1
Instructor: Karolina Silska – OSH specialist
Occupational Safety and Health
Training
All OSH training should take place during the working hours and at the employer’s expense
The employee is obliged to confirm in writing that he/she is familiar with
the Occupational Safety and Health
regulations
3
The aim of this training is to introduce the employee to:
• Basic regulations concerning Occupational Safety and Health as per the Labor Code, Collective Labor Agreement and labor regulations
• Company’s internal rules and regulations
• Rules concerning First Aid in case of accident
Regulations concerning OSH trainings
• Introductory training, also referred to as the General Training
This type of training is obligatory for every
person who begins working in a given workplace, on a specific work station that may expose
him/her to harmful, burdensome or dangerous labor conditions
5
Work station specific training
• Designed for newly hired employees, whose work station may expose them to harmful, burdensome or dangerous labor conditions
• For employees transferred to such work stations or in case of technically-
organizational change in labor conditions
During this training, it is advised to refer to
“user manuals” of the devices used on specific work stations
The training is aimed to update and complement the employee’s
knowledge and skills concerning:
• Assessing risks and hazards related to the performed job
• Methods of protection against risks and hazards
• Shaping labor conditions in accordance with rules and regulations of OSH
• Procedures in case of accident and emergency situations
7
Periodic training
Such training should be carried out as a course, seminary or guided self-learning class
• Manual worker – min. 8 hours of training, at least once every 3 years
• Office worker/teachers – min. 8 hours of training, at least once every 6 years
• Employers and managers – min. 16 hours of training, at least once every 5 years
• OSH specialists and related professionals – min. 32 hours of training, at least once every 5 years
• Employers carrying out security service tasks – min. 64 hours of training, at least once
every 5 years
The training’s instructor confirms it’s completion and issues a
certificate which should be held in
employee’s files
9
Some legal regulations concerning
Labor Law in relation to OSH
Current regulations concerning obligations in relation to OSH and responsibility for braking the rules of OSH
Legal regulations concerning Labor Law:
International sources for polish labor law:
• EU directives
• Agreements and recommendations of ILO (International Labor Organization)
• European Social Charter of Council of Europe
Note!
EU law regulations are valid in Poland only after their ratification or introduction to Polish acts and regulations
11
Legal regulations concerning Labor Law:
Polish sources of labor law:
• Polish constitution
• Polish legal acts, especially Labor Code
• Regulations of the Council of Ministers
• Polish labor norms
• Collective labor agreements
• Company’s rules and regulations
The employer’s and the employee’s
obligations
13
The employee’s obligations
It is the employee’s first and foremost obligation to follow the OSH rules and regulations
In particular, the employee is obliged to:
• Know the OSH rules and regulations,
complete the appropriate training and pass the mandatory verifying exams
• Perform the work in accordance with the OSH rules and regulations and apply to the
supervisor’s commands and instructions in this matter
• Look after the machinery, tools and
equipment as well as order and tidiness in the workplace
• Apply the collective protection measures and use the appropriate individual protection
measures as well as clothing and shoes in accordance with their design
15
• Complete the pre-employment, periodic and any other advised medical examinations as well as apply to all the doctor’s orders
• Immediately notify the supervisor about the accident in the workplace or any other
situation in which human life and health is endangered
• Cooperate with the employer and supervisor to carry out obligations concerning OSH
The employee’s rights
1. The employee may stop working and immediately notify the supervisor if:
• Labor conditions do not comply with OSH regulations
• The performed work endangers other employees
2. If stopping to work does not eliminates the danger, the employee has right to leave the
workplace upon immediately notifying his/her supervisor
Note!
The time spent away from the workplace due to dangerous labor conditions should be fully
reimbursed
17
The employee’s rights
3. Upon informing the supervisor first, the employee has right to stop to perform work that requires extraordinary psychophysic proficiency in case his/her current
psychophysic condition precludes safe performance and endangers others at the workplace
Note!
