THE EFFECTS OF PAUSE TIME ON DSR PROTOCOL IN MOBILE ADHOC NETWORK (MANET)
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
(COMPUTER NETWORK AND SECURITY) WITH HONORS 3rd YEAR 1st SEMESTER
SESSION 2016/2017 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1
CSF 35104 PROPOSAL FYP 1
NAME: NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD MATRIC NUMBER: BTBL16043603
SUPERVISOR: PUAN AIDA BINTI MAHIDDIN
2 | P a g e
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 ... 3
INTRODUCTION ... 3
1.1 Background Project ... 3
1.2 Routing Selection Scheme in MANET. ... 7
1.3 Problem Statement ... 7
1.4 Objective ... 8
1.5 Scope ... 8
1.6 Limitation of Works ... 9
1.7 Summary ... 9
CHAPTER 2 ... 10
LITERATURE REVIEW ... 10
2.1 Introduction ... 10
2.2 Related Object and Article ... 10
2.4 Summary ... 15
CHAPTER 3 ... 16
METHODOLOGY ... 16
3.1 Introduction ... 16
3.2 Research of Methodology ... 16
3.3 Simulation ... 17
3.4 Project Framework ... 19
3.5 Project Flowchart ... 20
3.6 Summary ... 21
REFERENCES ... 22
3 | P a g e
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Project
1.1.1 Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)
A Mobile ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a developing are of research. Mobile ad-hoc network is a group of wireless mobile sites forming a temporary network and provides communication between the nodes without any central authority. Mobile ad-hoc Networking is an efficient way of exchanging peer-to-peer information among devices. A routing protocol must be able support unicast, multicast and broadcast.
A mobile ad-hoc is a self-organizing that consists of mobile nodes that are capable of communication with each other without the help of fixed infrastructure. The mobile nodes are including laptops, smart phones, and personal computer. Nodes are randomly connected with each other. Each device in MANET is free to move independently in any direction and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each node must forward traffic to make the network consistent.
On other hand, ad-hoc network using multi-hop link. Each node itself as a router for forwarding and receiving packets to/from other nodes. These networks are usually deployed for various diverse applications like; military networks, conference rooms and in commercial applications like vehicle ad-hoc networks [14]. Hence, information sharing among mobile nodes is made available. Besides, MANET is dynamic network topology which means mobile nodes comes and goes from the network. This topology changes frequently, leading to regular route changes, network partitions and possibly packet loss.
4 | P a g e
Figure 1.1 Example of MANET
1.1.2 Routing Protocol in MANET
Routing protocol in MANET can be classified into three categories:
I. Proactive routing protocol (table-driven routing protocol)
In these protocols, the network each node must keep up-to-date routing tables. When the network topology changes every node in the network propagates the update message to the network to maintain a reliable routing table. In each node builds its own routing table which can be used to find out a path to a destination and routing information is stored.
II. Reactive routing protocol
In reactive routing protocol route tables are created when required and are not maintained periodically. The source node propagates the route request packet to its neighbors when it wants to connect to a destination node. When a node wants to send data to any other node, it first initiates route discovery process to discover the path to that destination node. This path remains usable till the destination is accessible or the route is not required.
5 | P a g e
III. Hybrid routing protocol
These protocols are made from the combine strategies of both proactive and reactive protocols. This hybrid routing protocol uses the proactive routing protocol in the case of intra-domain routing and uses the reactive routing protocol in the case of inter-domain routing.
1.1.2 Dynamic Source Protocol (DSR) Routing Protocol
Dynamic Source Protocol is a reactive routing protocol for wireless mesh network or mobile ad-hoc networks. It is a simple and efficient routing protocol based on a source routing technique. DSR is designed for use in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc networks of mobile nodes. It allows the network be completely self-configuring without infrastructure less network DSR uses source routing means source node must know the complete hop sequence to reach at the destination. In DSR protocol, each node maintains a route cache, where all know routes and stored. The route initiate only when the desired route cannot be found in the route cache. Source routing uses by DSR. It means the source node determines the complete sequence of hops when each pocket should transverse. It requires the sequence of hops are included in each packet’s header. A negative sequence of hops leads the routing overhead has be carried by each packet. There are two main mechanisms involve in DSR are route discovery and route maintenance.
