Heat Mass Transfer
DO1 10.1007/~00231-013-1163-6
2
Enhance of heat transfer on unsteady Hiemenz flow of nanofluid
3
over a porous wedge with heat sourcelsink due to solar energy
radiation with variable stream condition
5
Radiah Bte Mohamad-
R Kandasamy6 1.Muhaimin
Received: 25 September 2012IAccepted: 22 April 2013
O Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Nanofluid-based direct solar receivers, where strongly absorb
aQ4
selectiVely absorb incident radiation. nanoparticles in a liquid medium caa scatter and absorb solar Based on the pdiation and Brownian motion properties of radiation, have recently received interest to efficiently distrib- nanoparticle, the utilization of nanofluids in solar thermal ute and store the thermal energy. The objective of the present system becomes the new study hotspot.work is to investigate theoretically the unsteady homogeneous Solar energy is one of the best sources of renewable Hiemenz flow of an incompressible viscous nanofluid past a energy with minimal environmental impact, S h m a et al. porous wedge due to solar energy (incident radiation). The [I]. Power tower solar collectors could benefit from the conclusion is drawn that the temperature is s i ~ c a n t l y potential efficiency improvements that arise from using a a u e n c e d by magnetic strength, nanoparticle volume &tion, nanofluid as a working fluid. The basic concept of using convective radiation and porosity of the wedge sheet. particles to collect soIar energy was studied in the 1970s by Hunt [2]. It has been shown that mixing nanoparticles in a Liquid (nanofluid) has a dramatic effect on the liquid ther-
1 Introduction mophysical properties such as thermal conductivity.
Numerous models and group theory methods have been Energy plays an important role in the development of proposed by different authors to study convective flows of human society. However, over the past century,-the fast nanoffuids, e.g. Birkoff 131, Yurusoy and Pakdemirli [4] development of human society leads to the shortage of and Yurusoy et al. [5]. The study of the stagnation flow global energy and the serious environmental pollution.
AU
problem was initiated by Hiemenz [6] who developed an countries of the world have to explore-new energy sources exact solution for the Navier-Stokes equations under a and develop new energy technologies to find the rode to forced convective regime. Detailed review studies on Hi-sustainable development. Solar energy as the renewable emenz flow are published by Chamkha and Abdul-Rahim and environmental friendly energy, it has produced enefgy 171, Seddeek et al. [a], Tsai and Huang [9], and Gamal and for billions of years. Solar e6ergL that reaches the earth is Abdel-Rabman [lo] and Yih [ll]. The effects of heat and around 4
x
1,015 M W , it is 2,000 times as large as the mass transfer laminar boundary layer flow over a wedge global energy consumption. Thus the utilization of solar have been studied by many authors in different situations. energy and the technologies of solar energy materials Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids that attract much more attention. Nano-materials as a new show significant enhancement of their properties at modest energy material, since its particle size is the same as or nanoparticle concentration was investigated by Kandasamy smaller than the wavelength of de Broglie wave and et al. [12], Vajravelu et al. [13] andRana and Bhargava [14]. coherent-
Therefore, nanoparticle becomes to Solar energy is currently one kind of important resource for clean and renewable energy, and is widely investigated in many fields. Recently, non-homogeneous equilibrium model 68 A1 R. B. Mohamad-
R. Kandasamy (B) . I. MuhaiminA2 Research Centre for Computational Mathematics, FSTPI, proposed by many authors, whereas several numerical 69
A3 Universiti Tun Hussein OM Malaysia. Batu < . Pahat. Malaysia studies on homogeneous modeling of natural convection 70 A4 e-mail: [email protected]; ramasamy @uthm.edu.my heat transfer in nanofluids have been published by Ahmad 71
a
Springer Journal : Large 231 Dispatch : 29-4-2013 Pages : 9LE 0 TYPESET
et al. [15], Yacob et al. [16], Hamad [17] and Magyari [18] because the dispersed and the continuous phases are com- bined together and modeled as a new continuous phases in which the velocity slip between the phases must be small. The homogeneous flow model provides the simplest tech- nique for analyzing multiphase flows.
