratto

(a)

S

1

GOV

1

ARGl/NP

1

ARG2/NP

1

GOV

1

MOD/S

1

{stype=simple}

1

GOV

1

firmare

1

ditte

1

contratto

1

prevedere (cat»v)

{pastpart}

(b)

s

1

GOV

1

ARGl/NP

1

ARG2/NP

1

GOV

1

HOD/AP

1

GOV

1

firmare

1

ditte

1

(8)

T h e m o s t in te re s tin g o b s e r v a tio n a b o u t th ese Ita lia n e x a m p le s is th a t w hen th e p a r tic ip le h a s a n e x p lic it b y - o b j e c t , as ‘ d a lla c o m m is s io n e ’ in (9 ) , it is u n a m b ig u o u s ly c o n s id e r e d an S, w h erea s (1 0 ) , w h e re n o e x p lic it b y - o b je c t is presen t, is c o n s id e r e d a m b ig u o u s b e tw e e n S a n d A P , a n d th u s th e g ra m m a r y ield s tw o resu lts. T h is , o f c o u r s e , is u n a c c e p t a b le , sin ce u ltim a te ly o n ly o n e tra n sla tion s h o u ld b e p r o d u c e d .

(11) The actions TAKEN BY INDUSTRY have not reversed the trend

1

GOV

I

ARGl/NP

not reverse

I I

GOV

HOD/S

{stype=rel}

I I I

GOV

ARGl/NP ARG2

I I I

action

take industry

0

{pastpart}

I

ARG2/NP

trend

(12) Las medidas TOMADAS POR LA INDUSTRIA no invirtieron la

tendencia

GOV

no invertir

ARGl/NP

ARG2/NP

I

GOV

1

I I I

Dedida

I

NOD/AP

I

GOV

I

tomeo'

{ptc}

I

ARGl/NP

(9)

165

(13) De forholdsregler, SOM INDUSTRIEN HAR TAGET, har ikke

vendt tendensen

GOV

ARGl/NP

I

ARG2/NP

GOV

NOD/S

{stype=rel}

ikke vende

GOV

forholdsregel tage

{fin}

I I

ARGl/NP ARG2/NP

I I

industri som

tendens

(1 3 ) as c o m p a r e d t o (1 1 ) a n d (1 2 ) sh o w s th a t fo r D a n ish a fin ite re la tiv e cla u se is req u ired t o ex p re ss th e m e a n in g c o n v e y e d b y th e n o n -fin ite p a r tic ip le in E n g lish a n d S panish .

A n u m b e r o f o b s e r v a tio n s h a v e b e e n m a d e h ere c o n c e r n in g th e v a ria tio n s in stru ctu re a n d la b e llin g o f th e se r e p re se n ta tio n s. O n e o b s e r v a tio n , w h ich h o ld s fo r all o f th em th o u g h , is th a t th e s tr u c tu r e a ssig n m e n t is lin k ed t o th e c a t e g o r y assign m en t t o th e t o p m o s t n o d e o f th e s u b o r d in a te cla u se . T h e IS t h e o r y sp e cifie s w h a t c o n s titu te s an S, an N P , an A P e t c ., a n d th e r e fo r e th e d e c is io n tak en a b o u t th e c a te g o r y o f th e t o p n o d e im p lies th e s tr u c tu r e o f th e lo c a l tre e . T h e fo llo w in g ta b le lists o u r o b s e r v a tio n s in sh o rt fo r m .

3.1

C om plem en ts

C a te g o r y a ssign m en t t o t o p n o d e o f fin ites as w ell as n o n -fin ite s: c a t = s . S ty p e a ssig n m en t t o t o p n o d e :

s t y p e = s u b o r d , s t y p e = c o m p l e t , s t y p e = i n f c l . C a te g o r y a ssig n m e n t t o h ea d :

c a t = v .