Route discovery phase:
Route discovery is the process in which the source node wishing to send a packet to the destination node find a route. This phase divided into two sub process namely Route request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP). Route discovery is used only when the source nodes wants to send packet to the destination without knowing route. Initially, source node broadcast RREQ packet with a unique identification number. After that, RREQ packet is flooded throughout the network. Some of intermediate node receives the RREQ from source node and check whether this packet has been route or not. If the node has already seen the RREQ before in the table cache then it will discard the packet, otherwise it will
6 | P a g e
respond with RREP to the source node of the packet by destination node in reverse order and store in a table cache.
Figure 1.1.2 Route Reply Request and Route Reply Packet in DSR [16]
7 | P a g e
Route maintenance phase:
It is used for handling route breaks from source node to destination node during transmission. During transmission process it notice the route is broken or change in network topology. DSR protocol uses route maintenance phase for detect any other possible route towards the destination node to transmit data. If it goes down then find another alternative route to establish a connection for transmit the data in communication process. After that, to find a new route, DSR protocol will invoke the route discovery phase to the destination.
1.2 Routing Selection Scheme in MANET.
Routing is one of the most important issues in MANET. In order to overcome this issues, Routing Selection Scheme is required to reduce the amount of packet throughput and packet delivery between the mobile node to the destination. It is important as the node need to choose the optimal route to the destination. The Routing Selection Scheme, route table will generate first before the node send the data packet to the destination.
1.3 Problem Statement
I. The connection setup delay is higher than in table-driven.
II. Routing overhead is involved due to the source routing mechanism employed in DSR. This routing overhead is directly proportional to path length and load data.
8 | P a g e 1.4 Objective
I. To study the DSR protocol in MANET. The nodes move randomly due dynamic network topology in MANET.
II. To implement DSR protocol in MANET by using OMNet++ simulation tools.
III. To analyze and evaluate the performance DSR protocol in MANET in term of end-to-end delay and packet delivery. It can be observed from pattern of graph that will show in the result of the simulation.
1.5 Scope
The scope of the project are as follows:
I. To stimulate MANET via OMNet++ in windows
II. The sequence number of source node may lead to inconsistent routes if it lower than that intermediate nodes.
III. Multiple route packets and periodic beaconing may result in heavy routing overhead.
9 | P a g e
1.6 Limitation of Works
Applying MANET in real world environment as this project only simulation in OMNet++.
The network could not be implemented in real-life experiment because:
I. Provide very high cost because MANET required a large area such as military area or disaster area. There are more nodes that need to prepare, so they may lead to high cost to provide more nodes.
II. Different to collect/retrieve the data and specify the number of nodes. It is because it will not get specific result of transmission the packets or message form node to another node in the real life.
III. Take a long time to make configuration on MANET. In real life, coverage area for MANET is wide. For instances, disaster likes flooding, so it will take a few days to build this environment.
1.7 Summary
Due to the nature MANET which has been started in the problem statement above. It is encouraging and motivating to develop this research as an effort to bring some contribution to the education and academic.
10 | P a g e
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, it taking a few research papers that related to the project as literature review.
It is important to gathered the information or knowledge to get better understanding of the used and idea on how this project works.
As describe in chapter 1, it is clearly state about the routing protocol in MANET. In multi- hop network, nodes communicate with each other using wireless links of each node. Each node acts as a host as well as a router and forwards data packets for other nodes. A central challenge in the design of multi-hop adhoc networks are the development of dynamic protocol that can efficiently find routes between two communication nodes [1]. Since MANET is an infrastructure less network therefore it becomes difficult to manage and detect the fault. The use of this topology results in frequent network partitions, route changes and possibly packet loss [2]. However, this problem could be solved by modify a little bit of the existing AODV algorithm in MANET. It can be observed through the evaluation of matric performance.
2.2 Related Object and Article
An ad hoc routing protocol is a convention or standard, that control how nodes decide which way to route packets between computing devices in a mobile ad hoc network. Routing is a problem in manet due to limited resources and moving nature of nodes. Besides, this method also proposed to prevent flooding occurred among the node when passing the data packet to the destination node.
