Management helps and directs the various efforts towards aManagement helps and directs the various efforts towards a
definite purpose. definite purpose.
Harold Koontz,Harold Koontz, ““Its an Art of getting things done throughIts an Art of getting things done through
and with the people in formally organized groups. It is and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals can co-operate towards perform and individuals can co-operate towards attainment of group
attainment of group goals”goals”..
F.W. Taylor,F.W. Taylor, “Mgmt“Mgmt. is an art of knowing what to do,. is an art of knowing what to do,
when to do and see that it is done in the best and when to do and see that it is done in the best and
cheapest
cheapest way” way”..
Management is aManagement is a purposive activity purposive activity ..
ManagementManagement involves creating of internal environment.involves creating of internal environment.
Good Good management management need need to to bebe effective as well aseffective as well as
efficient. efficient.
Management is a goal orientedManagement is a goal oriented
Management is universal in natureManagement is universal in nature
Management is an integrative forceManagement is an integrative force
Management is a social processManagement is a social process
ManagManagement is a ement is a multi-disciplinary multi-disciplinary
Management is a continuous processManagement is a continuous process
Management is intangibleManagement is intangible
Achieve group goals Achieve group goals
Optimum utilization of Optimum utilization of resourcresourceses
Minimization of costMinimization of cost
Survival and growthSurvival and growth
Planning Planning Oraganisi Oraganisi ng ng Staffing Staffing Directing Directing Motivatin Motivatin g g Controlli Controlli ng ng Co-ordinatin ordinatin g g Communi Communi cating cating
Means thinking before doing.Means thinking before doing.
It is the preparation for action.It is the preparation for action.
Function to decide about what, where, when, who, why andFunction to decide about what, where, when, who, why and
how a particular activity be done. how a particular activity be done.
It defines:-It
defines:-
Goals, set the policies, procedures, programmes, develops strategies inGoals, set the policies, procedures, programmes, develops strategies in
order to achieve entp. objectives most
order to achieve entp. objectives most effefficientlyiciently..
Analyses all the difficulties that are likely to occur in running Analyses all the difficulties that are likely to occur in running
the business. the business.
Planning is a rational, economic, systematic way of makingPlanning is a rational, economic, systematic way of making
decisions today which will affect the future. decisions today which will affect the future.
Planning includes forecasting, formulation of objective,Planning includes forecasting, formulation of objective,
policies, programmes, schedules, procedures and budgets. policies, programmes, schedules, procedures and budgets.
As per Koontz and As per Koontz and O’DonnellO’Donnell ““ planning is deciding inplanning is deciding in
advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who is to advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are, to where do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are, to where we want to go. It makes it possible for things to occur which we want to go. It makes it possible for things to occur which would not otherwise
would not otherwisehappens”happens”..
Alfred & Beatty, Alfred & Beatty, ““ Planning is the thinking process, thePlanning is the thinking process, the
organised foresight, the vision, based on the facts and organised foresight, the vision, based on the facts and experience that is required for intelligent
experience that is required for intelligent actions”actions”..
M.E. Harley,M.E. Harley, ““ Planning is deciding in advance what is to bePlanning is deciding in advance what is to be
done. It involves the selection of objectives, policies, done. It involves the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programmes from among alternatives.
Continuous
Continuous and integrand integrated ated processprocess
Objective to achieve better results
Objective to achieve better results
Selection of best course of action
Selection of best course of action
Development of alternative course of actions
Development of alternative course of actions
Concerned with determination of ob
Concerned with determination of objectives and goalsjectives and goals
It inv
It involves thinking olves thinking and analysisand analysis
Visualising future course of action and putting it in logical way
@
@ Planning helps in effective forecastingPlanning helps in effective forecasting @
@ Planning provides certainty in the activities.Planning provides certainty in the activities. @
@ Planning provides performance standards.Planning provides performance standards. @
@ It gives a specific direction to the organizationIt gives a specific direction to the organization @
@ Helps the organization to tune with the environmentHelps the organization to tune with the environment @
@ Provides economy in the management.Provides economy in the management. @
@ Helpful in preparing the budgets.Helpful in preparing the budgets. @
@ Need for planning arises from constant change.Need for planning arises from constant change. @
Determination of
Determination of objectivobjectiveses Forecasting to assist planning Forecasting to assist planning
i.
i. Establishing planning premises and constraintsEstablishing planning premises and constraints ii.