The
aim of the present study is to investigate the development of the unsteady homogeneous Hiemenz boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a porous wedge sheet i n a nanofiuid due to solar radiation. Lie symmetry group transformation is utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations and then the numerical solution of the problem is accomplished by using Runge-Kutta Gill method [I91 with shooting technique. This method has the following advan- tages over other available methods: (1) it utilizes less storage register (2) it controls the growth of rounding errors and is usually stable and (3) it is computationally eco- nomical. Numerical calculations were carried out for dif- ferent values of dimensionless parameters of the problem under consideration for the purpose of illustrating the results graphically. The analysis of the results obtained shows that the flow field is in0uenced appreciably by the presence of convective radiation and nanoparticles deposi-in an adjacent fluid of absorption coefficient, Fathalah and Elsayed [22]. Due to heating of the absorbing nanofluid and the wedge plate by solar radiation. heat is transferred from the plate to the surroundings and the solar radiation is a collimated beam that is normal to the plate. The fluid is a water based nanofluid containing copper nanoparticles. As mentioned before, the working fluid is assumed to have heat absorption properties. For the presenr application, the porous medium absorbs the incident solar radiation and transits it to the working fluid by convection. The ther- mophysical properties of the nanofluli3 are given in Table I (see Oztop and Abu-Nada [23]. Under the above assump- tions, the boundary layer equations governing the flow and thermal field can be written in~dhensional form as
aT
- aT - -
a 2 ~
Iaq:&
ar
o!fn"f. ---
a~
( P C P ) ,a~
96 tion in the presence of nanofluid past a porous wedge sheet. -- Qo
-- (T - Tm)
(PCP)f"
2 Mathematical analysis Using Rosseland approximation for radiation (Sparrow and
Cess [24], Rapits [25] and Brewster [26]) we can write
Consider the unsteady laminar two- dimensional Hiemenz
&
= 3.e av where ol is the Stefan-Boltzman constant flow of an incompressible viscous nanofluid Past a Porous is, k* is the mean absorption coefficient. The Rosseland wedge sheet in the Presence of solar energy radiation (see, approximation is used to describe the radiative heat transfer Fig. 1). We consider influence of a constant magnetic field th, limit of the optically thick fluid (nanofluid). The term of strengthBO
which is appliednod^
to sheet. The Qo(T, - T ) is assumed to be the amount of heat gener- temperawe at the wedge surface takes the constant value atedlabsorbed per unit volume. Qo is a constant, which may T,, while the ambient value, attained as y tends to inhity,takes the constant value T,. Far away from the wedge plate, both the surroundings and the Newtonian, absorbing fluid are maintained at a constat~t temperature T,. It is further assumed that the induced magnetic field is negli- gible in comparison to the a p p F 4 magnetic field (as the magnetic Reynolds number is small). The porous medium is assumed to be transparent and in thermal equilibrium
iii
6--._
* *
.
with the fluid. The thermal dispersion effect is rninimal 4
*
..,
P V
I
when the thermal diffusivity of the porous matrix is of the 444M
**G
-'.,\
X,same order of magpitude as that of the working fluid. This 4'
0
'YO
.'-,
4 T, 6'
i
viewpoint of assuming that the effective thermal diffisivity
remains comtant when the porosity of the porous medium
i".\i~.