11 | P a g e
In this previous research paper, Bijender Bansal, Malay Ranjan Tripathy, Deepak Goyal, Monika Goyal (2015) leads a paper of “Improved Routing Protocol for MANET” [2]. The authors proposed algorithm (EAODV) compared with existing network (AODV). They came to know that the PDR is increases, PLR is decreases and Average end to end delay is decreases in their network than the existing network. Because in existing system there is no threshold period that’s why node waits for acknowledgement for long time than proposed system. And after wait for long time nodes send packets again with the new path. So existing system detects and control congestion very late because node waits for acknowledgement for long time. In existing system, there are more packets loss than proposed system due to existing system detect congestion very late and due to congestion detect late it also control congestion late than our system. So, they can say that their system is more effective to control congestion than existing system.
Next, Zafar Mahmood, Muhammad Awais Nawaz, Dr Mudassar Iqbal, Saleem Khan, Zia ul Haq (2015) leads a paper of “Varying Pause Time Effect on AODV, DSR and DSDV Performance” [3]. In this paper, the authors used NS-2 comprehensive as a network simulator tool to carry out a to analyses the behaviour of AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols. Different self-created scenario files and CBR files are used for simulation through TCL file. The authors set the pause time from 10 to 50. The CBR also changes according to pause time that the authors modified. In their study good results are concluded because it totally depends on simulation and analysis through different method. With respect to pause time DSR performance is overall better than AODV and DSR. This is because the network is less stressful and less dense. Ratio of sent to received packets and packet delivery fraction is also better of DSR with minimum routing load.
DSDV has minimum normalized routing load because of less mobility, it used the information stored in routing table but at the same time DSDV has maximum values for the performance metrics like average end to end delay. Average throughput of all protocols is almost the same.
Then, Pankaj Kumar Varshney, G.S.Agrawal, Sudhir Kumar Sharma (2015) conducted a paper “Impact of Pause Time on the Performance of DSR, LAR1 and FSR Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad hoc Network” [4]. The authors fixed the number of nodes at 50 for each scenario of different pause which are 10s, 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s with minimum and maximum speed of nodes
12 | P a g e
is 2s and 20s respectively. As increase pause time the average jitter value of LAR1 and FSR is grown but in case of DSR is slightly change. At 50s pause time the average jitter value of LAR1 and DSR routing protocol is same. The average jitter is higher in FSR routing protocol as compared to the DSR and LAR1 routing protocol. The varying the pause time Average end-to-end delay is greater than in FSR routing protocol as compared to DSR and LAR1 routing protocol. But throughput is higher in FSR routing as compare to DSR and LAR1. The throughput of DSR is same at 0 to 50s pause time. But the throughput of LAR1 and FSR is slightly increased when pause time as increase.
Meanwhile, Zahian Ismail, Rosilah Hassan (2010) has conducted on “Performance of AODV Routing Protocol in Mobile” [5]. In this paper, the authors analyzed the performance of the routing protocol in term of throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). In this simulation, packet sizes have a large impact on throughput in wireless environment so as on PDR. The result shows the packet size increased, the throughput and PDR also increase. The maximum hops perform by nodes determined by the size of simulation area. As the area size increased, the number of hops also increased. This leads to the decreasing value of throughput and PDR. Overall, AODV produces good throughput and PDR for this simulation scenario. The studies of the performance of AODV routing protocol hopefully can lead to the new finding of a new optimal enhance AODV protocol which can maximize the routing performance and overcome the limitation of existed AODV protocol.
Gibson Chengetanai, Grant Blaise O'Reilly (2015) conducted a paper about “Survey on Simulation Tools for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” [6]. In this paper, the authors will focus on Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The simulation experiments have been carried out using OMNeT++ network simulator to study the routing protocol performance in the heterogeneous MANET architecture. The metrics used to analyze the performance of the routing protocol are throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). In this simulation, packet sizes have a large impact on throughput in wireless environment so as on PDR.
The result shows while the packet size increased, the throughput and PDR also increase. The size of simulation area determines the maximum hops perform by nodes. As the area size increased,
13 | P a g e
the number of hops also increased. This leads to the decreasing value of throughput and PDR.
Overall, AODV produces good throughput and PDR for this simulation scenario. The studies of the performance of AODV routing protocol hopefully can lead to the new finding of a new optimal enhance AODV protocol which can maximize the routing performance and overcome the limitation of existed AODV protocol.
