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Even if you enjoy the challenge of learning new things, have you ever thought about what might be going on in your brain when you read, work on math problems, or study other subjects?

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Is Homework Good for You?

Even if you enjoy the challenge of

learning new things, have you ever

thought about what might be

(2)

Orange dots represent multiple synapses on a single neuron

(3)

Learning

is how we acquire new information.

Memory

is the process that results in storage of

learned information. Learning and memory are

fundamentally related:

.

After R. Lynch, 2004. <http://www.colorado.edu/epob/epob3730rlynch/image/figure17-4.jpg>

new information

short term memory

Practice

usually lost rapid retrieval

forgetting remembering

slower retrieval

new information

short term memory

long term memory Practice

usually lost rapid retrieval

forgetting remembering slower retrieval new information short-term memory long-term memory practice

usually lost rapid retrieval

forgetting remembering

(4)

short-term memory:

lasts for less than 30 seconds,

ex. dialing a phone number you just looked up in

the phone book.

new information

short-term memory

long-term memory practice

usually lost rapid retrieval

forgetting remembering

(5)

How good is your short-term

memory?

Try these two on-line tests...

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/puzmatch.html

(6)

Read the following sequence silently, pausing at

each dash:

MT-VVC-RC-IAU-SAB-MW

Look away from the computer and write down any

letters

(7)

Now, read the following sequence silently, again

pausing at each dash:

MTV-VCR-CIA-USA-BMW

Look away from the computer and write down any

letters

(8)

Take another look at the two sequences:

MT-VVC-RC-IAU-SAB-MW

MTV-VCR-CIA-USA-BMW

Notice anything?

The letters are the same in each sequence.

(9)

Most people can hold about 7 meaningful pieces of

information in their short-term memory. Meaningful

pieces of information could be numbers, words,

faces, objects, or any other “chunks” of

information.

While short-term memory is

important,

it is long-term memory that

really matters when it comes

to learning.

(10)

Practice

(also called rehearsal) of information is required

to convert short-term memory into

long-term memory

.

Without practice, short-term memory is forgotten.

new information

short-term memory

long-term memory practice

usually lost rapid retrieval

forgetting remembering

(11)

Practice? That sounds an awful lot like

studying.

What kind of practice? How much practice is

necessary to develop long-term memory? It depends

on what you want to learn...

Input

Something changes!

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Ex. London taxi drivers:

-Have to “memorize” the roads - based on earlier studies,

including the results you have already analyzed, researchers

expected that they would see

(13)

Results

Examine the graph below. VBM is a measure of density in the brain. Higher values of VBM mean the brain contains more nerve tissue in a particular region.

What changes appear to be related to the amount of time each man has been a licensed taxi driver?

(14)

What can we learn from London taxi

drivers?

Besides helping us find our way around London, these taxi drivers teach us some important things about the human brain.

The researchers concluded that the connections between neurons in the hippocampus had been rearranged so that drivers could store a “mental map” of London in the posterior hippocampus.

thalamus hypothalamus temporal lobe cerebellum occipital lobe corpus collosum parietal lobe cerebral cortex

frontal lobe

(15)

Results of taxi driver studies show that

the adult brain can change due to mental activity

The results you have analyzed suggest that the brain grows in response to experience. In this case, taxi drivers showed

structural changes in the part of their brain where they stored their “mental map” of London. Other regions of the brain remained unchanged.

Other studies show that different regions

of the brain are active during

different activities.

How might these activities affect growth in the brain?

brain growth

time and experience

Input

?

(16)

new information

short term memory

long term memory

Practice

usually lost rapid retrieval

forgetting remembering

slower retrieval

Is homework good for you?

When you do homework, you are giving your brain a workout. This workout gives your brain the opportunity to practice, or convert short-term memory into long-term memory. Does this practice change your brain?

(17)

The Nervous System

CNS: central nervous system

brain: made of lobes

spinal cord

PNS: peripheral nervous system

sensory pathways

(18)

CNS

processing centre: receives messages

from nerves

(19)

19

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(21)

Divisions of the Brain

Master Watermark Image:

(22)
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Cerebrum

Makes up the left and right hemispheres of

a vertebrate forebrain.

Responsible for integrating memory,

learning, emotions and other complex

functions of the brain.

(24)

Cerebrum

Cerebru

m

Cerebru

m

Cerebellu m

(25)

two sides, connected by corpus callosum

R processes stuff from L and vice-versa

can be split by cutting corpus callosum

treatment for severe epilepsy

can’t process language associated with picture if

shown to left eye, since your language is on the

left!

(26)

Cerebral

Cortex

Cerebral

Cortex

Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of

gray matter making up the superficial

aspect of the cerebrum.

(27)

Lobes of the Brain (4)

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

* Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is

located deep to the Temporal Lobe.

(28)

Lobes of the Brain - Frontal

The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the

Frontal Bone of the skull.

(Investigation: Phineas Gage)

It plays an integral role in the following

functions/actions:

- Memory Formation

- Emotions

- Decision Making/Reasoning

- Personality

Modified from:

(29)

Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe

The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to

the Parietal Bone of the skull.

• It plays a major role in the following

functions/actions:

-

Senses and integrates sensation(s)

- Spatial awareness and perception

(Proprioception - Awareness of

body/ body parts in space and

in relation to each other)

(30)

Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe

The Occipital Lobe of the

Brain is located deep to the

Occipital Bone of the Skull.

Its primary function is the

processing, integration,

interpretation, etc. of VISION

and visual stimuli.

Modified from:

(31)

Lobes of the Brain – Temporal

Lobe

The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides

of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of

the skull.

They play an integral

role in the following

functions:

- Hearing

- Organization/Comprehension of language

- Information Retrieval

(Memory and Memory Formation)

Modified from:

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(45)
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Hindbrain

• autonomic system –regulating

breathing and vomiting, etc.

• activates the brain maintaining

arousal or reduces arousal for

sleep

• mood control and alerting

response

(50)

50

Limbic System: Your “Lizard Brain”

• Hypothalamus

– Controls eating, drinking,

sexual, etc. behaviors

• Hippocampus

– Formation of new memories

• Septum

– Emotion and emotional

memories

• Amygdala

– Aggression, fear, social

interactions, raw emotions

– Sexual orientation?

(51)

CNS in (unconscious) action: reflex arc

Simple connection of neurons that results in a

reflex action in response to a stimulus

Very rapid

Depend on only 3 neurons

Not under voluntary control, happens before your

brain “processed” what happened

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