varies with the normal distance is shared by many other
*
4 C investiggtors such as Vafai et al. 1201 and Tien and Hong s 4[21]. llie non reflecting absorbing ideally transparent
**'
1
*******
A
4 4
A porous wedge
*
wedge plate receives an incident radiation flux of intensity
q:&. This radiation flux penetrates the plate and is absorbed Fig. 1 Physical flow model over a porous wedge sheet
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I
[image:2.595.313.520.544.713.2]Heat Mass Transfer
take on either positive or negative values. When the wall temperature T,, exceeds the free stream temperature T,, the source term represents the heat source when Qo
<
0 and heat sink when Qo > 0.T h e boundvy conditions of these equations are
i = O , V = - g , T = T,,,+~~a'"atjf=O;
where c1 and nl (power index) are constants and Vo and T,,
are the suction (>O) or injection (<O) velocity and the fluid temperature at the plate. Under this consideration, the potential flow velocity of the wedge can be written as
U(x, f ) =
g,
p,
= (see in Sattar [2i]) whereas 6 is the time-dependent length scale which is taken to be (detailed in Sattar [27]) as:6
=6(t)
and is the Harrree pressure gadient parameter that corresponds tofl,
= for a total angleLI
of the wedge, the temperature of the fluid is assumed to vary following apower-law function while the free stream temperature is lioeasly stratified. The suffixes w and codenote surface and ambient cofididons. H n e 2 and F are the vciocity components in tire2 a d
7
directions, T is the local temperature of the nanofluid,g
is the acceieration due to gravity, V, is the velocity of sucfodinjection, K is the permeability of the porous medium, pJl is the effective density of the nanofluid,gd
is the applied absorption radiation heat transfer,en
is the effective dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid, clfo is the thermal difhsivity of the nanofluid which are defined as (see Aminossadati and Ghaserni [28]),Maxwell model [29] was developed to determine the effective electrical or thermal conductivity of liquid-solid suspensions. This model is applicable to statistically homogeneous and low volume concentration liquid-solid suspensions, with randonlly dispersed and uniformly sized non-contacting spherical particles. It is given as:
Table 1 Comparison of the current results with previous published wc
Experiments report thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids be yond the Maxwell limit of 31. In the limit of low particle volume concentration (c) andthe particle conductivj ty (k,), k i n g much higher than the base liquid conductivity (kf), Eq. (5) can be reduced to Maxwell 31 limit as:
Equation (5) represents the lower limit for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids and it can seen that in the limit where
l
= 0 (no particles), Eq. (6) yields k b , = 1 as expected.Where kfand k, are the thermal conductivity of the base fluid and nanoparticle respectively, ( is the nanoparticle volume fraction, ~ y i s the dynamic viscosity of the base fluid, /if and
8,
are the thermal expansion coefficients of the base Ruid and nanoparticle, respectively, pf and p, are the density of the base fluid and nanoparticle, respectively, kx3 is the effective thermal conductiviy of the nanofluid and (PC,)$, isthe heat capacitance of the nanofluid, which are defined as
Equations ( i 4 ) take the non-dimensional form
11 White [32] Present works
Ail) A d
a
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[image:3.599.47.531.623.739.2]210 with the boundary conditions
212 In t h e above equations,
5
denotes the volume fraction of the 213 nanoparticles in the nanofluid. With the usual definition of21 4 the stream function, u = %and v = -
g,
and with the aid of 21 5 Kafoussias and Nanousis [30], the changes of variables are(1
+
m)217 Equations (8) and (9) are calculated using classical Lie 218 group approach, Kandasamy [I21 and Yurusoy and Pa- 2 19 kdemirli [4].
220 The system of Eqs. (8, 9) become
s o @ .
parameter,
i
V
=--+
is the conductive radiation parame-kf"
-,.-I
ter, M =A% is the magnetic parameter and CT = J!h!
A
is the temperature ratio where CT assumes very Tmsmall values by its definition as T,, - T , is very large compared to T,. In the present study, it is assigned the value 0.1. It is worth mentioning that y
>
0 aids the flow and y<
0 opposes the flow, while y = 0 i.e., (T, - T,) represents the case of forced convection flow. On the other hand, if y is of a significantly greater order of magnitude than one, then the buoyancy forces will be predominant. Hence, combined convective flow exists when y = O(1). S is the suction parameter if S > 0 and injection if S<