Pankaj Kumar Varshney, G.S.Agrawal, Sudhir Kumar Sharma (2014) leads a paper “Effect of pause time and nodes on performance of AODV and DSR Routing Protocol in Wireless Adhoc Network” [7]. The authors have manipulated pause time from 10s to 50s with minimum and maximum speed of nodes is 2s and 20s respectively. They fixed the number of nodes 100 for each scenario of different pause time keeping all other parameters constant. DSR has higher average jitter as compare to AODV when pause time (0-10 m/s). The increase of the pause time, the average jitter of DSR is decreases but higher than AODV. In case of throughput the DSR is better performing as compare to AODV when as increase the pause time. But when the pause time less then 20m/s the AODV protocol is much better perform as compare to DSR. According to result average end-to-end Delay of reactive routing protocol DSR is higher than AODV at 10 m/s pause time. When as increase the pause time the average end-to-end delay is decrease for DSR but it is not fixed for particular range. Similar with the packet delivery fraction value on varying the pause time of AODV is better as compare to DSR protocol. The calculated PDF value for AODV is 99.26363182 and 98.35117559 for DSR.
Monalisa Mishra, Prasant Kumar Dash, Lopamudra Hota, Madhumita Panda (2010) leads a paper “Analyze the Network Layer Protocols on the Basis of Mobility, Pause Time and Simulation Time in MANET” [8]. Here, the authors analyze the performance of several network layer routing protocols. As they increase the speed, pause time and simulation time, DSR routing protocol has better performance in case of throughput and packet delivery ratio but in case of the residual energy DSDV shows the better performance. As the authors conclude that if they take reliable connection along with parameter pause time and speed throughput and packet delivery ratio is better that unreliable connection but residual energy of the entire network is exhausted for
14 | P a g e
simulation time more than 110 second. The result shows that DSR and DSDV is efficient routing protocol under this scenario.
Rjab Hajlaoui, Sami Touil, Wissem achour (2015) “O-DSR Optimized DSR Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network” [9]. This paper aims at providing a new schema to improve Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol. The aim behind the proposed enhancement is to find the best route in acceptable time limit without having broadcast storm. Moreover, O-DSR enables network not only to overcome congestion but also maximize the lifetime of mobile nodes. Some simulations results show that the Route Request (RREQ) and the Control Packet Overhead decrease by 15% when O-DSR is used. Consequently also the global energy consumption in O- DSR is lower until to 60%, which leads to a long lifetime of the network.
Lakshman Naik.L, R.U.Khan, R.B.Mishra (2016) conducted a paper about “Analysis of Node Density and Pause Time Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using NS-3” [14]. In this paper, the authors modified the pause time and fixed the number of nodes which is 10 nodes. The performance of the OLSR routing protocol is better in all the metric calculations as compare to the DSDV and AODV routing protocols. OLSR is performing well as compared to rest two routing protocols. As far as AODV and DSDV are concerned, DSDV performed well as compare to AODV in all the metrics we used here. However, in some cases, the performance of the DSDV routing protocol is found improved. In some other cases, the performance of AODV is found well.
These conclusions are totally based on the NS-3, version 3.13, and the network parameters that we set for our analysis. However, performance of the MANET routing protocols depends on various factors like, transmit power, no. of source/sink connections, node density, node velocity, transmission region, transmission range, type of load traffic, Wi-Fi rate and packet size etc.
15 | P a g e
Naseer Ali Husieen, Osman B Ghazali, Suhaidi Hassan, Mohammed M. Kadhum (2015) leads a paper “The Effect of Pause Time on the Performance of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols” [15]. In this paper, the simulation results show that the optimal setting for pause time in their scenarios is 40s. The packet delivery ratio increases in all main four scenarios which means that each scenario has 5 sub-scenarios with various pause time starting from 5 s up to 40 s and other parameters is constant. The packet delivery ratio starts with low rate when pause time 5 then increases when pause time goes up. The authors have concluded that the optimal setting for pause time is 40 s. Delay is affected by high rate of CBR packets as well. The average, end–to-end delay is increased whenever the pause time is decreased, because of the time consumed for route discovery and increased number of packets in the buffer. Except for 80 nodes scenario, the delay decreased when pause time is 10. The reason is that because the number of sending packets is very less in this scenario, which is 13 packets only. The average optimal setting for pause time is 40 s.
2.4 Summary
This chapter brings about the research of the methods or techniques that was implemented in routing protocol selection scheme in MANET. This study is important to get the idea on to conduct and guide to the successful project.
16 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the methods and alternatives that have been used from the beginning until the end of the project. This chapter also discusses about the simulation that is used in the project. The simulation tool that used is OMNet++ simulator version 4.6. Besides, this chapter also review about the research of methodology and flowchart of the project. It can help better understanding of visualization in the project implementation.