The rights enlisted in points 1-3 do not concern an employee whose professional duty is to save human lives or property
The employer’s obligations
• Protect lives and health of his/her employees by ensuring safe and hygienic labor
conditions with the use of appropriate appliances and devices
• Arrange labor in a safe and hygienic manner
• Ensure following of the OSH rules and regulations at the workplace
• Ensure that not following the rules is eliminated
• Ensure that the orders, recommendations and decisions of the supervising bodies are
properly carried out and introduced
• Ensure that the advices of the Social Labor Inspector are followed
19
The employer’s obligations – others
• Designate a coordinator to oversee safe labor conditions and safety of employees working at the same workplace
• Ensure preventive health care
• Manage work accidents and occupational diseases
• Ensure OSH trainings
• Ensure individual protections measures
• Follows the OSH rules and regulations
• Consults with OSH specialists and commissions
Criminal liability
Article 220(1) of the Criminal Code
If the person responsible for occupational safety and health neglects his/her duties and thus puts the lives and health of the employees in danger shall be subject to a penalty of imprisonment of up to three years
21
The consequences of violation of the OSH rules and regulations by the
employee
• In accordance with the Article 108 of the Labor Code – the employer may impose a penalty of warning or reprimend or a financial penalty to an employee that fails to respect
the regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health. The penalty cannot be applied after the period of two weeks since the notification about the employee’s obligation breach and after three months since the breach occurred (article 109(1))
• The penalty can be applied only upon hearing the employee’s testimony (Article 109(2))
The consequences of violation of the OSH rules and regulations by the
employee
• In accordance with Article 110 – the employer has to notify the employee in
writing about the applied penalty, specifying the kind of breach and the date of the
incident. The employer informs the employee about his/her right to object and about when the objection has to be filed. The employer inserts a copy of the written notification to the employee’s files
23
The consequences of violation of the OSH rules and regulations by the
employee
• In accordance with Article 112(1) – if the penalty was applied unlawfully, the employee may file an objection within 7 days of
receiving the notification. The objection may be accepted or dismissed by the employer, after he/she considers standpoint of the workplace trade union representing the
employee. Not dismissing the claim within 14 days since filing is equal to its acceptance.
The employee who filed the objection can, within 14 days since receiving the claim
dismissal, take legal action to Labor Court for remission of penalty (Article 112(2))
The consequences of violation of the OSH rules and regulations by the
employee
• In accordance with Article 113(1) – the penalty is considered void and all the
documents confirming it removed after a year of impeccable work (the employer may
consider the penalty void sooner)
25
Preventive medical examinations
• Pre-employment
• Periodic
• Check
• Sanitary-epidemiological
Preventive health care for employees
Medical examination
• Pre-employment, periodic, check, sanitary- epidemiological
Legal basis
• Labor Code, section 10, “Occupational Safety and Health”, article 229
Legal basis
• An ordinance issued by the Minister of Health and Welfare on May 30, 1996 concerning
conducting medical examinations of the
workers as a means of preventive health care and medical certificates for purposes specified in Labor Code
27
Pre-employment medical examination
• A newly hired person
• An underage person transferred to another position
• An employee transferred to a position with harmful or burdensome labor conditions
The employer
is incurred with the costs of medical examinations and all the other costs of preventive health care that stems from labor conditions
Periodic medical examinations
• All employees
• Employees hired to work in conditions
exposing them to carcinogenic substances and factors as well as fibrotic dusts, and also after:
◦ Ceasing to work in environment with such substances, factors and dusts
◦ Termination of contract, if the person in question files a request to have such
examinations
29
Medical checks
Employees after a period of incapacity for work longer than 30 days, which was caused by a disease
Sanitary-epidemiological medical examinations
• On the basis of stool examination for sanitary-epidemiological purposes an occupational physician issues a medical
certificate for the examined person and the employer or a person who ordered the
examination
◦ Stating ability to work on a position where there is a possibility to transfer the infection or disease to another person
◦ Stating temporary or permanent
contraindications to work on a position where there is a possibility to transfer the infection or disease to another person
• Legal basis
◦ Act of December 5, 2008 on preventing and eliminating infections and infectious diseases (Journal of Laws 2008, no. 234, item 1570 with subsequent changes)