0 and5
= h* Kafoussias and Nanousis [30], is the dimensionless distance along the wedge ( r>
0). In this system of equations, it is obvious that the nonsimilarity aspects of the problem are embodied in the terms containing partial derivatives with respect to (. This problem does not admit similarity solutions. Thus, witht-
derivative terms retained in the system of equations, it is necessary to employ a numerical scheme suitable for partial differential equations for the solution. Formulation of the system of equations for the local nonsimilarity model with reference to the present problem will now be discussed.h,
-
At the first level of truncation, the terms accompanied by 25 1I
-
4
94)c P+?N{(cT 4 + ~ ) ~ b ) ) - + p d ~ ~ ]t&
are small. This is particularly true when(4:
<<
1). Thus 2 52prf 1
-[+la
m the terms with(&
on the right-hand sides of Eqs. (I1) and 253
217~ . i - n l {
asaf
afae)
--f~+f&+~A,,2,0--
5---t--
= 0 (12) are deleted to get the following system of equations: 254 ~ n + 1 I + ~ Za ~ a ! ~
atall
(12) f - s f 2 + f f + h ( 2 f + l z f ' )
222 The boundary conditions take the following form
+ 2 { ~ + ~ , } ( 1 -
Q''~
+
t 4 j ~ s i n - ~ 51117
+
1 i - nzaf
n~+
1 2f = O ,
-f+-
(-=-s
2 2
a4:
' (13) - ( = { M+
A}@
- 1) =o
(14)O = l a t ~ = O a n d f = l , 6 4 O a s i 7 + c < : 1 4 2
-
+
? N { ( c T+
8)3b})1-yj--5'610] 256 224 where Pr = is the Prandtl number,IZ
=$
is the porous Pvn 1729
21z1
media parameter, y = is the buoyancy or natural - - f ~ + f % + ~ A , b = O
22 5 q LI~-k' -In 171
+
1.(15)
226 convection parameter, 6 - - Q""m-L heat source/sink The boundary conditions take the following form
I - (pcp)j,k" 258
@
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Heat Mass Transfer
and f = 1 , O i O as I ~ - + C C (16)
Further, isle suppose that
1,
=+
where c is a constant so that c = 4 2 4 and integrating, it is obtained thatvf 'it
S
= [c(m+
l ) ~ ~ t ] ~ . When c = 2 and ni = 1 in 6 and weget 6 = 2- which shows that the parameter 6 can be compared with the well established scaling parameter for the unsteady boundary layer problems (see Schlichting
[311)-
Based on homogeneous nanofluid flow, Magyari [la], the neglected velocity-slip effects in the energy equation with the help of scaling group transfo~mations of the
independent and dependent variables, q = fit1, f (q) =
&f
((I), whereEquations (8-9 j becomes
212
-
---Lfln
+ft~'+
~~n,,o'
=o
n t + I (19)
2s
fl=(l: f=-- 6 = 1 at q = 0 and
nzf I '
l-s+ZM
where Pr5, = = fh$( stands for the
a'" 1-c+ceS (1-[)23
effective Prandtl number, hh = Prj if
i
= 0 , t = 1 (basefluid), the dimensionless velocity profiles f ( q ) = f l ( r l ) =
f 1 ( 5 ) and flI(0) = &f(0).
For practical purposes, the functions
f
(q) and %(?I) allow us to determine the skin friction coefficientrespectively. Here, Re, = is the local Reynolds number.
"I
3 Results and discussion
The sel of nodinear ordinary differential Eqs. (18) and (19) with boundary conditions (20) have been solved by using the Runge-Kutta-Gill method [19] in conjunction with shooting technique with
l,
2, nl,L,,,
S,
L2,
dl, A4 and N as prescribed parameters. The computations were done by a computer program which uses a symbolic and computa- tional computer language MATLAB. A step size ofAq = 0.001 was selected to be satisfactory for a conver- gence criterion of in nearly all cases. The value of 11, was found to each iteration loop by assignment statement q, = qm
+
Aq. The maximum value of q,, to each group of parameters [, A, nl, S, Q,&,
al,
M and N determined when the values of unknown boundary conditions at 11 = 0 not change to successful loop with error less than 1K6. The case y >> 1.0 corresponds to pure free convection, y = 1.0 corresponds to mixed convection and y<<
1.0 corresponds to pure forced convection. Throughout this calculation we have considered y = 2.0 unless otherwise specified. In order to validate our method, we have corn- pared the results off(q),f(q) and$(??) for various values of q (Table 2) with those of White [32] and found them in excellent agreement.In the absence of energy equation, in order to ascertain the accuracy of our numerical results, the present study is compared with the available exact solution in the literature. The velocity profiles for different values of m are com- pared with the available exact solution of Schlichting [31], is shown in Fig. 2. It is observed that the agreement with the theoretical solution of velocity profile for different values of m is excellent.
