Chapter 31_roaring 20s_ppt_APUS

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_{Antiforeignism}

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_{Red Scare/KKK}

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_{Racial Profiling/Immigration}

Quotas

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_{Prohibition - Bootlegging/Gangsters}

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_{Fundamentalism - Bible Belt/Scopes}

Trial

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_{Innovation - Mass production/New}

Inventions

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_{New Age Thinking}

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_{New Freedoms for Women}

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_{Modernism and New Literature}

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_{The Harlem Renaissance}

Period 7: Chapter 31 – The Roaring 20’s

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Post War Antiforeignism – The Red Scare

The Red Scare: 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia – established communism (single party ruled by one dictatorship).

• US experienced a Red Scare panic.

• 1919-20 resulted in a nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was questioned.

• _{Bombs were sent to US gov’t – US is afraid}

communism is taking over.

• _EX:_{Palmer Raids}_{– raids on suspected}

communists and socialists (houses invaded and suspects jailed) – no

evidence of conspiracy was ever found.

• Labor and communism were sometimes associated together - used this to weaken unions.

• Radicals joined labor unions like the

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Post War Antiforeignism –Racial Profiling

Racial Profiling: directed mostly at “New Immigrants” (closer to Russia).

• _{Foreign, or “un-American” ideas,}

lifestyles, etc. were criticized and condemned.

• _Ex:_{Sacco and Vanzetti}_{case –}

Italian anarchists charged with murder.

• _{Evidence was circumstantial}

and vague – charged guilty and executed.

• _{Mistreated b/c of their}

nationality.

• _{Led to immigration restrictions and}

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Post War Antiforeignism –

Immigration

Limiting Immigration – “keep America for Americans”.

• Isolationist America was unwilling to accept the hordes of immigrants that fled to the US after WWI ended (most came from South/East Europe).

• EX: Emergency Quota Act of 1921 - restricted newcomers from any one country to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the United States in 1910.

• EX: Immigration Act of 1924 - Great Britain had a high quota, while most other countries had low numbers. Canada and Latin America were

exempt.

• EX: National Origins Act of 1924 - banned immigration from east Asia entirely.

• Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect – targeted Japan (who was deeply angered).

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Post War Antiforeignism – The KKK

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) resurgence – anti Afams, Catholics, Jews, and Immigrants.

• _{The KKK (formed during Reconstruction)}

- died out during the 1870’s.

• Nativist - “purge American life of impure, alien influences.”

• _{The Klan expanded rapidly across}

the country (not just in the South).

• _{Some groups operated like a fraternal}

society (not violent) OR some groups… violence was very present.

• _{Focused on preserving what it}

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Prohibition and the Rise of

Gangsters

• _{1920 created the}_{18th amendment}_{- pushed heavily by}

women and churches. Generally speaking…

• _{South and West supported it.}

• _{Eastern cities and foreigners opposed it.}

• _{“Enforced” with}_{Volstead Act}_{– est. Prohibition Bureau}

(under funded and was faced with an impossible job of policing borders) – a HUGE failure.

• _{Why?? - Americans like their alcohol.}

• _{Weak gov. involvement in private lives and 40% of}

the population doesn’t support it!!!

• _{How to get alcohol illegally?}

• _{Go to a}_Speakeasy_{– hidden nightclubs and bars}

(Shipped in from West Indies and Canada).

• _{Find a}_bootlegger_{– smugglers/producers of alcohol.} • _{Led to}_{organized crime}_{– bootlegging gangs (ex: Al Capone).}

• _{Crime rose between rival gangs aimed at making}

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• _{In response to the turmoil of the}

Progressive Era, WWI, and “Flapper Movement…Fundamentalism grows!

• _{Promoted religious, moral life}

practices.

• _{Believed in a literal interpretation of}

the bible – no room for science in religion.

• _{Clashed with Charles Darwin’s theory}

of evolution.

• _{Leaders of Fundamentalism:}

• _{Aimee Semple McPherson}_used

Hollywood to preach over the radio to homesick small town migrants –

wanted to end evolution teachings.

• _{Billy Sunday}_{– evangelist that preached}

for prohibition and the rise of religion.

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• _{Education requirements were improving - more states}

required youths to remain in school.

• _{Science was under attack from Fundamentalists.} • _{Claimed teaching of Darwinism was destroying}

faith in God and the Bible and causing a moral breakdown in youth.

• _{Some states in the South (including Tennessee)}

passed laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution.

• _{John Scopes (Tenn. Science teacher) did so anyway –}

started Scopes Trial (nicknamed the “monkey trial”).

• _{Received MASSIVE media coverage.}

• _{Clarence Darrow (ACLU and Scopes) vs. William}

Jennings Bryan (Tenn.).

• _{Bryan inadvertently stated the bible could be}

interpreted – Scopes loses but Fundamentalism weakened, science wins in society.

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• _{Pre and during WWI}

industrialization - US became a mass consumer society - people can afford discretionary goods and services).

• Pro-business spirit and

Government deregulation! -

“Calvin Coolidge - Business of America is Business.”

• _{Middle Class Mechanization}

– refrigerators, sewing

machines, washing machines, vacuums – all cost money but save time for women – now can do leisure activities.