ii. Internal premisesInternal premises iii.
iii. External premisesExternal premises
Deciding the planning period Deciding the planning period
Collection, classification and processing of
Collection, classification and processing of informationinformation Deciding alternative c
Deciding alternative course of ourse of actionaction Evaluation of alternative
Evaluation of alternative Selection of best plan Selection of best plan
Subsidiary plan to aid master plan Subsidiary plan to aid master plan Controlling plans
Maximum utilization of Maximum utilization of resourcresourceses
Minimization of Minimization of unproductiunproductive workve work
Reduces uncertainty Reduces uncertainty
Basis of managerial actionBasis of managerial action
Basis for controlBasis for control
Avoids bottlenecks in production Avoids bottlenecks in production
Planning encourages innovation and creativity Planning encourages innovation and creativity
Improves motivationImproves motivation
Limitations of forecastLimitations of forecast
Costly affairCostly affair
InfInfluence luence of external factorsof external factors
ResistaResistance to changence to change
Rigidity and flexibility Rigidity and flexibility
Measures to overcome limitations:-Measures to overcome
limitations:-
Set realistic and aSet realistic and achievable goalschievable goals
Communicate assumptions to all people Communicate assumptions to all people who are concerned.who are concerned.
Encourage Encourage and make people parand make people participate in plannticipate in planning.ing.
Coordination between long term and short term planning.Coordination between long term and short term planning.
Encourage creativity in planning.Encourage creativity in planning.
Goals:Goals:- any achievement of an end point that may be stated in- any achievement of an end point that may be stated in
quantitative terms. Usually long runs and objectives are derived quantitative terms. Usually long runs and objectives are derived from goals and ordinarily short run.
from goals and ordinarily short run.
ObjectivesObjectives:-
:-
the ends towards wthe ends towards which the activities of hich the activities of an organisation are directed.an organisation are directed.
TTo be achieve in a specio be achieve in a specific tfic time period.ime period.
Basis objectives are Basis objectives are determined by the top madetermined by the top management.nagement.
Each deptt. Had its own objectives with the framework of basic objectives.Each deptt. Had its own objectives with the framework of basic objectives.
Objectives can be short term, long term, medium term, economic, non-Objectives can be short term, long term, medium term, economic,
non-economic, external, in
economic, external, internal, majoternal, majorr, minor, etc., minor, etc.
PoliciesPolicies:-
:-
Helps in work in lHelps in work in line with the objectives.ine with the objectives.
Provide framework for executive action on recurrent managerial problems.Provide framework for executive action on recurrent managerial problems.
Rules:- Rules:-
Simplest type of plan Simplest type of plan chosen from the alternatives .chosen from the alternatives .
Specifies action to be taken or not to be taken in a given situation.Specifies action to be taken or not to be taken in a given situation.
Procedure:Procedure:- -
Means for Means for implementing a policy.implementing a policy.
Tells how a particular activity is to be carried out.Tells how a particular activity is to be carried out.
Prescribe the chronological sequence of steps that must be followed for thePrescribe the chronological sequence of steps that must be followed for the completion
completion of particular taskof particular task..
Programmes:- Programmes:-
Designed to accomplish policies and accomplish objectives.Designed to accomplish policies and accomplish objectives.
Gives step by step approach to guide action necessary to reach pre-determinedGives step by step approach to guide action necessary to reach pre-determined targets.
targets.
Gives time table for actions.Gives time table for actions.
Schedule:- Schedule:-
Process of establishing timProcess of establishing time sequence e sequence of the work to be done.of the work to be done.
Specifies the time when each series of action should taSpecifies the time when each series of action should take place.ke place.
Budgets:-Budgets:- Projection defining anticipated costs of attaining an objective.Projection defining anticipated costs of attaining an objective.
Appraisal of anticipated expense against anticipated income.
Refers to systematic analysis of past and presentRefers to systematic analysis of past and present
circumstances. circumstances.
As per Fayol As per Fayol,, ““ Forecasting is the essence of management. TheForecasting is the essence of management. The
success of a business greatly depends upon the efficient success of a business greatly depends upon the efficient forecasting and preparing for future events.
forecasting and preparing for future events.””
