CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS

Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016

44 Available online at www.ijiere.com

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging

Research in Engineering

e-ISSN: 2394-3343 p-ISSN: 2394-5494

CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS

Prof. M D Harlapur

Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, REC Hulkoti, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this study is to design and fabricate “Cabinet Drier Integrated with Biomass”. Energy is derived from five distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Drier is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat, forest residues, yard clippings and wood chips and garbage also used. However it includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. It may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic materials such as fossil fuels which have been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum.

Keywords: Integrated, Drier, Energy, Heat , Electricity & fuels

I. INTRODUCTION

CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS is carbon based and is composed of a mixture of organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small quantities of other atoms, including alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metals. These metals are often found in functional molecules such as the porphyrins which include chlorophyll which contains magnesium.

CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS energy is derived from five distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Wood energy is derived both from direct use of harvested wood as a fuel and from wood waste streams. The largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or “black liquor,” a waste product from processes of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry. Waste energy is the second-largest source of CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS energy. The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste (MSW), manufacturing waste, and landfill gas. CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS alcohol fuel, or ethanol, is derived almost exclusively from corn. Its principal use is as an oxygenate in gasoline.

CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Methane gas is the main ingredient of natural gas. Smelly stuff, like rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, release methane gas - also called "landfill gas" or "biogas." Crops like corn and sugar cane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats. Also, CABINET DRIER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS to liquids (BTLs) and cellulosic ethanol are still under research.

II. COMPONENTSANDDESCRIPTION

The components that are used in the project CABINET DRYER INTEGRATED WITH BIOMASS are as follows,

1. Drying cabinet, 2. Blower,

3. Biomass materials, 4. Tray,

45

Fig [A] – Design of Drier [9]

1. BLOWER UNIT

A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases. The terms "blower" and "squirrel cage fan" (because it looks like a hamster wheel) are frequently used as synonyms. These fans increase the speed of air stream with the rotating impellers.

They use the kinetic energy of the impellers or the rotating blade to increase the pressure of the air/gas stream which in turn moves them against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans accelerate air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90°) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. Centrifugal fans are constant displacement devices or constant volume devices, meaning that, at a constant fan speed, a centrifugal fan will pump a constant volume of air rather than a constant mass. This means that the air velocity in a system is fixed even though the mass flow rate through the fan is not. Centrifugal fans are not positive displacement devices. Centrifugal fans have certain advantages and disadvantages when contrasted with positive-displacement blowers.

The centrifugal fan is one of the most widely used fans. Centrifugal fans are by far the most prevalent type of fan used in the HVAC industry today. They are often cheaper than axial fans and simpler in construction. It is used in transporting gas or materials and in ventilation system for buildings. They are also well-suited for industrial processes and air pollution control systems. It has a fan wheel composed of a number of fan blades, or ribs, mounted around a hub. As shown in the animated figure, the hub turns on a driveshaft that passes through the fan housing. The gas enters from the side of the fan wheel, turns 90 degrees and accelerates due to centrifugal force as it flows over the fan blades and exits the fan housing. It is made up of sheet metal. The fan (impeller) rotates inside the shell. The shell is so designed that the air is rushed out forcibly. The pesticide enters the front portion of the blower. The blower is fixed with the stand. At the one end of the blower the hose is fitted. The air forces the seed to the outer side.

2. IMPELLER (FAN)

An impeller is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid. Impeller is the most important component of the unit. It is made up of plastic. The vanes are readily constructed. The air is made to flow forward.

3. DRYING CABINET

Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016

46 4. BAFFLE PLATES

Baffles are flow-directing or obstructing vanes or panels used in some industrial process vessels (tanks), such as shell and tube heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and static mixers. Baffles are an integral part of the shell and tube heat exchanger design. A baffle is designed to support tube bundles and direct the flow of fluids for maximum efficiency.

As mentioned, baffles deal with the concern of support and fluid direction in heat exchangers. In this way it is vital that they are spaced correctly at installation. The minimum baffle spacing is the greater of 50.8mm or one fifth of the inner shell diameter. The maximum baffle spacing is dependent on material and size of tubes.

The Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association sets out guidelines. There are also segments with a "no tubes in window" design that affects the acceptable spacing within the design. An important design consideration is that no recirculation zones or dead spots form – both of which are counterproductive to effective heat transfer.

USES

 The main roles of a baffle in a shell and tube heat exchanger are to:

 Hold tubes in position (preventing sagging), both in production and operation

 Prevent the effects of vibration, which is increased with both fluid velocity and the length of the exchanger

 Direct shell-side fluid flow along tube field. This increases fluid velocity and the effective heat transfer co-efficient of the exchanger

 In a static mixer, baffles are used to promote mixing.

 In a chemical reactor, baffles are often attached to the interior walls to promote mixing and thus increase heat transfer and possibly chemical reaction rates.

TYPES

Implementation of baffles is decided on the basis of size, cost and their ability to lend support to the tube bundles and direct

 Longitudinal Flow Baffles (used in a two-pass shell)

 Impingement Baffles (used for protecting bundle when entrance velocity is high)

 Orifice Baffles

 Single segmental

 Double segmental

 Support/Blanking baffles

5. BIOMASS

Biomass briquettes are made from agricultural waste and are a replacement for fossil fuels such as oil or coal, and can be used to heat boilers in manufacturing plants, and also have applications in developing countries. Biomass briquettes are a renewable source of energy and avoid adding fossil carbon to the atmosphere.