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• _{Businesses expanded – income gap grew}

– working/middle class needed more money to keep up with growing costs.

• _Use_{Easy credit}_or_{Installment Plans}

(put a little down and make

payments) – “enjoy while you pay.”

• _{Driven by}_Advertising_{– now appealed to}

consumers’ desires for happiness, not the product quality.

• _{Used slogans to make money –}

“Reach for a lucky instead of a sweet.”

• _{New vehicles of communication}

promotes advertising – radio,

national newspapers, magazines, etc..(Time, Readers Digest).

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• _{Radio –}_{most powerful communication tool –}

listen to the president or sports.

• _Movies_{– started as}_silent_{and improved to}

“talkies” (the Jazz Singer and Steamboat Willie) – millions went to the movies each week.

• _{Automobile – Henry Ford’s Model T}_changed

America (made the car affordable with the Assembly Line).

• _{Highways - route 66 (Chicago to California).} • _{Housing - had smaller yards and garages.}

• _{Leisure - Joyriding, family Sunday drives, and}

vacations!

• _{Roads – traffic lights (rubber, gas, and}

concrete industries grow!).

• _{Connectivity - un-isolated rural families –}

Urban Sprawl (suburbia is born!).

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• _Airplanes_{– used for mail, cargo,}

goods, and eventually passengers.

• _{Lockheed created the first}

single-engine planes, the Vega.

• _{Passenger flights by Pan}

American in 1927 – impacts the RR industry.

• _{Charles Lindbergh}_{– first}

non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic on the Spirit of St. Louis – New York to France in 33.5 hours – international sensation!

• _{Sports –}_{Babe Ruth}_{(NY Yankee),}

Gertrude Ederle (swam the English Channel).

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• _{Women played a big role in the war…}

However, many still were highly dependent upon men – in the workplace and in the home.

• ₁₉th_Amendment_{passed in 1920 –}

women now have a political voice

INDEPENDENT of their husband/fathers.

• _{Pushed many feminists to campaign for}

the Equal Rights Amendment - Created a new identity as a liberated women.

• _{Leads to the}_{Flapper Movement! -}

embraced new freedoms, fashions –

smoking, drinking, dancing, short dresses, small hats, bobbed hairstyles.

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• _{B/c business and innovations grew:} • _{More jobs for women such as}

teachers, nurses, clerks, secretaries.

• _{More time for personal}

pleasures due to

Mechanization and more focus on family time.

• _{Some married women did have}

careers, but most remained in the home.

• _{Women took a stronger role in}

marriages, having a social life outside the family.

• _{Birthrate decreased –}

Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League.

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New Culture – Modernism and

Literature

Music:

• _Jazz_{– new form of music using trumpets, bass, and singers.} • _{New styles of dance – fox trot and the Charleston.}

• Leads to dance marathons and night club culture. Art and Literature:

• Modernism – artistic movement that challenged traditional values and ideas of the Victorian Age.

• Promoted inward reflection about this new modern society.

• Examples:

• Georgia O’Keefe painted city scenes of NY.

• _{Sinclair Lewis}_{(First Nobel Peace Prize for Literature –}

Babbitt).

• _{F. Scott Fitzgerald}₍_{This Side of Paradise and The}

Great Gatsby – negative side of the 20’s).

• _{Ernest Hemmingway}₍_{A Farewell to Arms}_{– WWI}

novels).

• _{Group of writers who socialized were called the}_Lost

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• _{Great Migration}_{– Afams move to Northern cities}

due to famine and discrimination in South.

• _{Not necessarily welcomed – 25 urban race riots}

in 1919.

• _{Afams experienced}_{Disenfranchisement}_{– not}

receiving rights they deserved as citizens.

• _{Found solace and support in Ethnic}

Neighborhoods – such as Harlem.

• _{WEB Dubois}_{wrote his magazine,}_{The Crisis,}_and

created the NAACP to help Afam rights.

• _{Marcus Garvey}_{– Afams should build a separate}

society – created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) with

headquarters in NYC – led meetings, pride parades, and speeches.

• _{Also created the}_{“Back to Africa”}_{campaign –}

Afams leave the oppressive US to build Africa to be strong.

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• _{African-American culture and voices grow – “Black is}

Beautiful!”

• _{Harlem Renaissance}_{starts in NYC – literary and artistic}

movement celebrating Afams!

• _{Jazz musicians, theatres and comedies – appealed to}

white people as well!

• _{Literature, poetry , and art drew heavily from African roots.} • _{Langston Hughes}_{– poet that used Jazz and the Blues for}

tempo – wrote about life difficulties for Afams.

• _{Zora Neale Hurston}_{– wrote about the lives of the poor,}

southern Afams.

• _{Musicians – played}_Jazz_{(instrumental ragtime + vocal blues).} • _{Louis Armstrong}_{played the trumpet using this new style}

– became a star!

• _{Other leaders: Duke Ellington (pianist), Bessie Smith}

(singer), Billie Holiday (singer).

• _{NOTE: The HR would have a lasting effect as an important}

cultural and artistic trend/tradition, but it had few effects on the lives of ordinary blacks across the US.

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Harlem Renaissance - Art

“Self-Portrait”

William H. Johnson

Aaron Douglas

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