Definitions:-
Definitions:-
Defined as an estimation of future activities, i.e. the estimation of type,Defined as an estimation of future activities, i.e. the estimation of type,
quantity and quality of
quantity and quality of future work. Theses estimates provided the basis tofuture work. Theses estimates provided the basis to plan the future requirements for men, machines, materials, time, money, plan the future requirements for men, machines, materials, time, money, etc.
etc.
As per Allen L.A As per Allen L.A .,., ““ forecasting is forecasting is a systematic attempt to probe the futurea systematic attempt to probe the future
inference from known facts. The purpose is to provide management with inference from known facts. The purpose is to provide management with information on which it can base planning decisions.
information on which it can base planning decisions.
Forecasts are predictions or estimate of change, if any in characteristicForecasts are predictions or estimate of change, if any in characteristic
economic phenomena which may affect
Estimation of probable future trend. Estimation of probable future trend.
Estimation based on past and present circumstances. Estimation based on past and present circumstances. Scientific and systematic techniques are used
Scientific and systematic techniques are used for estimation.for estimation. Anticipates changes in order to bring accuracy and exactness Anticipates changes in order to bring accuracy and exactness
to decisions. to decisions.
Mathematical and statistical
Mathematical and statistical inferencinference provide a solid basee provide a solid base Consider present circumstances in relation to the past.
@
@ Importance in planning.Importance in planning. @
@ Accuracy in managerial decisions. Accuracy in managerial decisions. @
@ Facilitates controlFacilitates control @
@ FormFormulating future ulating future policiespolicies @
@ Co-ordination is developedCo-ordination is developed @
@ Helps in preparing budgets.Helps in preparing budgets. @
@ Sales forecastsSales forecasts @
It involves:-It
involves:-
Determining activities needed to be fulfiDetermining activities needed to be fulfill the objectivesll the objectives
Grouping these activitieGrouping these activities into manageable units or deptt.s into manageable units or deptt.
Assigning such groups of Assigning such groups of activities to managers.activities to managers.
It’sIt’s a framework of management or a mechanism for positive,a framework of management or a mechanism for positive,
integrated and co-operative actions by many people. integrated and co-operative actions by many people.
It provides an effective machine for achieving the plan orIt provides an effective machine for achieving the plan or
objectives. objectives.
It creates authority, responsibility and relationship amongIt creates authority, responsibility and relationship among
the individuals. the individuals.
Steps in organizing:-Steps in
organizing:-
Determination of activitiesDetermination of activities
Division of activitiesDivision of activities
Fitting individuals into jobsFitting individuals into jobs
It is filling the positions needed It is filling the positions needed in the organisation structurein the organisation structure
by appointing competent and qualified persons for the job. by appointing competent and qualified persons for the job.
It involves recruitment, selection, placement, training,It involves recruitment, selection, placement, training,
development of personnel, developing system for development of personnel, developing system for remuneration of personnel and evaluating their remuneration of personnel and evaluating their performance.
performance.
Its important as people differ in their intelligence,Its important as people differ in their intelligence,
knowledge, skills, experience, physical condition, age and knowledge, skills, experience, physical condition, age and attitudes.
attitudes.
Need to select the right man for the right job and train andNeed to select the right man for the right job and train and
motivate them to increase organizational effectiveness and motivate them to increase organizational effectiveness and productivity.
Important because managerial decisions are put into actionsImportant because managerial decisions are put into actions
through effective direction. through effective direction.
It involves motivating, guiding and supervising subordinates,It involves motivating, guiding and supervising subordinates,
not only about the orders. not only about the orders.
Directing ability of the manager in the organisationDirecting ability of the manager in the organisation
determines its effectiveness. determines its effectiveness.
Steps in Directing function:-Steps in Directing
function:-
Issue of orders and instructionsIssue of orders and instructions
Guidance and training to subordinatesGuidance and training to subordinates
Supervision of Supervision of subordinate’ssubordinate’swork.work.
NecNecessity of essity of supervision supervision in order to ensure:-in order to
ensure:-
W Work is going as per tork is going as per the plan established.he plan established.
Workers are doing the work as directed to do. Workers are doing the work as directed to do.
Directions must be definite, clear cut, understandable,Directions must be definite, clear cut, understandable,
communicable and practicable. communicable and practicable.
Its about inspiring people to intensify their desire andIts about inspiring people to intensify their desire and
willingness to perform their duties effectively and co-operate willingness to perform their duties effectively and co-operate
for the achievement of common objectives. for the achievement of common objectives.
