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Citation for published version
Santika, Truly and Wilson, Kerrie A. and Budiharta, Sugeng and Kusworo, Ahmad and St. John,
Freya A.V. and Meijaard, Erik and Law, Elizabeth A. and Friedman, Rachel and Hutabarat, Joseph
A. and Indrawan, Tito P. and Struebig, Matthew J. (2017) Heterogeneous impacts of community
forest management on multiple aspects of human-wellbeing. Conservation Letters . ISSN 1755-263X.
DOI
Link to record in KAR
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/64607/
Document Version
Author's Accepted Manuscript
A epted Pape i jou al People a d Natu e Ma h
Heterogeneous impacts of community forestry on forest
conservation and poverty alleviation: evidence from Indonesia
Authors:
T ul “a tika , , , , Ke ie A. Wilso , ,, “uge g Budiha ta ,, Ah ad Kus o o ,, E ik Meijaa d ,,
Eliza eth A. La , ,, ‘a hel F ied a ,, Joseph A. Huta a at , Tito P. I d a a , F e a A.V. “t. Joh
& Matthe J. “t ue ig *
Affiliatio s:
Du ell I stitute of Co se atio a d E olog DICE , “ hool of A th opolog a d Co se atio , U i e sit of Ke t, Ca te u , UK *
“ hool of Biologi al “ ie es, U i e sit of Quee sla d, B is a e, Aust alia
A‘C Ce t e of E elle e fo E i o e tal De isio s, U i e sit of Quee sla d, B is a e, Aust alia Bo eo Futu es, B u ei
I stitute fo Futu e E i o e ts, Quee sla d U i e sit of Te h olog , B is a e, Aust alia Pu odadi Bota i Ga de , I do esia I stitute of “ ie es LIPI , Pasu ua , I do esia Fau a & Flo a I te atio al - I do esia P og a e, Jaka ta, I do esia
The Natu e Co se a – I do esia P og a , Ke a o a Ba u, Jaka ta, I do esia No egia I stitute fo Natu e ‘esea h NINA , T o dhei , No a
“ hool of Natu al ‘esou es , Ba go U i e sit , UK
* Correspo di g author: Matthe J. “t ue ig
Add ess: Du ell I stitute of Co se atio a d E olog DICE , U i e sit of Ke t, Ma lo e Buildi g, Ca te u , Ke t, CT N‘, UK
ABSTRACT
Co u it fo est is a pa ti ipato app oa h ai i g to a hie e sustai a le fo est a age e t hile also edu i g po e t a o g u al o u ities. Yet, e ide e of the i pa ts of o u it fo est p og a es o oth fo est o se atio a d po e t alle iatio is s a e, a d the e is li ited u de sta di g of i pa ts a oss diffe e t so ial a d ioph si al o te ts.
We applied a at hi g ethod to assess the e te t to hi h defo estatio has de eased a d illage ell- ei g has i p o ed as a esult of I do esia's o u it fo est s he e, Huta Desa Village Fo est . We assessed fi e di e sio s of ell- ei g: asi li i g o ditio s , ph si al a ess to health a d edu atio , fi a ial i o e suppo t , so ial se u it a d e uit , a d e i o e tal atu al haza d p e e tio .
We fou d that Huta Desa as asso iated ith edu ed defo estatio a d po e t . Wi - i
out o es e e fou d i % of ases, o p isi g positi e out o es fo oth fo ests a d po e t , a positi e out o e fo o e aspe t a d a egligi le out o e fo the othe , o a positi e
out o e fo po e t i a eas he e atu al fo est had al ead ee la ki g p io to Huta Desa te u e. Be efits to fo ests a d people s ste ati all diffe ed depe di g o la d-use zo es, efle ti g su tle i te a tio s et ee a th opoge i p essu es a d o u it li elihood ha a te isti s. I Wate shed P ote tio )o es, hi h a e do i ated su siste e- ased fo est li elihoods,
o u it fo est p o ided ild o se atio e efits, ut esulted i the g eatest i p o e e ts i ell- ei g th ough i p o ed la d te u e. I Li ited P odu tio )o es, o u it fo est p o ided odest e efits fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g e ause est i tio s o ti e ha est due to Huta Desa desig atio edu ed the fi a ial ell- ei g of loggi g o u ities. The g eatest o se atio e efits e e e pe ie ed i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es, ut ell- ei g i p o e e ts e e i i al. He e, li i g o ditio s a d e i o e tal ell- ei g e e edu ed due to p essu e to i te sif ag i ultu al p odu tio u de i eased la d s a it i these p edo i a tl ash- op o ie ted o u ities.