31
Work accidents
Legal bases
• Labor Code, section 10, “Occupational Safety and Health”, Article 234 (Act of June 26,
1974 – Labor Code, Journal of Laws 1998, no. 21, with subsequent changes)
• An ordinance by the Council of Minister of June 28, 1998 concerning determination of the circumstances and causes of work
accidents and the way of documenting them, as well as the character of information
detailed in the register of work accidents (Journal of Laws no. 115, with subsequent changes, Journal of Laws 2004, no. 14)
• An ordinance by the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of December 24, 2002
concerning specific rules and procedures of determining an incident as an accident on the journey to or from work, the way of
documenting it, a sample document for reporting an accident on the journey to or from work and the deadline for filing it (Journal of Laws no. 237, with subsequent changes)
33
An accident
• A person who suffered an accident at
work, if his/her condition allows to do so, immediately notifies employer or any other entity for whom this person
performed labor about the accident
• Every employee who noticed such
accident is obliged to report it. It is the injured party supervisor who should be notified about the accident
For documentary purposes, the report
should be in a written form
Accident on the journey to or from work
An accident on the journey to or from work is a sudden event caused by an external factor which occurred on the way to or from a workplace or to carry out any other business activity which is
basis for social insurance, only if the way to or from workplace was the shortest route possible and it was not interrupted. However, such
interruption is allowed if it was caused by a
justifiable reason (e.g., a physiological need) and the stop did not expand the necessary time to
fulfill it; or if the route, although not the shortest, was the most convenient for the insured person
35
Accident on the journey to or from work
The journey to or from work, besides the route from home to work and vice versa, is also:
• The route to or from a place of some other
form of employment or other business activity which is a basis for social insurance
• The route to or from a place of performing professional or social duties
• The route to or from a place to have lunch
• The route to or from school or the university
The employer’s obligations in case of work accident
The employer should:
• Take actions to eliminate or reduce the danger
• Provide first aid to all injured persons
• Make sure to prevent such accident in the future
37
The employer’s obligations in case of work accident
The employer should:
• Immediately notify the appropriate labor inspector and prosecutor about the mortal, severe or group work accident, and any other accident related to work if it can be
considered as such
The employer’s obligations in case of work accident
The employer should:
• Systematically analyze the causes of work accident and on the basis of these analyses use appropriate preventive measures
• Make sure to determine the cause of accident (the related costs are covered by the
employer)
39
The employer’s obligations in case of work accident
The employer should:
• Within 14 days from receiving the
notification about the accident (the post- accident report is drafted by an appropriate assembly), the employer should introduce the victim with that report (or the family of the victim, if the accident was fatal)
Occupational Diseases
41
The employer’s obligations in case of occupational disease
The employer should:
• Provide a medical examination
• Keep a register of occupational diseases
• Immediately notify the appropriate sanitary inspection body and labor inspector each case of a diagnosed occupational disease and
whenever there is a suspicion of such
• Establish the causes of occupational disease as well as its character and level of threat, while staying in cooperation with the
appropriate sanitary inspection body
• Systematically analyze the causes of
occupational diseases and other diseases in relation to the work environment. On the basis of these analyses use appropriate preventive measures
• Immediately eliminate the factors causing occupational disease and apply other
necessary preventive measures
Compensations due to:
Work accident or
Occupational disease
43
Compensations due to work accident or occupational disease:
• Sick benefit – for the insured, whose inability to work was caused by work accident or
occupational disease
• Rehabilitation benefit – for the insured, who has exhausted his/her sick benefit and is still unable to work, with further treatment or
rehabilitation being a chance to recover
• Compensatory benefit – for the insured
employee, whose remuneration was reduced due to permanent or long-lasting injury
• Single damages:
◦ For the insured, who suffered from a permanent or long-lasting injury
◦ For the family of the deceased insured or pensioner
Compensations due to work accident or occupational disease:
• A pension due to inability to work – for the insured who has become unable to work due to work accident or occupational disease