Figures 3 and 4 present typical profiles for temperature for different values of magnetic parameter in the case of pure water and Cu-water (nanofluid). Due to the uniform convective radiation, it is clearly shown that the above mentioned two cases, the temperature of the fluid accel- erates with increase of the strength of magnetic field, which
1 (Rex)4
f
m
implies that the applied magnetic fieldtends to heat the 326f i
fluid and enhances the heat transfer from the wall. As it 327 move away from the plate, the effect of M becomes less 328 (21) pronounced. The effects of a transverse magnetic field to 329286 and the Nusselt number an electrically conducting fluid gives rise to a resistive-type 330
@
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T a b l e 2 Therrnophysica! propelties of fluid and nanopa~ticles
P (kg m-3) c, (J kg- K-'j k (W ~IK-')
p
l o r S (K-L)Pure water ((i = 0.0) 997.1 4,179 0.613 21
Copper (Cu)
(5
= 0.05) 8,933 385 401 1.67Silver (Ag) ((i = 0.1) 10,500 Alumina (Alz03)
(5
= 0.15) 3,970Titanium (TiOzj (C = 0.2) 4,250 686.2 8.9538 0.9
Fig. 2 Effects of m on the velocity profiles in the laminar flow past a wedge
Fig. 3 Temperature profiles for various values of M-Pure water [ = 0 . 0 0 , ~ , = 0 . 1 , N = 0 . 5 , S1=1.0and,n=0.0909(Q=30")
33 1 force called the Lorentz force. This force clearly indicates 332 that the transverse magnetic field opposes the transport 333 phenomena and it has the tendency to slow down the 334 motion of the fluid and to accelerate its temperature
Fig. 4 Temperature profiles for various values of M
5
= 0.05,A, = O.1,N = 0.5, 81 = 1.0 and m = 0.0909 (Q = 30")
profiles. In all cases, the temperature vanishes at some large distance from the surface of the wedge. This result qualitatively agrees with the expectations, since magnetic field exerts retarding force on the natural convection flow. Physically, it is interesting to note that the temperature of the nanofluid (Cu M7ater) increases significantly as com- pared to thal of the base fluid, because the copper Cu has high thermal conductivity. Magnetic nanofluid is a unique material that has both the liquid and lnagnetic properties. Many of the physical properties of these fluids can be tuned by varying magnetic field. These results clearly demon- strate that the magnetic field can be used as a means of controlling the flow and heat transfer characteristics.
Figure 5 displays the effects of \~olume fraction of the nanoparticles on the temperature distribution. In the pres- ence of uniform magnetic field it is note that the temper- ature of the fluid enhances with increase of the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter, [. The sensitivity of thermal boundary layer thickness with
5
is related to the increased thermal conductivity of the nanofluid.In
fact, higher values of thermal conductivity are accompanied by higher values of thennal diffusivity. The high value of thennal cliffusivity causes a drop in the temperature gradients and accordingly increases the boundary thickness as demonstrated in Fig. 5. This agrees with Lhe physical behavior that when the*
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volume fraction of copper raises the thermal conductivity and then the thermal boundary layer thickness increases. Changes in the size, shape, and volulne fraction of the llanoparticles allows for tuning to maximize spectral absorption of solar energy throughout the fluid volume because the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter depends on the size of the particles. Enhancement in thermal conductivity can lead to efficiency improvements, although small, via more effective fluid heat transfer. In general nanofluids show many excellent properties prom- ising for heat transfer applications. Despite many inter- estiug phenomena described and understood there are still several important issues that need to be solved for practical application of nanofluids.
Figures 6 and 7 present the characteristic temperature profiles for different values of the convective radiation parameter N in the preseuce of base fluid (pure water) and nanofluid (Cu-water). According to Eqs. (2) and (3), the divergence of the radiative heat flux increases as thermal conductivity of the fluid
(4)
falls which in turn increases the rate of radiative heat transferred to the nanofluid and hence the fluid temperature decelerates. In view of this explanation, the effect of coi~vective radiation becomes more significant as N -+ 0 (N # 0) and can be neglected when N -+ co. It is noticed that the temperature reduces with increase of the radiation parameterN.
The effect of radiation parameter N is to reduce the temperature signif- icantly in the flow region. Further, it is noticed that the temperature of a nanofluid is decelerated significantly as compared to that of tbe base fluid.The effects of unsteadilless parameter A, on the dimen- sionless ternperature profiles within the nanofluid
Fig. 5 Temperature profiles for various values of [ N = O.5,1, =
0.1, M = 1.0, 61 = 1.0 and rn = 0.0909 (51 = 30")
boundary-layer have been displayed in Fig. 8. It is observed that the temperature of the nanofluid increases with the increase of unsteadiness parameter
5.