Ou esults highlight the spatial a d o te tual a iatio i i pa ts of o u it fo est poli ies o po e t alle iatio a d fo est o se atio out o es. C u iall , ou stud p o ides ital o je ti e i fo atio fo futu e poli de elop e t i I do esia a d othe t opi al ou t ies i ple e ti g
o u it fo est s he es.
Ke o ds: a oided defo estatio ; i pa t e aluatio ; ultidi e sio al ell- ei g; sustai a le
ABSTRAK
Huta ke as arakata adalah pe dekata partisipatif a g ertujua u tuk e gelola huta se ara
lestari da juga e gura gi ke iski a as arakat pedesaa . Na u , ukti da pak progra huta ke as arakata u tuk ko ser asi huta da pe ge tasa ke iski a asih la gka, da terdapat pe aha a ter atas te ta g da pak a di er agai ko teks sosial da iofisik.
Ka i e erapka etode Mat hi g u tuk e ilai sejauh a a deforestasi telah e uru da
kesejahteraa desa telah e i gkat se agai aki at dari salah satu ske a huta ke as arakata I do esia, Huta Desa. Ka i e ilai li a di e si kesejahteraa : dasar ko disi pe ghidupa , fisik
akses kesehata da pe didika , keua ga pe u ja g pe dapata , sosial kea a a da kesetaraa , da li gku ga pe egaha aha a ala .
Ka i e e uka ah a Huta Desa erkaita de ga pe gura ga deforestasi da ke iski a .
Hasil ' e a g- e a g' dite uka di % kasus, terdiri dari hasil positif u tuk huta da ke iski a , hasil positif u tuk satu aspek da hasil a g dapat dia aika u tuk aspek lai a, atau hasil positif u tuk ke iski a di daerah-daerah di a a huta ala sudah i i se elu ada a Huta Desa. Ma faat agi huta da a usia er eda se ara siste atis terga tu g pada zo a pe ggu aa laha , a g e er i ka i teraksi halus a tara teka a a tropoge ik da karakteristik ata pe aharia as arakat.
Di )o a Huta Li du g, a g dido i asi oleh ata pe aharia huta er asis su siste , huta
ke as arakata e erika a faat ko ser asi ri ga , tetapi e ghasilka per aika kesejahteraa ter esar elalui pe i gkata pe gakua laha . Di )o a Produksi Ter atas, huta ke as arakata e erika a faat seda g u tuk ko ser asi da kesejahteraa , kare a pe atasa pe a e a ka u se agai aki at pe etapa Huta Desa e gura gi kesejahteraa keua ga as arakat pe e a ga . Ma faat ko ser asi ter esar diala i di )o a Produksi Tetap atau Ko ersi, tetapi per aika kesejahteraa sa gat ke il. Di si i, kesejahteraa ko disi pe ghidupa da li gku ga erkura g, kare a ada a teka a u tuk e gi te sifka produksi perta ia se agai aki at e i gkat a kela gkaa laha di ko u itas a g dido i asi ta a a ko ersial i i.
Hasil kajia ka i e oroti ariasi spasial da ko tekstual da pak ke ijaka huta ke as arakata
u tuk pe ge tasa ke iski a da ko ser asi huta . Ya g terpe ti g, pe elitia ka i e erika i for asi o jektif a g ital u tuk pe ge a ga ke ijaka asa depa di I do esia da
1.
INTRODUCTION
The de elopi g o ld is e pe ie i g u p e ede ted deg adatio of the atu al e i o e t Hoekst a & Wied a . While e o o i g o th has lifted illio s of people out of po e t , u al dep i atio
e ai s p e ale t Ak a -Lodhi . I e og itio of the dual o je ti es of edu i g po e t a d i p o i g e os ste o se atio , de elopi g ou t go e e ts a d i te atio al do o s a e p o oti g poli ies that i ol e o u ities i e i o e tal a age e t, su h as o u it fo est
CF Bo le et al. ; “a e & Ma gules . The I do esia go e e t adopted CF i , setti g a a itious ta get of % of the ou t s fo ests . Mha allo ated to this pu pose
Natio al Mediu -Te De elop e t Pla ‘PJMN – , of hi h a. . Mha has al ead ee assig ed MEF . The p i iple ai s of CF i I do esia a e to help alle iate po e t a o g u al
o u ities, hile also a oidi g defo estatio . This shift i la d te u e is u p e ede ted i I do esia, a d is o e of the la gest CF poli ies of a t opi al ou t Meijaa d et al. . A ou d o e-thi d of the p oposed CF a ea is i the t opi al fo ests of Kali a ta , I do esia Bo eo MEF a . With u h
o e la d set to e allo ated to CF, it is ti el to e aluate hethe I do esia s poli as u e tl i te p eted is fulfilli g its ai o se atio a d so ial o je ti es.