Motivation is the mental preparation of an individual to do aMotivation is the mental preparation of an individual to do a
specific job. specific job.
As per Michael J. Jucius As per Michael J. Jucius,, ““ Motivation is the act of Motivation is the act of
stimulating some one or oneself to get a desired course of stimulating some one or oneself to get a desired course of action,
action, to push the right button to get desiredto push the right button to get desired action”action”..
As per Dalton Emfarland As per Dalton Emfarland,, “The“The concept of motivation idconcept of motivation id
mainly psychological. It relates to those forces operating mainly psychological. It relates to those forces operating within the individual employee or subordinate which within the individual employee or subordinate which
impulses
impulses him to act or not him to act or not active in certainactive in certain ways” ways”..
EffectiveEffective communication and participationcommunication and participation enhances theenhances the
power of motivation. power of motivation.
Fundamentals:-
Fundamentals:-
A person wants to exist and survive and for this he needs basic A person wants to exist and survive and for this he needs basic
necessities. necessities.
Desire to achieve goal.Desire to achieve goal.
Classification of Classification of MotivMotivation:-
ation:-
Internal MotivationInternal Motivation
External MotivationExternal Motivation
Functions of Motivation:-Functions of
Motivation:-
It originates actionIt originates action
It directs activities in the direction of It directs activities in the direction of goal.goal.
As per Henry Fayol As per Henry Fayol,, “Control“Control consists in verifying whetherconsists in verifying whether
everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and the pri
instructions issued and the principlesnciples established”established”..
As per Koontz and As per Koontz and O’DonellO’Donell,, ““ Controlling impliesControlling implies
measurement of accomplishment against standard and the measurement of accomplishment against standard and the correction of deviations to ensure attainment of objectives correction of deviations to ensure attainment of objectives according to the
according to the plans”plans”..
As per E.F.L. Breach As per E.F.L. Breach,, ““ Control is checking currentControl is checking current
performance against pre-determined standards contained in performance against pre-determined standards contained in the plans, with a view to ensuring adequate progress and the plans, with a view to ensuring adequate progress and satisfactory
Controlling Process of keeping activities on trackControlling Process of keeping activities on track
Determine whether goals are metDetermine whether goals are met
Decide changes needed to get back on trackDecide changes needed to get back on track
May use an informal or formal system of evaluationsMay use an informal or formal system of evaluations
Employee job assignmentsEmployee job assignments
Routine problem solvingRoutine problem solving
Conflict resolutionConflict resolution
Effective communications Decision making is not a separateEffective communications Decision making is not a separate
management function, but the outcome of the exercise of
management function, but the outcome of the exercise of
good judgment in planning, directing, and controlling.
good judgment in planning, directing, and controlling.
Feedback in the form of performance reportsthat compareFeedback in the form of performance reportsthat compare
actual results with the budgetare an essential part of the actual results with the budgetare an essential part of the control function
Assure that resources are obtained and used effectively and Assure that resources are obtained and used effectively and
efficiently in the accomplishment of the organization’s efficiently in the accomplishment of the organization’s
objective objective
Has financial and Has financial and non financial performance measurementnon financial performance measurement
Concerned with the implementation of strategies and TaskConcerned with the implementation of strategies and Task
control control
Formulating long Formulating long term and short term and short term term plans(planning) plans(planning) Implementing plans Implementing plans ( directing and ( directing and motivating) motivating) Measuring Measuring performance performance (Controlling) (Controlling) Compare actual to Compare actual to planned performance planned performance (controlling) (controlling) DECISION MAKING DECISION MAKING BEGIN BEGIN
Plan Plan Action Action taken to taken to implement implement plan plan Results Results Compariso Compariso n o n of f planned planned and actual and actual result result Evaluation Evaluation Decision to Decision to reward or reward or punish punish managers managers Decision to Decision to change change operations operations or revise or revise plans plans Planning
As per Alan C. Reiley and James D. Mooney, As per Alan C. Reiley and James D. Mooney, ““ Co-
Co-ordination is the orderly arrangement of group effort, to ordination is the orderly arrangement of group effort, to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common
provide unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose”purpose”..
As per E.F.L. breach As per E.F.L. breach,, “Co“Co-ordination is balancing and-ordination is balancing and
keeping the terms together, by ensuring a suitable allocation keeping the terms together, by ensuring a suitable allocation of working activities to the various members and seeing that of working activities to the various members and seeing that these are performed with the due harmony among the these are performed with the due harmony among the members
members themselves”themselves”..