• Training pension – for the insured who has become unable to work due to work accident or occupational disease and was declared in need of retraining in order to work at the same workplace but at different position
• A survivor’s pension – for the family of the deceased insured or a pensioner entitled to a pension due to work accident or occupational diseases
• An orphan’s pension – for an orphan
• Medical treatment coverage – covering
dental treatment and protective vaccination as well as to supply necessary orthopedic
equipment (in scope regulated by the appropriate Article)
45
Accident insurance compensation will not be reimbursed if:
• The accident was caused by the insured who broke the regulations pertaining safety and health on purpose or as a result of
professional negligence
• The accident was caused by the insured who at the time was under influence of alcohol, narcotics or psychoactive substances
Occupational risk
47
Occupational risk
The likelihood of an occurrence of undesired events related to work that cause damage, in particular damages to health, as a result of occupational hazards related to workplace or performing work
Accident and emergency procedures
For example, in case of fire or breakdown
49
Obligations of the building’s managers and owners
• Follow fire protection technological and construction standards
• Equip the building with fire-fighting and life- saving equipment, as well as with
extinguishing agents
• Provide safety to the persons inside and mark out evacuation routes
• Prepare the building for rescuing action
• Introduce employees to fire regulations
• Set the evacuation procedures in case of fire or other threat
Classification of fires
According to the type of material on fire and manner of its combustion
Type of fire (A)
Fire of organic solids, during which occurs the phenomenon of incandescence
for example: wood, paper, coal, plastic materials, fabrics, straw
51
Type of fire (B)
Fire of flammable liquids and solids, which melt under high temperature
For example: petrol, alcohols, acetone, oils, varnishes, grease, paraffin, tar
Type of fire ( C )
Fire of gases
For example: methane, acetylene, propane, hydrogen, city gas
53
Type of fire (D) Fire of metals
For example: magnesium, sodium, uranium
Type of fire (F)
Fire of grease and oil in kitchen appliances
55
Emergency procedures in case of fire
Obrazek:
IN CASE OF FIRE.
Warn others (Fire! It's burning!) Alarm and extinguish
• Keep calm!
• Report the fire immediately,
providing exact data on the location and size of the fire
• Warn other employees about the fire
57
• Switch off the ventilation, transport and heating devices, cut off the
piping, close the main gas valve, if necessary disconnect the electrical devices from voltage
• Immediately leave the endangered
areas using staircases as well as
marked escape and fire routes
• Do not use elevators
• Stay close to the floor (protection against smoke and hot air)
• Carry out the operation in
accordance with the fire safety instructions
• THE PRIORITY IS TO SAVE HUMAN LIFE, NOT TO
EXTINGUISH THE FIRE
59
Emergency procedures in case of fire (2)
• Do not put your own safety at risk;
participate in extinguishing and rescue operations until the Fire Brigade arrives
• Never extinguish burning oil with water
• Cover burning people with fire blankets
• When the Fire Brigade arrives, give the commander the relevant
information, hand over the plans of the building, escape routes, and
emergency routes, as well as the
appropriate keys.
Rules to follow during fire fighting
• Disconnect electronic equipment,
close gas valves, close windows and doors, turn off ventilation or air
conditioning systems
• Start using the fire extinguisher at the source of fire
• If possible, stand backwards to the
wind direction
61
Be careful while opening the doors
1. Open the door slightly while hiding behind the door frame
or
2. Bring in a short stream of
extinguishing agent through the gap, then open the door and start
extinguishing the fire
When the Fire Brigade arrives, give the commander the relevant information, hand over the plans of the building,
escape routes, and emergency routes, as
well as the appropriate keys.
Rules to follow during fire fighting (2)
• Keep the fire extinguisher upright!
• In case of fire of motor vehicle
engines, do not direct the stream to a closed engine cover but extinguish through the cooling holes from the bottom
• Fires of still liquids;
- do not disperse the liquid with a
strong stream, but cover the fire by mist (by sprayed extinguishing agent)
• Extinguish only by using the
provided handheld equipment
63
Rules to follow during fire fighting
When extinguishing, the following rules need to be remembered:
(Obrazek – GOOD / BAD)
• Extinguish fire in the direction of the wind.
• Extinguish burning surfaces starting from the side.
• Extinguish fires of liquids and dripping substances with a jet directed from the bottom to the top.
• Extinguish fires of the walls with a jet directed from the bottom to the top.
• Use adequate number of fire extinguishers; never one after the other.
• Pay attention to the possibility of fire burning again.
• Never put fire extinguishers after use in a permanent place. First, they must be refilled.
Rules to remember:
Most fires start with a small fire.