E pi i al e aluatio s of CF ha e ofte fo used o a si gle pe spe ti e; eithe the o se atio out o e e.g. ‘asolofoso et al. ; “a tika et al. ; Lui tel et al. , o ell- ei g e.g. Ali & Behe a ; ‘asolofoso et al. . E aluatio s that o i e so io-e o o i de elop e t ith e i o e tal o se atio out o es a e i pe ati e to u de sta d pote tial t ade-offs o s e gies
et ee the t o pote tial i pa ts, a d ho these a a oss diffe e t so ial a d la ds ape o te ts Ag a al & Chhat e . No etheless, a CF e aluatio s ha e fo used o ell- ei g aspe ts, a d ha e t pi all do e so ia lo alized ase-studies usi g a li ited su set of ell- ei g easu es Bo le et
al. ; Bu i alo a et al. ; Mo ga a . Fo e a ple, although the e ha e ee u e ous studies e a i i g CF p og a es i I do esia, these ha e fo used ai l o fi a ial out o es a d
o fli t Ta le “ . Assess e ts that i teg ate oth o se atio a d ell- ei g pe spe ti es a e a e Ne to et al. ; Gil ou .
Despite the i h lite atu e detaili g i stitutio al a a ge e ts fo CF, the e a e fe studies that e a i e the ole of so ioe o o i , a ket, a d ioph si al fa to s i shapi g a tual out o es Ne to
et al. ; Hajja et al. ; Hajja & Oldekop . The e is the efo e li ited o je ti e i fo atio ith hi h to guide the de elop e t of poli ies, o ito pe fo a e, a d s ale up i ple e tatio . Deepe u de sta di g of hat i flue es pe fo a e ould also allo CF poli ies to e ette tailo ed fo o u ities to e ha e oth so ial a d e i o e tal out o es Ost o & Nage d a . At p ese t the e is a isk that CF poli ies that fulfil e i o e tal o je ti es ould esult i egati e i pa ts o po e t , o i e e sa; et o p ehe si e aseli e assess e ts that e a le elia le o ito i g a d e aluatio a e ofte la ki g.
Fo CF poli e aluatio to e o ust a att i utio of ha ges i fo est o e o po e t due to the poli should e o pa ed to the ou te fa tual o ditio of o CF o othe o fou di g fa to s
Ba lis et al. ; La & Yi . Poli i st u e ts usuall ta get e tai populatio s ith spe ifi u de l i g ha a te isti s, the e i t odu i g sele tio ias he easu i g pe fo a e a d aski g t ue out o es. Mat hi g te h i ues sele t o t ols ith si ila o se ed ha a te isti s as the
populatio s e ei i g the i te e tio , a d thus a o e o e su h ias p o idi g a fai a d elia le a of o pa i g sites ith diffe e t i te e tio e posu e Dehejia & Wah a . Mat hi g ethods ha e ee used idel i assessi g the i pa t of p ote ted a eas e.g. Fe a o & Ha aue a d
e tifi atio of loggi g ope atio s e.g. Mite a et al. , ut thei use i CF e aluatio is u o o e.g. ‘asolofoso et al. ; .