A number of companies in India have switched from furnace oil to biomass briquettes to save costs on boiler fuels. The use of biomass briquettes is predominant in the southern parts of India, where coal and furnace oil are being replaced by biomass briquettes. A number of units in Maharashtra are also using biomass briquettes as boiler fuel. Use of biomass briquettes can earn Carbon Credits for reducing emissions in the atmosphere.

A popular biomass briquette emerging in developed countries takes waste products such as sawdust, compresses it and then extrudes it to make a reconstituted log that can replace firewood. It is a similar process to forming a wood pellet but on a larger scale. There are no binders involved in this process. The natural lignin in the wood binds the particles of wood together to form a solid. Burning a wood briquette is far more efficient than burning firewood. Moisture content of a briquette can be as low as 4%, whereas green firewood may be as high as 65%.

Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as a source of energy and it most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called ligno cellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of bio fuel. Conversion of biomass to bio fuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

6. CHIMNEY

A chimney is a structure which provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fire place to the outside atmosphere.

47 The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the external environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings. In the case of chemically aggressive output, a sufficiently tall chimney can allow for partial or complete self-neutralization of airborne chemicals before they reach ground level. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits.

Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud. Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners, a system invented by Malik. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called chimney pots) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits.

7. FRAME

This is made of mild steel material. The whole parts are mounted on this frame structure with the suitable arrangement. Boring of bearing sizes and open bores done in one setting so as to align the bearings properly while assembling. Provisions are made to cover the bearings with grease.

III. WORKINGPRINCIPLE

The project CABINET DRYER INTEGRATED WITH BIO-MASS consists of the drying cabinet or the chamber used for the drying of the materials inside them. This has a slope box shaped reflector that focuses the sun onto a relatively small receiver.

The filter is used to filter the air regularly. The air level of the container is adjusted by the float valves which are fitted in between filter and tank. For optimum performance they require some degree slope of the triangular shape. This complicates their practical application for air and space heating. Most solar stills systems are very sophisticated systems used for electricity generation or very simple systems for drying air.

Other types of concentrating systems have an array of reflectors that individually track the sun and focus sunlight onto a central receiver located on a tower. Development of these systems has focused on electric power generation.

In this process the blower is used to blow the air inside the solar plate and the air through the baffle plate, which makes the air dry and remove the moisture content of the air in the drying container. In addition to this there is an integrated biomass heater which heats up the drying cabinet along with the solar heating of the container. This biomass is placed under the drying container and then it is lighted up for the continuous heating of the drying cabinet.

Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016

48 IV.ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

1. Good heat storage capacity. The bed has a very high heat storage capacity to always combustion. In fact, when due to power failure if the gasifier had to cut off, it would be possible to restart the gasifier even after 5 hrs time without going through the initial starting procedure.

2. Quick start up. 3. High output rate.

4. Consistent rate of combustion.

5. Usage of fuel with high moisture content. Because of the low temperature combustion, corrosion caused by alkali compounds in ash significantly reduced.

6. Require much less plan area than a stocker.

7. Uniform temperature throughout the furnace volume. 8. Reduce emission of harmful nitrous oxide.

9. Sulphur dioxide emission can be reduced to acceptable level with less expense. 10. Operation is a simple as that of an oil fired boiler.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Due to its high calorific value, it produces more heat. 2. It has lesser octane rating.

3. When burns, it emits poisonous gas called carbon monoxide. 4. Due to incombustible gases, the air is polluted.

5. Maintenance cost is more.

V. CONCLUSIONS

Several new approaches in the application of dryers and biological materials are under development in order to produce a high quality of product at competitive cost. A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for the Development and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing techniques, diagnostic Software, algorithms for the dynamic exchange of informational different levels of hierarchy.

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time successfully. The “FABRICATION OF CABINET DRYER INTEGRATED WITH BIO-MASS” is working with satisfactory conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality.

We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available facilities. In conclusion remarks of our project work. Thus we have developed a “CABINET DRYER INTEGRATED WITH BIO-MASS”. By using more techniques, they can be modified and developed according to the applications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The research work was carried out at the Faculty of Engineering, Rural Engineering College, Hulkoti, Gadag, Karnataka, India. Fabrication carried by the students of final year in the college workshop with support from Principal and Management.

REFERENCES

[1] Andrew R.H. Rigit and Patrick T.K. Low, “Heat and Mass Transfer in a Solar Dryer with Biomass Backup Burner”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:4, No:2, 2010

[2] R.K. Goyal and G.N. Tiwari, “Parametric study of a reverse flat plate absorber cabinet dryer: A new concept,” Solar Energy, vol. 60, pp. 41- 48, 1997.

49 Sciences Journal 22 (9): 1241-1251, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.22.09.2724

[4] Balais, B.K. and J.L. Woods, 1995. Optimization of Natural-Convection, Solar Drying Systems. Energy, 20(4): 281-294.

[5] Pangavhane, D.R., R.L. Sawhney and P.N. Sarsavadia, 2002. Design, Development and Performance Testing of a New Natural Convection Solar Dryer. Energy, 27: 579-590.

[6] Akbulut, A. and A. Durmus, 2010. Energy and Exergy Analyses of Thin Layer Drying of Mulberry in a Forced Solar Dryer. Energy, 35: 1754-1763.

[7] K.Gunasekaran, V.Shanmugam and P.Suresh, “Modeling and Analytical Experimental Study of Hybrid Solar Dryer Integrated with Biomass Dryer for Drying Coleus Forskohlii Stems”, 2012 IACSIT Coimbatore Conferences IPCSIT vol. 28 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore.

[8] Istvan Farkas, “INTEGRATED USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR CROP DRYING”, European Drying Conference - EuroDrying'2011 Palma. Balearic Island, Spain, 26-28 October 2011