With the exception of explosions, it is usually possible to control the fire if we use the correct type and size of the fire extinguisher within the first two minutes.
65
The fire extinguisher should have a valid certificate issued by the
relevant institution.
A portable fire extinguisher can save human life by extinguishing a small fire or stopping its spread until the Fire Brigade arrives.
Before attempting to extinguish a small fire, make sure that all people are outside the
building. It is important that someone calls the Fire Department. If the fire starts to spread or cut off your escape route,
withdraw immediately!
67
You should know how to use a fire extinguisher without spending time reading instructions
during an emergency. Remember that the fire extinguisher should be regularly inspected and be refilled after each use.
Extinguishing
Pull the pin.
This will unlock the fire extinguisher.
69
Press the handle or lever to release the
extinguishing agent
Direct the nozzle straight to the source of fire. If you aim at the flames (which is often tempting), the extinguishing agent will pass through it and nothing will help. You will not be able to
extinguish the fire in this way.
71
Sweep the nozzle from side to side until the fire is put out. Remember to start
extinguishing at a safe distance from the fire and as it diminishes, you can get closer. After extinguishing, make sure that the fire does not burst again.
If necessary, use the extinguisher again.
Most fire extinguishers should be used
as described above. However, not all of
them. Read and follow the instructions
on your fire extinguisher.
73
When not to try to extinguish fire:
• If the fire can block your escape route
• If the fire spreads too fast
• If the type and size of the extinguisher is unsuitable (eg it is not intended to
extinguish a given type of fire)
• If the fire is too big
• If you do not know how to use an extinguisher
If any of the above threats exist, run away immediately!
General rules to follow in smoke- filled rooms
Entering into smoke-filled room, from which smoke is coming out and there is presumably fire inside requires caution. Therefore you should:
• Enter carefully, opening the door gradually and
partially (do not open the door with one move to the entire width)
• Stay bend over or close to the floor
• As far as possible, bring handheld extinguishing equipment (or other currently available alternatives)
• Protect your head against mechanical injuries and high temperature impact (helmet or other alternative
solutions)
• Protect your mouth and face from smoke (e.g., a handkerchief or towel soaked in water)
• In the event of a large smoke, use a stream of water from the fire hose
75
General rules to follow in smoke- filled rooms
• It is necessary that in the smoky zones all activities are carried out by at least two people who can support and help each other
• The search in a smoke-filled room for the person supposedly remaining, should involve accurate
checking of the places where he/she could hide and faint. Also everywhere, where under normal conditions it would seem impossible, e.g. under a stillage
• Reduction of smoke in rooms can be achieved by:
▪ The use of a water stream from the water supply network
▪ Opening windows and doors
Escape routes
ESCAPE ROUTES SHOULD BE MARKED IN A VISIBLE AND PERMANENT WAY.
77 Signs marking out escape routes:
• (znak nr 1 – kierunek drogi ewakuacyjnej) Direction of the escape route
The sign indicates the direction to the exit, which can be used in case of danger.
Shorts arrows - to use with other characters.
Long arrow - for self-use.
• (znak nr 2 – Wyjście ewakuacyjne)
Emergency exit
The sign used to mark the exits used in case of danger.
• (znak nr 3 – Drzwi ewakuacyjne) Evacuation door
The sign used above the wing doors, which are emergency exits (left or right door).
• (znak nr 4 – przesunąć w celu otwarcia) Move to open
The sign is applied together with the sign No. 3 on the sliding door of the emergency exit.
• (znak nr 5 – kierunek do wyjścia drogi ewakuacyjnej) Direction to the exit of the escape route
The sign indicates the direction of the escape route to the exit; can point to the right or left.
• (znak nr 6 – kierunek wyjścia drogi ewakuacyjnej schodami w dół) Direction to the exit of the escape route down the stairs
The sign indicates the direction of the escape route down the stairs to the left or right.
• (znak nr 7 - kierunek wyjścia drogi ewakuacyjnej schodami w górę) Direction to the exit of the escape route up the stairs
The sign indicates the direction of the escape route up the stairs to the left or right.
• (znak nr 8 – Pchać aby otworzyć) Push to open.
The sign is placed on the door to indicate the direction of their opening.