He e e dete i e the e te t to hi h CF i I do esia has esulted i oth edu ed
defo estatio a d i p o ed ell- ei g. Well- ei g is ultidi e sio al, a d i o po ates e o o i , so ial a d e i o e tal pe spe ti es Alki e & “a tos . The aspe ts of ell- ei g e a i ed i lude: asi li i g o ditio s , ph si al a ess to health a d edu atio , fi a ial i o e suppo t , so ial se u it a d e uit , a d e i o e tal atu al haza d p e e tio . We fo us ou so io-e ologi al a al sis o Huta Desa o Village Fo est , the ai CF s he e ei g applied i
Kali a ta a d else he e i I do esia. Huta Desa ai s to edu e po e t a d i p o e the so ial elfa e a d fo est use ights of a gi alized o u ities allo i g fo ests to e p ote ted a d
a aged o u all th ough the autho it of a illage head M e s & A dia s ah . Huta Desa li e es a e g a ted the Mi ist of E i o e t a d Fo est th ough a igo ous sele tio p o ess,
he e the app o al of the li e e is ased o the p o isio of a a age e t pla ith goals to a ds sustai a le de elop e t a d o se atio , st o g pa ti ipatio f o the lo al o u it , a d
olla o ati e elatio ships ith e te al pa t e s, su h as o -go e e tal o ga izatio s “is a ati et
al. . We assessed: the asso iatio et ee Huta Desa, defo estatio ates a d the ha ge i diffe e t aspe ts of illage ell- ei g; a d a iatio of these asso iatio s i diffe e t a eas i Kali a ta . F o ou esults e p o ide e o e datio s to i p o e CF poli that efle t ho pe fo a e a ies i diffe e t o te ts.
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study area, land-use zones and unit of analysis
Kali a ta o e s , k ithi fi e p o i es. He e, a d else he e i I do esia, Huta Desa li e ses a e g a ted i diffe e t state fo est zo es: Wate shed P ote tio )o e he e ti e ha esti g is p ohi ited ; Li ited P odu tio )o e he e ti e ha esti g is pe itted, ut ithi uotas ; o Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e he e so e fo est lea i g is pe itted Fig. A . Huta
Desa ha e t pi all ee g a ted outside a ti e fo est a d ag i ultu al o essio s i.e. loggi g
o essio s, ti e o oil pal pla tatio s . B , Huta Desa li e es ~ , ha had ee g a ted i Kali a ta , ith % assig ed i Wate shed P ote tio )o e, % i Li ited P odu tio )o e, a d % i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e MEF a .
Ou assess e t i luded Huta Desa a age e t a eas total , k that had ee app o ed a d fa ilitated e te al o ga izatio s et ee a d , the latest pe iod
o espo di g to suffi ie t fo est o e a d ell- ei g data. The spatial u it of the a al sis as k g id- ell esolutio fo the defo estatio out o e, a d illage ou da ies fo ell- ei g. We assessed the pe fo a e of Huta Desa fo ea h la d-use zo e, e ause egulatio o the a ou t of ti e
e t a tio pe itted ithi Huta Desa ou da ies diffe s zo e. Ti e e t a tio is p ohi ited i
Huta Desa g a ted i Wate shed P ote tio )o e, ut i P odu tio )o es i ludi g Li ited P odu tio
)o e a d Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e ti e e t a tio is pe itted up to pe
Huta Desa a age e t a ea pe ea fo o - o e ial use as lo g as this does ot esult i et defo estatio Mi iste ial De ee No. P. / A ti le .
Fig. . The dist i utio of Huta Desa a d la d-use zo es a oss Kali a ta Fe ua A ; illage p i a li elihoods se to s B ; a d the eak do of li elihoods a o di g to zo e C . Bla k li es i the
Li elihoods i Kali a ta a e p i a il su siste e- ased s idde fa i g, fishi g, a d fo est p odu t olle tio i o ple ag ofo est la ds apes , pla tatio s pol ultu e pla tatio s of u e , oil pal , offee, a d/o o o ut, o o o ultu e pla tatio s of oil pal , a d othe se to s i ludi g ho ti ultu e, a ua ultu e, li esto k, a d oastal fishe BP“ I do esia . La ge-s ale loggi g a d oil pal o essio s a e also idesp ead “a tika et al. ; Ga eau et al. . Co i i g i fo atio o li elihoods a d o essio t pes p o ides o e ua ed i fo atio o li elihood se to s a oss
Kali a ta s illages: su siste e li elihoods outside a o essio s, su siste e li elihoods ithi loggi g o essio s, pla tatio s outside a o essio s ai l pol ultu e pla tatio s allholde s , pla tatio s ithi oil pal o essio s ai l la ge o pa pla tatio s a d s allholde s ope ati g as pa t of the u leus estate s ste ith oope atio et ee o pa pla tatio s a d s allholde s i te s of apital a d la ou suppl , a d othe se to s Fig. B .