In simple terms,In simple terms, “Co“Co-ordination is the orderly -ordination is the orderly
arrangement of group effort, to provide unity of action in arrangement of group effort, to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common
Numerous persons at workNumerous persons at work
Subdivisions and complexity of workSubdivisions and complexity of work
Delegation of authority and responsibility Delegation of authority and responsibility
Chances of difference between executives and specialists.Chances of difference between executives and specialists.
Human nature and their problems.Human nature and their problems.
GroGrowth in size of wth in size of organizationorganization
T
T
YPES OF CO-ORDINA
YPES OF CO-ORDINA
TION
TION
Internal Co-ordinationInternal Co-ordination
External Co-ordinationExternal Co-ordination
Vertical Co-ordination Vertical Co-ordination
It is a process by which instructions, ideas, thoughts orIt is a process by which instructions, ideas, thoughts or
information are transmitted, received and understand, by information are transmitted, received and understand, by the persons working in the organization.
the persons working in the organization.
As per Keith Davis As per Keith Davis,, ““ It is the process of passingIt is the process of passing
information and understanding from one person to another. information and understanding from one person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between people. By It is essentially a bridge of meaning between people. By using this bridge meaning, a person can safely cross the river using this bridge meaning, a person can safely cross the river of misunderstanding
of misunderstanding that separatthat separate all thee all thepeople”people”..
As per Wibur Schramn As per Wibur Schramn,, ““ the essence of communication isthe essence of communication is
getting the receiver and the sender tuned together for a getting the receiver and the sender tuned together for a particular message.
particular message.””
Components of communicationComponents of communication :- Sender, Message,:- Sender, Message,
receiver and feedback. receiver and feedback.
It must be clear in purpose and intentionIt must be clear in purpose and intention
ParticipationParticipation
TransmissionTransmission
In simple languageIn simple language
Attach importance to action rather than work Attach importance to action rather than work
Cordial Employer-employee relationsCordial Employer-employee relations
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT
Smooth and un-restrictSmooth and un-restricted running ed running of of the entthe enterpriseserprises
Quick decisions and implementationQuick decisions and implementation
Proper planning and co-ordinationProper planning and co-ordination
Maximum productivity with minimum costMaximum productivity with minimum cost
A course of action consciously chosen from available A course of action consciously chosen from available
alternatives for the purpose of a desired result. alternatives for the purpose of a desired result.
It is to decide the future course of action for the organizationIt is to decide the future course of action for the organization
over
over short or long short or long terms.terms.
The decisions is the point at which plans, policies andThe decisions is the point at which plans, policies and
objectives are translated into concrete actions. objectives are translated into concrete actions.
Given by Given by FF.W.W.Taylor .Taylor (March 20, 1856- March 21. 1915), also known(March 20, 1856- March 21. 1915), also known as
as father of scientific father of scientific managememanagement.nt.
He implies application of scientific principles for studying andHe implies application of scientific principles for studying and identifying
identifying management problemsmanagement problems..
As per Taylor As per Taylor““ Scientific management is an art of knowing Scientific management is an art of knowing exactly exactly what you want your men to do and seeing that they do it in the best
what you want your men to do and seeing that they do it in the best
and cheapest
and cheapest way” way”..
If work is analysed scientifically it will be possible to find one bestIf work is analysed scientifically it will be possible to find one best way of do it.
way of do it.
As per Peter F. Drucker As per Peter F. Drucker““ The cost of scientific management is theThe cost of scientific management is the organized study of work, the analysis of work into simplest element
organized study of work, the analysis of work into simplest element
and systematic management of
and systematic management of worker’s worker’s performance for eachperformance for each
element”
element”..
Tools for scientific management :-Tools for scientific management :-
Time study Time study
Motion study Motion study
Development of science for each element of workDevelopment of science for each element of work
Scientific selection and Scientific selection and training of workerstraining of workers
Division of labor (separation of planning function fromDivision of labor (separation of planning function from
doing function) doing function)
Standardization of methods, procedures, tools andStandardization of methods, procedures, tools and
equipment equipment
Use of time and motion study Use of time and motion study
Differential wage systemDifferential wage system
Co-operation between labor and managementCo-operation between labor and management
Henry FayolHenry Fayol in his book titled “ General and Industrialin his book titled “ General and Industrial
Management” in the year 1916. Management” in the year 1916.