• (znak nr 9 – Ciągnąć aby otworzyć) Pull to open.
The sign is placed on the door to indicate the direction of their opening.
• (znak nr 10 – Stłuc aby uzyskać dostęp) Break to gain access
This sign can be used:
a) in a place where it is necessary to break the glass in order to gain access to the key or the opening system b) in a place where it is necessary to break obstruction to clear the exit.
Evacuation procedures
Guidelines for employees involved in evacuation:
• Open all escape doors
• Determine the exact location of the fire, the path of its spread and the threat to neighboring rooms
• Call a fire brigade or give information to the management
• Evacuate people according to the rules of conducting and organizing the evacuation action
• Inform the evacuation supervisor about difficulties in conducting the evacuation and strictly follow his
instructions
• Maintain regular contact with other people involved in evacuation in order to provide mutual assistance
• If the situation allows, check if someone has stayed in the facility. You should always take into consideration the fact that during evacuation may occur such
circumstances as injuries, fainting, etc. In this situation, you should move the injured to a safe place, give first aid and call the ambulance.
79
First aid
Pre-medical activities that save lives
Pre-medical activities that save lives
81
Chain of survival
• Early recognition of threat and
immediate call for the emergency services
• Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Early defibrillation
• Early advanced life support by paramedics
What should you tell the dispatcher
Be brief and clear
• Give the exact place of the incident
• Give your name and surname
• Give the phone number you are calling from
• Give the number of injured people
• Assess the condition of the injured
➢ Conscious / unconscious
➢ Breathes / does not breathe
• Tell what you see
➢ E.g. “one person walks and the other lies in the car”.
• Inform the dispatcher about any change in the situation
• Answer the dispatcher's questions
• Follow the dispatcher's instructions
• Do not hang up until the dispatcher will allow you to
83
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Resuscitation can lead to the restoration of breath and heartbeat.
In addition, if the injured person’s awareness is restored, there is reanimation.
Breath + circulation = RESUSCITATION
Breath + circulation + awareness = REANIMATION
Resuscitation and reanimation are performed by identical emergency procedures.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
THE ORDER OF ACTIVITIES
Secure the place of the event Approach the injured person
Assess the level of person’s awareness Clear the air passages
Call for help
Provide artificial respiration Provide heart massage
85
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Resuscitation
Rescue actions aim to stop or reverse the process of dying through heart
massage and artificial respiration.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
ASSESMENT OF THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS
• Full awareness
• Reaction to voice
• Reaction to touch and pain
• No reaction
87
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
RESUSCITATION RULES
• Follow the safety rules
• Turn the person on the back
• Lay the person on a hard and even
surface
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CLEARING THE AIR PASSAGES
• Put your hand on the injured person's forehead
• Put the other hand on the bone parts of the mandible
• Gently tilt the person's head back
89
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
• Keep the person's head tilted
• Clamp the soft parts of his/her nose
• Take a breath
• Blow air into his or her mouth for about 1 second
• Observe whether the chest has risen
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
If the chest did not rise:
• Check if there is anything in the person’s mouth
• Clear the air passages again
• Repeat the above steps up to two times
91
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
INDIRECT HEART MASSAGE
• Kneel next to the injured person
• Remove clothing from the chest
• Place your hands in the middle of his/her chest
• Straighten your elbows
• Compress his/her chest to a depth of 3-4 centimeters
• Make 100 compressions per minute
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
The ratio of compressions number to the number of inhales is
30:2
93
Resuscitation steps
The injured person does not react Call for help
Clear the air passages No proper breathing Call an ambulance #999
2 rescue breaths
↓
Repeat
the sequence
↑
30 chest compressions
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Continue resuscitation until:
• Arrival of medical services
• Physical exhaustion
• Return of the person's awareness
• Appearance of signs of blood circulation
95
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Signs that the injured person’s blood circulates
• Spontaneous breath
• Cough
• Motion
• Opening eyes
• Speech
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
The most common mistakes during resuscitation
• Bending elbows
• Too strong or too weak chest compressions
• Relaxation mistake
• Removing the hands from the person's chest
• Wrong hands position on the person's chest
• Too weak or strong rescue breaths
• Incorrect frequency of chest compressions
97
Choking: First aid
We speak of choking if the foreign body is in a person’s air passages and
as a result they are completely or
partially obstructed.