M o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m a ssign m en t t o h ea d : p r e s p a r t , in f i n , i n f

[image:9.595.129.442.154.351.2]

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3 .2

M odifiers

C a t e g o r y a ssig n m e n t t o t o p n o d e : n o n - f l n i t e s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s : n o n - f i n i t e n p m o d i f i e r s : f i n i t e m o d i f i e r s , a l l :

S ty p e a ssig n m e n t t o t o p n o d e : s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s :

n p m o d i f i e r s :

C a t e g o r y a ssig n m e n t t o h ea d : s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s :

n p m o d i f i e r s :

c a t = s , c a t = s b a r , c a t = p p c a t = s , c a t = a p

c a t = s

s t y p e = m a i n , s t y p e = s u b o r d s t y p e = s i m p l e , s t y p e = r e l

c a t = v

c a t = v , c a t = p t c , c a t = a d j

M o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m a ssig n m en t t o h ea d :

s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s : f i n , f i n i t e , i n f i n n p m o d i f i e r s : f i n , p a s t p a r t

A ll th e s e r e p r e s e n ta tio n a l a n d c la ss ifica tio n a l d ifferen ces reflect a p u rely m o n o lin g u a l a n a ly sis u n d e r ly in g th e rep re se n ta tio n p r o v id e d b y th e difleren t a n a ly s is m o d u le s . W h a t w e h a v e a im e d a t in o u r w o r k is a m u ltilin g u a l amalysis as a p o in t o f d e p a r tu r e fo r a eu ro v e rsa l d e fin itio n o f th e re p resen ta tion .

W e h a v e in v e s tig a te d th e tra n s la tio n a l b e h a v io u r o f a n u m b e r o f th ese c o n s tr u c tio n s b e tw e e n a n u m b e r o f E E C la n g u a g es. N o t su rp risin g ly , it tu rn e d o u t th a t a o n e - t o - o n e m a p p in g o f c a te g o r y , m o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m a n d stru ctu re is n o t p o s s ib le . T h e r e fo r e a n e u tr a liza tio n o f s tr u c tu r e s w a s n ecessary, a n d w e p r o p o s e d c a t = S w ith its im p lic a t io n s as th e n eu tra l s tru ctu re . T h is p r o p o s a l has n o w b e e n in te g r a te d in t o th e IS ‘ le g is la tio n ’ .

4

A Neutral IS Structure

4 .1 N on -fin ite Sentence M odifiers

T h e s e a re n o t p o s s ib le in a ll la n g u a g es. In th e la n g u a g e s w h ich h a v e th e m , th e y c a n b e e x p r e s s e d in g e r u n d s , p a r tic ip le s o r in fin itiv es. In th e la n g u a g es w h ich d o n o t h a v e th e m , th e ir e q u iv a le n ts a re fin ite cla u ses p re c e d e d b y a p resen ten - tia l p a r tic le , t r a d itio n a lly cla ss ified as e ith e r a p r e p o s itio n o r a s u b o r d in a tin g c o n ju n c t io n .

(11)

167

e x a m p le s , a n d V J b r m ( m o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m ; th e v a ria b le , V , is a la n g u a g e p refix , e .g . d a ) w h ich c o n ta in s in fo r m a tio n a b o u t v e r b a l in fle c tio n , e .g . fin ite, infin, p re s p a rt, e tc.

F in ite a n d n o n -fin ite s e n te n ce m o d ifie rs , lik e in (1 4 ) a n d (1 5 ) b e lo w , w ill b e rep resen ted in th e fo llo w in g w a y :

(14) Ich habe ihn iiberrascht. ALS ER DEN BRIEF LAS

cat»s

{fstypexmain, sstype^finite}

I

GOV

I

iiberraschen

I

1

ARGl

1

ARG2

1

MOD/PP. {modsr=?}

ich

ihn

1

GOV

ARGl/S

cat«p

{fatype^ppaubord.