Following fourteen principles were given :-Following fourteen principles were given
:-
Division of Division of WWorkork
Authority and responsibility Authority and responsibility
DisciplineDiscipline
Unity of commandUnity of command
Unity of directionUnity of direction
Emphasis on subordination of persoEmphasis on subordination of personal interest to common interest.nal interest to common interest.
Adequate remuneration to personnel Adequate remuneration to personnel
CentralizationCentralization
Scalar chain or line of authority Scalar chain or line of authority
OrderOrder
Equity Equity
Stability of workersStability of workers
MANAGEMENT TOOLS
MANAGEMENT TOOLS
METHOD STUDY(MOTION STUDY)
METHOD STUDY(MOTION STUDY)
Pioneers who had contributed to emergence and development of Pioneers who had contributed to emergence and development of work study :
work study : Frank B. Gilberth, F.W. Taylor, Bedaux, Henry L.Frank B. Gilberth, F.W. Taylor, Bedaux, Henry L.
Gantt, Harrington Em
Gantt, Harrington Emerson, Halseyerson, Halsey, Rowan, etc., Rowan, etc.
3 main aspects:-3 main
aspects:-
More effective More effective use of use of plant and equipmentplant and equipment
More More effective use of human effeffective use of human effortort
Evaluation of human workEvaluation of human work
Work study analysis of work into smaller parts followed by Work study analysis of work into smaller parts followed by arrangement of these parts to give the same effectiveness at a lesser
arrangement of these parts to give the same effectiveness at a lesser
cost.
cost.
Examines bothExamines bothmethod and duration of method and duration of the wthe work.ork.
Work study is primarily concerned with Work study is primarily concerned with discovering the best waysdiscovering the best ways of doing jobs and with establishing standards
of doing jobs and with establishing standards based upon suchbased upon such
methods.
methods.
Work study, analytical investigation of the methods, conditions and Work study, analytical investigation of the methods, conditions and effectiveness of industrial work, and determining the ways by which
effectiveness of industrial work, and determining the ways by which
human efforts may most economically be applied.
Raising productivity by re-organization of workRaising productivity by re-organization of work
Determine standards of performance for effective planning andDetermine standards of performance for effective planning and control.
control.
Systematic approach, no factor overlooked.Systematic approach, no factor overlooked.
Better work place, neat and clear working environment.Better work place, neat and clear working environment.
Saving and efficient use of human and Saving and efficient use of human and material resourcesmaterial resources
Eliminates unnecessary human effortsEliminates unnecessary human efforts
Improved safety Improved safety
Reduction in fatigue and health hazard.Reduction in fatigue and health hazard.
Determine level of skill in workers for implementing the incentiveDetermine level of skill in workers for implementing the incentive based wage system
based wage system
Minimize unit cost by proper selection and use of machine,Minimize unit cost by proper selection and use of machine, process, etc.
““ It is the systematic recording and critical examination of existingIt is the systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing works as means of developing and
and proposed ways of doing works as means of developing and
applying easier and more effective methods and reducing
applying easier and more effective methods and reducingcost”cost”..
Objectives :-Objectives :-
Improvement of process and proceduresImprovement of process and procedures
Improvement of work place layout and of the design of plant and equipment.Improvement of work place layout and of the design of plant and equipment.
Economy in human efforts and reduction of unnecessary fatigue.Economy in human efforts and reduction of unnecessary fatigue.
Improvement in use of materials, machines and manpower.Improvement in use of materials, machines and manpower.
Development of better physical working environmentDevelopment of better physical working environment
Find best way of doing a jobFind best way of doing a job
Standardise the best methodStandardise the best method
Train the individual as per stanardised methodTrain the individual as per stanardised method
Reduction of waste and scrap, improving quality Reduction of waste and scrap, improving quality
Effective material handlingEffective material handling
Greater job satisfaction, higher standards of safety and healthGreater job satisfaction, higher standards of safety and health
Techniques of method study aims at doing 3 things:-Techniques of method study aims at doing 3 things:-
Reveal and analyse true facts concerning the situationReveal and analyse true facts concerning the situation
Examine those facts critically Examine those facts critically
To develop the best possible answer from the examination of facts.To develop the best possible answer from the examination of facts.