Choking: First aid – first step
Cough
• Encourage the injured person to
cough as long as he/she is able to
99
Choking: First aid – second step
GIVE BACK BLOWS
• Stand behind the person
• Lean the person forward
• Hit the person between the shoulders
• Administer up to 5 blows
Choking: First aid – third step
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
101
Choking: First aid – third step
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• Stand behind the person
Choking: First aid – third step
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• Stand behind the person
• Make a fist and place it directly
above the person's navel
103
Choking: First aid – third step
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• Stand behind the person
• Make a fist with your hand and place it directly above the person's navel
• Put your other hand on top of the
first
Choking: First aid – third step
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• Stand behind the person
• Make a fist with your hand and place it directly above the person's navel
• Put your other hand on top of your first
• Thrust both hands backwards into
his/her stomach with a hard, upward
movement up to five times
105
Choking: First aid – third step
ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
• Stand behind the person
• Make a fist with your hand and place it directly above the person's navel
• Put your other hand on top of your first
• Thrust both hands backwards into their stomach with a hard, upward movement up to five times
• If necessary, repeat steps 2 and 3
alternately
Choking: First aid – summary
• Encourage the person to cough
• Give back blows
• Administer abdominal thrusts – up to 5 times
• (tekst na strzałce – Repeat)
If the above actions prove ineffective and the injured person falls unconscious - follow
resuscitation rules.
The loss of consciousness causes muscle relaxation. It is possible that this way the foreign body will get out of the air passages.
107
Recovery position
• Prevents choking hazard
• Keeps the air passages clear and open
• Recovery position is for a person
who is unconscious but breathing
Recovery position facilitates breathing and blood circulation, keeps the air
passages open; in case of vomiting or bleeding from the mouth or air passages it protects liquid to enter lungs.
Recovery position provides relative body stability of an unconscious
person. After 30 minutes, turn the
unconscious person over to the other
side to ensure blood supply to the arm.
109
Hemorrhages
• Hemorrhages is blood escaping from the circulatory system
• The most common cause of hemorrhage is injury
• There is a division of hemorrhages into internal and external
• At the place of accident we can only help with an external hemorrhage
Hemorrhages: First aid
When providing help with
hemorrhage, protect yourself against contact with blood by wearing gloves.
When giving first aid, use sterile
bandage and do not disinfect wounds.
111
Hemorrhages: First aid
HEMORRHAGES FROM LIMBS WOUNDS
• Lift the wounded limb above the heart level
• Press the place of bleeding
• Put sterile gauze to the wound
• Apply a compressive bandage
Hemorrhages: First aid
HEMORRHAGES FROM HEAD WOUNDS
• The head is strongly supplied with blood
• Press the place of bleeding
• Apply a compressive bandage
113
Hemorrhages: First aid
NOSEBLEEDS
without injury or after a hit
• Tilt the person’s head forward so that the blood does not flow down his throat
• Clamp the soft parts of the nose for 10 minutes
• If the hemorrhage persists after 20 minutes, injured person should see a doctor
• The nosebleeds often stop by themselves
Hemorrhages: First aid
HEMORRHAGES FROM STAB WOUNDS
• Press the place of bleeding
• Apply a compressive bandage
115
Hemorrhages: First aid
HEMORRHAGES FROM STAB WOUNDS
• If there is a foreign body in the wound, we stabilize it and do not pull it out
• A foreign body can stop bleeding
• Exception. We can pull a foreign body out if:
- Foreign body prevents necessary resuscitation
- Bleeding cannot be controlled despite leaving the foreign body in the wound
FAINTING
Is a sudden and short-lived loss of consciousness caused by transient decrease in blood flow to the brain.
• Symptoms: short loss of consciousness, paleness, sweating, nausea, rapid breathing, feeling of weakness.
• Usually, it is not life-threatening and may result from dehydration,
excessive overloading of the body, especially on a hot and stifling day. It often happens in elderly people with impaired cardiovascular system, heart disease, hypertension. It may also be misdiagnosed as an epileptic seizure.