3.2 Research of Methodology
Figure 3.1 Research Methodology
Problem Identification and Motivation (MANET area)
Design and Development
Computer Simulation Generalization and Scheme
Performance Evaluation
17 | P a g e
Research Methodology is the project planning. It is consisted of several steps in this research methodology such as problem identification and motivation, design and development, computer simulation and lastly is generalization and scheme performance evaluation. Firstly, the problem identification used to explain about the problem that occurred in this project. In this phase, problem statement is stated based on literature review of related works to get more understanding of the of the problem occurred in MANET. Secondly, design and development tell about overall development of this project. This phase will identify the suitable and specific method used to solve the problems. Thirdly, in computer simulation step, it discusses about the simulation is tested and performed in OMNet++ version 4.6. In this scheme performance evaluation, it is evaluated the performance metric of this project in term of packet delivery and end-to-end delay. It evaluates the effect of pause time on performance of DSR protocol by analyzing and summarizing the results of simulation
3.3 Simulation
Simulation is used in this project because it is requiring a high cost and consumes a long time to be implemented in real-life experiment. OMNet++ version 4.6 is an open-source tool that only can directly install on Windows 10. Besides, this simulation tool provides to small scale network, which is very suitable to make implementation routing protocol on MANET environment. In this case, the simulation is preferred to prevent this matter effectively. OMNet++
version 4.6 simulator is used to simulate and generalized the measurement results in MANET environment. OMNet++ (Object Modular Network Testbed in C++) simulator provides a component-based, hierarchical, modular and extensible architecture. besides, OMNet++ has extended GUI support and due to its modular architecture, the simulation kernel and model can be embedded easily into user application. New modules can be derived from basic object classes like modules, gates or connections. OMNet++is composed of Graphical network editor, Kernel library, Command line interface and A model documentation tool for documentation. Graphical Network Editor (GNED) to allow graphical topology build, creating files in the Network Description (NED) language. Kernel library is a simulation that contains definitions of objects used for the topology creation. Command line interface includes graphical and command line interface for simulation execution.
18 | P a g e
After installation of OMNet++version 4.6, inetmanet framework imported to OMNet++
simulation. The purpose of installing inetmanet is to make the implementation and configuration of MANET easier because inetmanet framework is required for MANET environment in OMNet++.
In conclusion, OMNeT++ and the inetmanet provide all the necessary components for simulating MANET routing protocols in general and other Internet protocols. Because of its modular architecture and its ability to directly access, monitor and alter all modules’ internal states, OMNeT++ is very well suited for the implementation of complex protocols [10].
Figure 3.2 OMNet++ version 4.6 Simulation tool Icon
Figure 3.3 Inetmanet Framework Icon
19 | P a g e
3.4 Project Framework
Figure 3.4 shows an overview of project framework
Figure 3.4 Framework of DSR Selection Scheme MANET
DSR Protocol
Congestion of DSR Protocol
Pause Time
Performance Metrics
Packet Delivery End-to-End Delay
20 | P a g e
3.5 Project Flowchart
In this section, it will describe the flowchart of implementing the project. Figure 3.5 [11]
shows flowchart that prepared in this project. In this section, DSR protocol used the RREQ message to send and use the RREP to reply.
As example of flowchart, source node wants to send data to destination node, but it has no route. So, it starts a route request discovery. Additional, assume that all intermediate nodes have no valid route in their route cache table to destination. Then, source node broadcast a RREQ packet to destination node and appends its own address in the route record field on the packet header. The RREQ packet is received by all nodes within the transmission range on the source node. The RREQ packet arrive at the intermediate nodes. The intermediate nodes rebroadcast the RREQ packet and append their own address in the route record field. RREQ packet is received by all nodes within the transmission range of intermediate nodes. The RREQ packets from intermediate nodes arrive at all nodes include source node. Source node ignores these RREQ packets, as it is the initiator of the packet respectively it finds its own address in the route record field. The intermediate nodes ignore the RREQ packet from each other as well. These RREQ s have been seen (old RREQ) while the other node received the RREQ because they have not seen yet. It will repeat the same step until reach at destination node. When the RREQ packet arrived at destination node RREP will generate.
Then destination node replies with a RREP packet arrives its destination via route record field that gathered the sequence of hop taken.