1

88type>finite}

1

GOV

ARGl

ARG2

1

lesen

er

brief

{de_vfomi=f inite}

(15) EVERYBODY HAVING AGREED ON THE DATE, the meeting vas

adjourned

cat>8

{f8type>main, 88type°finite}

I I I I

GOV

ARGl/NP

ARG2/NP

MOD/PP, {mod8r>?}

I I I

---adjourn empty

meeting

I

GOV

ARGl/S

0

{f8type>pp8ubord,

88type-nonf in}

I I I

GOV ARGl/NP ARG2/NP

I I I

agree everybody date

{en_vform»gerund}

(12)

4 .2

N on -fin ite N P M odifiers

A ll th e la n g u a g e s in c lu d e d in th e in v e s tig a tio n ca n ex p re ss sen ten tia l n p m o d ifi c a t io n t h r o u g h n o n -fin ite p a r tic ip ia l c o n s tr u c tio n s o r fin ite rela tiv e clau ses. B u t th e re a re r e s tr ic tio n s c o n c e r n in g th e m a p p in g s b e tw e e n la n g u a g es. S o m e la n g u a g e s w ill o n ly a c c e p t a re la tiv e cla u s e , w h ere o th e r la n g u a g es w ill a lso a c c e p t a p a r tic ip le . R e la tiv e cla u se s a re a lw a y s a c c e p ta b le as a s o r t o f d efa u lt s tru ctu re, s o th e n o n -fin ite n p m o d ifie r s w ill b e rep resen ted as an S s tr u c tu r e , as in (1 6 ) b e lo w :

(16) en paUre ANKOMMET i gAr

cat^s

{fstype>^ain, sstype=finite}

I

GOV

I

ARGl

I

ARG2/NP

I

GOV

I

MOD/S

{fstype»npsubord,

sstype>nonlin}

pakke(i)

I I

I

GOV

ARGl

MOD

I I I

ankomme

0(i)

I

{da_vfonn»pa8tpart} {person>3rd,

I

nb>sing}

i gAr

T h e E U R O T R A I S t h e o r y s u p p o s e s a fu ll G O V - A R G rep resen ta tion fo r se n te n ce s w ith a n o b lig a t o r y A R G l (d e e p s u b je c t ) . T h is im p lies in sertion o f e m p t y n o d e s in n o n -fin ite c o n s t r u c t io n s a n d a c o in d e x a tio n m ech a n ism as well. T h e a im o f th is p a p e r d o e s n o t p e r m it m e t o g o in to d eta ils a b o u t th is in terestin g a s p e c t o f th e r e p r e s e n ta tio n , b u t w e h a v e d e a lt w ith it in o u r research re p o rt, a n d it is a n in te g r a te d p a r t o f o u r p r o p o s a l.

5

Concluding Remarks

A s u r fa c e -n e u tr a l s tr u c tu r a l re p re s e n ta tio n , as s h o w n a b o v e , is fa r fr o m su fficien t t o en su re su cce s s fu l s im p le tra n sfer. A s sh o w n in th e series o f trees a n d th e ta b les e a rlie r, fe a tu r e a ssig n m e n t p r o b le m s a ls o h a v e t o b e s o lv e d .

(13)

169

m o d a lity , a n d d ia th esis fo r th e s e n te n ce as su ch , p lu s in fo r m a tio n fo r th e c o r r e c t tra n sla tio n o f p re se n te n tia l p a rticle .

U n fo r tu n a te ly su ch a s y s te m d o e s n o t e x is t— y e t.

References

Andersen, Poul: How Close Can We Get to the Ideal o f Simple Transfer in Multi-lingual Mcichine Translation (M T )?, This volume:103-113, Reykjavik, 1990.

PO-22: Sentential Complements and Non-finite Constructions. E U R O T R A Research Report, April 1989, unpublished. Collaborative effort o f E U R O T R A -D K , GB, DE, IT, and EL.

The most relevant o f the references herein is:

R. Quirk & S. Greenbaum. 1972. A Grammar o f Contemporary English, London and New York.

R.M.6.0: Eurotra Reference Manual version 6.0, Luxembourg, August 1989, unpub lished.