Definite and ordered sequence of analysis is as follows:-Definite and ordered sequence of analysis is as follows:-
Define the problemDefine the problem
Obtain all the facts relevant to the problemObtain all the facts relevant to the problem
Examine the fact critically and impartially Examine the fact critically and impartially
Consider the courses open and decide which to followConsider the courses open and decide which to follow
Act on the decision Act on the decision
Factors to be considered:-Factors to be considered:-
Economic ConsiderationEconomic Consideration
Technical ConsiderationTechnical Consideration
Human reactionsHuman reactions
Economic ConsiderationEconomic Consideration:- waste of time to start or continue a long:- waste of time to start or continue a long investigation, cost of study and cost related to the investigation.
investigation, cost of study and cost related to the investigation.
Obvious early choices:-Obvious early choices:-
“Bottleneck”“Bottleneck” which are holding up other production operationswhich are holding up other production operations
Movement of material over long distance of shopsMovement of material over long distance of shops
Operation involving a great deal of manpower and equipmentOperation involving a great deal of manpower and equipment
Inconsistencies in quality Inconsistencies in quality
Highly fatigued workHighly fatigued work
Technical ConsiderationTechnical Consideration:- adequacy of technical knowledge to sort:- adequacy of technical knowledge to sort out bottleneck.
out bottleneck.
Human ReactionHuman Reaction:- mental and emotional reactions to investigation:- mental and emotional reactions to investigation and changes
METHOD STUDY METHOD STUDY
Select the job to be Select the job to be
studied studied
Record facts relating to
Record facts relating to
existing method
existing method
Diagram
Diagram Charts Charts ModelsModels
Exam
Examine ine all relevant factsall relevant facts
critically but impartially
critically but impartially
Purpose
Purpose Place Place Sequence Sequence PersonPerson MeansMeans
Develop alternative method to
Develop alternative method to
the existing method
the existing method
Select the most economical
Select the most economical
method and define it
method and define it
Install the new method
Install the new method
plan-arrange-implement
arrange-implement
Maintain the new method, verify its
Maintain the new method, verify its
implementation at regular intervals
implementation at regular intervals
T
To achieve improved factory o achieve improved factory and work place and work place layout improvedlayout improved Improved productivityImproved productivity
Steps in Method study
Success of proceduSuccess of procedure re dependepends upon the accuracds upon the accuracy y with which the factswith which the facts are recorded.
are recorded.
Purpose:- Purpose:-
TTo enable the process to o enable the process to be clearly understood.be clearly understood.
To present the existing facts for analysis.To present the existing facts for analysis.
TTo submit the proposal o submit the proposal to the mgmt. to the mgmt. in a form which can be easily unin a form which can be easily understood.derstood.
To guide supervisors and operators regarding detailed operating instructions.To guide supervisors and operators regarding detailed operating instructions.
TTypes of ypes of chars:- chars:-
A Charts :- Indicating process sequence ( Flow process chart, two handed process A Charts :- Indicating process sequence ( Flow process chart, two handed process
chart)
chart)
B Charts:- B Charts:- Using time table Using time table ( Multiple ( Multiple activity chart, Simo chart, PMTS charts)activity chart, Simo chart, PMTS charts)
C charts:- Indicating movements and models ( flow diagrams, string diagrams, cycleC charts:- Indicating movements and models ( flow diagrams, string diagrams, cycle
graphs, chrono-cycle graph, travel chart, etc.)
Gives the overall picture of the progressGives the overall picture of the progress
It’sIt’s the graphic representation of materials introduced into a processthe graphic representation of materials introduced into a process and the sequence of all operations.
and the sequence of all operations.
V Vertical line:- General fertical line:- General flow of the processlow of the process Horiz
Horizontal line:- ontal line:- Material Material being intrbeing introducedoduced
Objectives:- Objectives:-
Helps to decide whether a further and more detailed record is required.Helps to decide whether a further and more detailed record is required.
Used in deciding the layout of the plant and location of one deptt. with respect toUsed in deciding the layout of the plant and location of one deptt. with respect to
others.
others.
Helps the analyst for better examining and understanding of the processHelps the analyst for better examining and understanding of the process
Shows clearly the relationship between various parts and materials which enter theShows clearly the relationship between various parts and materials which enter the
final
Graphical Graphical representation representation of of all all operations, operations, inspections,inspections, transportations, delays and storage occurring during a process.
transportations, delays and storage occurring during a process.