When destination sends a route reply to source node. Assume that destination node has no other route in its route cache table. It sends the RREP packet via the reverse path as a unicast packet. The destination node sends RREP packet to the intermediate node. RREP packet includes the traversed path by RREQ packets. Intermediate node check if it the destination for this RREP packet. Otherwise, it forwards the RREP to the next hop on the source route field until it reached at source node. Whenever a node receives a RREQ or RREP packet, it adds all usable routing information from the packet in its route cache table. Now, source node has a valid route to destination node and can start to transmit its data packets.
21 | P a g e
Figure 3.4 [13] Flowchart of DSR protocol
3.6 Summary
This chapter clarifies about the concept of the research methodology, framework and flowchart of this project. It helps to get more understanding of implementing the simulator in this project for next chapter.
Send Data Packet
Destination in route cache
Search Destination in route cache
Broadcast RREQ
Send Data Packet
Am I destination?
Have I seen RREQ? &
<request time
Delete RREQ message
Send RREP to originalNode
Have a route to originalNode?
Reverse RREQ source
Delete RREP back
Use it and send RREP
22 | P a g e REFERENCES
[1] Lee, Z. J., Chou, S. T., Lee, C. Y., & Peng, B. Y. (2016). AODV with intelligent priority flow scheme for multi-hop ad hoc networks. Vietnam Journal of Computer Science, 3(4), 259-265.
[2] Bansal, B., Tripathy, M. R., Goyal, D., & Goyal, M. (2015, February). Improved routing protocol for MANET. In Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies (ACCT), 2015 Fifth International Conference on (pp. 340-346). IEEE.
[3] Mahmood, Z., Nawaz, M. A., Iqbal, M., Khan, S., & Haq, Z. U. (2015). Varying pause time effect on AODV, DSR and DSDV performance. Int. J. Wirel. Microwave Technol, 1, 21-33.
[4] Varshney, P. K., Agrawal, G. S., & Sharma, S. K. (2015). Impact of Pause Time on the Performance of DSR, LAR1 and FSR Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad hoc Network. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, 4(2), 01-06.
[5] Ismail, Z., & Hassan, R. (2010, June). Performance of AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network. In Information Technology (ITSim), 2010 International Symposium in (Vol. 1, pp.
1-5). IEEE.
[6] Chengetanai, G., & O'Reilly, G. B. (2015, March). Survey on simulation tools for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. In Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), 2015 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
[7]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305768713_EFFECT_OF_PAUSE_TIME_AND_NO DES_ON_PERFORMANCE_OF_AODV_AND_DSR_ROUTING_PROTOCOLS_IN_WIREL ESS_AD-HOC_NETWORKS
[8] Mishra, M., Dash, P. K., Hota, L., & Panda, M. (2017, September). Analyze the network layer protocols on the basis of mobility, pause time and simulation time in MANET. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Power, Control, Signals and Instrumentation Engineering (ICPCSI) (pp. 530-538). IEEE.
23 | P a g e
[9] Hajlaoui, R., & Touil, S. (2015). Wissem achour “O-DSR: Optimized Dsr Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Network” International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 7.
[10] Rao, V., & Gupta, A. (2015). Simulative Analysis of AODVv2-02 Routing Protocol Using OMNET++. Int. J. Innov. Eng. Technol, 5(2), 342-349.
[11] Sultana, S., Begum, S., Tara, N., & Chowdhury, A. R. (2010). Enhanced-DSR: a new approach to improve performance of DSR algorithm. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 2(2), 113-123.
[12] Mistry, H. P., & Mistry, N. H. (2015, March). A survey: Use of ACO on AODV & DSR routing protocols in MANET. In Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[13] Hassan, A. (2008). Simulations on Multipath Routing Based on Source Routing. Bachelor thesis, Bern University.
[14] Lakshman, N. L., Khan, R. U., & Mishra, R. B. (2016). Analysis of Node Density and Pause Time Effects in MANET Routing Protocols using NS-3. International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, 8(12), 9.
[15] Husieen, N. A., Ghazali, O. B., Hassan, S., & Kadhum, M. M. (2010). The Effect of Pause Time on the Performance of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols. In 4th International Conference on Intelligent Information Technology Application (pp. 412-415).
[16] Mistry, H. P., & Mistry, N. H. (2015, March). A survey: Use of ACO on AODV & DSR routing protocols in MANET. In Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