• Put unconscious person with legs up, after a while he or she should regain consciousness; then guide his or her to a shaded place, give something to drink, ask if he or she has any cardiovascular diseases (in this case, it is better to consider calling for qualified medical services for transport to the hospital) or diabetes (fainting may be caused by hypoglycemia; in this case give a sweetened drink or a piece of chocolate or another energetic product to eat). Check if the injured person has not suffered head injuries or injuries of other parts of body during the fall. Wait until he or she regains his strength and will be able to move independently. If person is still weak, call an ambulance.
• Warning! If after a few minutes (1-2 min)the injured person is still unconscious, call for help. Remember to check his or her breath frequently.
117
BROKEN BONES
• TRY NOT TO MOVE THE INJURED PERSON UNLESS HIS LIFE IS THREATENED
• CALL AN AMBULANCE (999)
• TRY TO STOP OR PREVENT ANY BLEEDING
• STIFFEN THE INJURED LIMB BUT DO NOT MOVE IT
• IF THE MEDICAL SERVICES ARE DELAYED,
IMMOBILIZE THE INJURED AREA BY PLANK OR BY ATTACHING TO THE SECOND LEG; USE
COMPRESSESS, BANDAGES OR A SLING
NECK AND BACK INJURIES
CERVICAL SPINE INJURY OCCURS WHEN THE HEAD IS STRONGLY JERKED BACK OR FORTH.
THE LIGAMENTS, MUSCLES OR NERVES MAY BE DAMAGED – SOMETIMES THE NECK BREAKS.
SEVERE PAIN IN NECK OR BACK
THE INJURED PERSON MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MOVE HIS OR HER FINGERS AND TOES,
WRIST OR ANKLES
THE INJURED PERSON MAY NOT FEEL THE TOUCH, ONLY TINGLING
119
NECK AND BACK INJURIES
FOLLOW THE REANIMATION STEPS
If the person is conscious, do not move him/her, unless his/her life is threatened
If there is a threat to person’s life, you can move him/her - the spine injury is in this case a secondary matter.
If the person fell out of the vehicle, leave him/her in this place, secure with blankets or covers and wait for
professional help.
BURNS
LARGE BURNS
• Start cooling the wound immediately, follow the resuscitation steps.
• Call an ambulance (999 or 112)
• Lay the person down in a comfortable position
• Continue pouring the wound with cold water for about 10 minutes or until the pain eases
• Remove jewelry, watch or clothing from the burn site, unless it has adhered to the skin
• Cover the skin with clean, non-fluffy fabric to prevent infection. Parts of clothing, a clean plastic bag or a kitchen foil can be used as a bandage
121
BURNS
SMALL BURNS
• Hold the burned area under cool running water for about 10 minutes or until the pain eases
• Remove jewelry etc. and cover the skin with clean, non-fluffy fabric to prevent infection. Parts of
clothing, a clean plastic bag or a kitchen foil can be used as a bandage
ALL DEEP BURNS OF ANY VOLUMES REQUIRE IMMEDIATE HOSPITAL TREATMENT
DO NOT USE ANY CREAMS OR GELS.
SHOCK
May be caused by loss of body fluids, which is the result of internal or external bleeding, burns, diarrhea or vomiting,
SYMPTOMS:
• RAPID, WEAK PULSE, WHICH CAN STOP AT ANY TIME
• RAPID AND SHALLOW BREATHING
• THE PERSON FEELS BAD AND WEAK; HE/SHE IS THIRSTY AND DIZZY; ALSO THE PERSON CAN BE RESTLESS
• COOL, WET, ASHEN AND PALE SKIN
• LIPS, NAILS AND EARS ARE ASHEN AND BLUE
123
SHOCK
FOLLOW REANIMATION STEPS.
CALL AN AMBULANCE IF IT IS NECESSARY
LAY THE PERSON DOWN WITH THE HEAD PLACED LOW
ELEVATE THE LEGS AND FEET
LOOSEN TIGHT CLOTHING
COVER THE PERSON WITH A BLANKET TO PREVENT FROM CHILLING
DO NOT USE HOT WATER OR DIRECT SOURCE OF HEAT TO KEEP THE PERSON WARM
KEEP THE PERSON STILL
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
KAROLINA SILSKA 504 743 596