TypesTypesof of fflow prlow process ocess chart:-
chart:-
Man TMan Type:- ype:- it records what the worker does.it records what the worker does.
Material type:- it records what happens to the materialMaterial type:- it records what happens to the material
Equipment type:- records how the equipment is used.Equipment type:- records how the equipment is used.
Objectives:-
Objectives:-
Visualise complete sequence of events occurring. Visualise complete sequence of events occurring.
To study the event in a systematic way for the complete analysis:-To study the event in a systematic way for the complete
analysis:-
To improve layoutTo improve layout
To improve material handingTo improve material handing
To reduce delaysTo reduce delays
TTo eliminate, o eliminate, combine or re-arrange the combine or re-arrange the events in a systematic events in a systematic wayway..
To compare between two or more alternative methodsTo compare between two or more alternative methods
Also known as Right and Left Hand Process chart. Also known as Right and Left Hand Process chart.
It is a study to analyse the motions used by the workers inIt is a study to analyse the motions used by the workers in performi
performing an activityng an activity..
It is chart in which the activities of aIt is chart in which the activities of a worker’s worker’s hand are recorded, inhand are recorded, in their relationshi
their relationship to one anotherp to one another..
Commonly used for repetitive and short operations.Commonly used for repetitive and short operations.
Same symbols are used but with changed meaning.Same symbols are used but with changed meaning.
Procedure:-
Before start of recording, study the operation cycle few times.Before start of recording, study the operation cycle few times.
Observe one hand at a time and record.Observe one hand at a time and record.
Record few symbols at a time.Record few symbols at a time.
Start Start observobserving ing and recand recording ording at at positioposition n which which can can be be easily easily distinguished.
distinguished.
it’sit’s a chart in which the activities of more than one item ( worker,a chart in which the activities of more than one item ( worker, machine or equipment) are recorded on a common time scale to
machine or equipment) are recorded on a common time scale to
show their inter-relationship.
show their inter-relationship.
Shows very clearly the period of idleness on the part of any itemsShows very clearly the period of idleness on the part of any items during the process.
during the process.
Makes rearrangement possible so the infective time is reduced.Makes rearrangement possible so the infective time is reduced.
Uses Uses only only 2 2 symbols symbols :- :- WWorking orking IdleIdle
Objectives:-
To detect the period of idleness on the part of men and machines.To detect the period of idleness on the part of men and machines.
To determine the number of machines which an operator should beTo determine the number of machines which an operator should be able to
able to look aflook afterter..
In In organising teams organising teams of workof workers on ers on mass production work.mass production work.
To determine number of workers necessary to perform a jobTo determine number of workers necessary to perform a job involving team work.
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) is usedThe worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) is used to
to studystudy, analyze, , analyze, and iand improve one wmprove one workstation orkstation at a timeat a time..
The chart shows the exact timeThe chart shows the exact time relationship between the workingrelationship between the working cycle of the person and operating cycle of the machine.
cycle of the person and operating cycle of the machine.
TheseThese factsfacts can lead tocan lead to utilizationutilization of bothof both worker and machine worker and machine time, and a better balance of
time, and a better balance of the work cycle.the work cycle.
Many Many machine toolsmachine tools are eitherare either completely automatic or semicompletely automatic or semi automatic.
automatic.
The utilization of this idle time canThe utilization of this idle time can increase operator earningsincrease operator earnings and improve production efficiency.
and improve production efficiency.
2 type of diagrams:-2 type of diagrams:-
Flow diagramsFlow diagrams
Used to supplement the fUsed to supplement the flow process low process chart.chart.
Plan of work drawn with suitable scale.Plan of work drawn with suitable scale.
Shows relative position of productive machinery, storage area, gangShows relative position of productive machinery, storage area, gang ways, etc.
ways, etc.
Path followed by the men and machine is marked on to flow diagram.Path followed by the men and machine is marked on to flow diagram. Steps:
Steps:-
-
Draw Draw to scale to scale the plan of the the plan of the work work area.area.
Mark the relative position of machines tools, store, racks, inspectionMark the relative position of machines tools, store, racks, inspection booths, etc.
booths, etc.
Draw actual movement of the material and worker on the diagramDraw actual movement of the material and worker on the diagram and indicate the direction of movement from different observations.
and indicate the direction of movement from different observations.
Each movement is serially numbered and indicated by an arrow for itsEach movement is serially numbered and indicated by an arrow for its direction.
direction.