The vari- ation of the Prandtl number within the boundary layer for different valuzs of the unsteadiness parameterA,
plays a doininant role on nanofluid flow Eeld. The reason for this behavior is that the inertia of the porous medium provides an additional resistance to the fluid flow inechanism, which causes the fluid to move at a retarded rate with reduced velocity. Effect of heat source (6>
0) on temperature distribution for base fluid (pure water) and nanofluid (Cu-Fig. 6 Effects of convective radiation over temperature profiles
5
= 0.00, lu = 0.1,M = 1.0,a1
= 1.0 and nl = 0.0909 (Q = 30")I I I I I
I I I
, I I Cu Water
I I
- - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - - - 1 ,
-6- - - -
I I ,
I 1 I I
I I
I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I , , ,
N=1.0 , , I
I , , , ,
I I I I I
I , , ,
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I t I ,
, I , , , , , , ,
I I 1 I
Fig. 7 Effects of convective radiation over temperature profiles
5
= 0.05,1, = 0.1, M = 1 .O, S1 = 1.0 and m = 0.0909 (Q = 30")a
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[image:7.597.46.274.485.696.2] [image:7.597.296.521.487.698.2]~ i g . 8 ~ern~erature ~rofiles for various values of uw.teadi~ess Fig. 10 Effects of heat source over temperature plofiles [ = 0.05, parameter 5 = 0.05,N = 0.5,M = 1.0, 6 , = 1.0 andrit = 0.0909 lLu = 0 . 1 , ~ = 0.5 and nz = 0.0909 (Q = 300)
(Q = 30")
1
Fig. 9 Effects of heat source over temperature profiles
5
= 0.00,A, = 0.1, N = 0.5 and nz = 0.0909
(a
= 30")water) are shown in Figs. 9 and 10. It is observed that the temperature of the base fluid and nanofluid accelerates with increase of heat source parameter. Heat source generates energy which causes the temperature of the fluid to increase in the boundary layer. It is interesting to note that the influence of internal heat generation on temperature distribution is more pronounced on the nanofluid than that of the base fluid. On the other hand, the presence of heat sink in the boundary layer absorbs energy which causes the temperature of the fluid to decrease. All these physical behavior are due to the combined effects of the strength of convective radiation and the size and shape of the nano- particles in the nanofluid.
I
r---
-L---L---
+---
I
I
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
_ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - L - - _ - _ - _ _ .
Springer
4 Conclusions Cu Water
Influence of the copper nanoparticles in the presence of magnetic field on unsteady Hiemenz flow and heat transfer of incompressible Cu-nanofluid along a porous wedge sheet due to solar energy have been analyzed. It is of special interest in this work to consider the similarity tsansibrma- tion is used for unsteady Hiemenz flow. Thermal boundary layer thiclmess of Cu-nanofluid is stronger than that of the base fluid as the strength of the magnetic field increases because the driving force to the nanofluid decreases as a result of temperature profiles increase. It is noticed that the temperature of a nanofloid is decelerated significantly as compared to that of the base fluid with increase of con- vective radiation and the internal heat generation on tem- perature distribution of the nanofluid is more pronounced than that of the base fluid. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid is strongly dependent on the nanoparticle volume fraction. Increase of thermal boundary layer field due to increase in nanoparlicle volume fraction and magnetic parameters show that the temperature decreases gradually as we replace Copper,
i
= 0.05 by Silver,5
= 0.1 and Alumina, [ = 0.15 in the said sequence. It is seen that the nanofluid decreases whereas the temperature of the aano- fluid increases with the increase of unsteadiness parameter. It has been shown that mixing nanoparticles in a liquid (nanofluid) has a dramatic effect on the liquid therrno- physical properties such as thermal conductivity. Hieillenz flow over aporous wedge plate plays a very significant role on absorbs the incident solar radiation and transits it to the working fluid by convection. The impact of nanoparticles on the absorption of radiative energy has been of interest for many years for a variety of applications. More recentlyI
- - - - _ _ L _ _ - - -
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researchers have become interesled in the radiative prop- erties of nanoparticles in liquid suspensions especially for medical and other engineering applications. Besides the benefits to the optical and radiative properties, nzinofluids provide olher benefits such as increased thermal conduc- tivity and particle stability over micron-sized suspensions, which provide potential improvements to the operating efficiency of a &ect absorption solar collector. Nanofluids due t o solar energy are important because they can be used in numerous applications involving heat transfer and other applications such as in detergency, solar collectors, drying processes, heat exchangers, geothei-nlal and oil recovery, building construction, etc.
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