I the Wate shed P ote tio )o e, ost o u ities el o su siste e li elihoods outside o essio s li elihood atego , he eas i the Li ited P odu tio )o e, su siste e li elihoods
ithi loggi g o essio s li elihood atego a e the o Fig. C . The i dige ous Da ak also te d to o p ise o e of the populatio i the Wate shed P ote tio )o e a d Li ited P odu tio )o e tha i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es Fig. “ . I the Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es, pla tatio s, oth outside a d ithi oil-pal o essio s li elihood atego ies a d , do i ate Fig. C , a d the p opo tio of o -i dige ous people, i ludi g ig a ts f o Ja a a d “u at a, is also elati el high Fig. “ .
2.2. Data on well-being
I di ato s of ell- ei g e e de i ed f o Pote si Desa PODE“; Village Pote tial data f o the I do esia go e e t. PODE“ is a pu li l a aila le illage-le el so ioe o o i dataset olle ted e e
- ea s the Bu eau of “tatisti s I do esia BP“ I do esia . The data ep ese t the o e all so ioe o o i o ditio s i a illage, a d thus do ot aptu e the a iatio a d dispa it i
so ioe o o i i di ato s a o g diffe e t su - illages o households. ‘athe , the data p o ide a useful a to o pa e illage ad i ist ati e u its o e la ge spatial e te ts a d o e ti e.
PODE“ data a e olle ted f o illage head offi es. The elia ilit of data, the efo e, a a a oss diffe e t illages, esulti g i pote tial fo ias. Ho e e , should this ias p opagate suffi ie tl to affe t the out o e of a al sis, the e ould e pe t it to o e ide the sig al of CF i.e. o i pa t of
Huta Desa ould e o se ed , as opposed to o e stati g o u de stati g the i pa t. PODE“ is the
est so ioe o o i dataset a aila le at suffi ie t spatial esolutio i I do esia. The data ha e ee used e te si el i u al de elop e t studies Ta le “ a d ha e p o e useful fo o ito i g the
a ious so ioe o o i i pa ts of la d-use poli i te e tio s e.g. Ba o et al. , Mite a et al. , Jagge & ‘a a .
We used i di ato s de i ed f o PODE“ a d olle tio s as p o ies fo the ha ge i fi e aspe ts of ell- ei g Ta le . The hoi e of i di ato s a d di e tio alit of the effe ts o ell- ei g
as i fo ed e isti g ethodologies used to assess po e t , su h as the Multidi e sio al Po e t I de Alki e & “a tos , the “ustai a le Li elihood App oa h “ oo es , a d the Nested “phe es of Po e t tool Gö e et al. Fig. “ . Fu the detail o i di ato s a d justifi atio fo thei di e tio alit is p o ided i “upple e ta Mate ials a d Ta le “ . We e og ise that o e su je ti e, o - ate ial, i di ato s e ist to easu e po e t a d hu a ell- ei g Cha et al. ; Biede eg et al. ; B eslo et al. . Ho e e , these a e diffi ult to agg egate at the illage-le el a d a e ot a aila le ithi the PODE“ dataset. Ou a al ses should the efo e e i te p eted as
Ta le . PODE“ a ia les used as p o ies fo fi e aspe ts of ell- ei g: asi , ph si al, fi a ial, so ial,
a d e i o e tal. k de otes the di e tio al effe t of the ha ge i i di ato k that defi es
i p o e e t i ell- ei g. If k= , the positi e ha ge i.e. a i ease i i di ato k ep ese ts
i p o e e t i ell- ei g. If k= , the egati e ha ge o edu tio i i di ato k ep ese ts
i p o e e t i ell- ei g.
Di e tio al effe t of the ha ge i a ia le
k that defi es i p o e e t
Aspe t of
ell- ei g PODES a ia le k Va ia le espo se
k Mea i g
P opo tio of households ith
poo housi g o ditio s * Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he fe e households ha e poo housi g o ditio s.
P opo tio of households ith
ele t i it * Co ti uous Well- ei g i p o es he o e households ha e ele t i it . I ide ts of hild al ut itio
i the last ea Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he the e a e fe e al ut itio i ide ts. Cooki g fuel fo ajo it of
households Catego i al =li uefied pet oleu gas LPG o ele t i it , =ke ose e, = ood/othe s - Well- ei g i p o es he the e is ha ge to lo e fuel, e.g. a ha ge f o atego ood/othe s to ke ose e . Basic Li i g o ditio s
Toilet fa ilities fo ajo it of
households Catego i al =o toilet, =joi t toilet, =pu li toilet, = o -toilet
- Well- ei g i p o es he the e is ha ge to a lo e atego , e.g. a ha ge f o atego joi t toilet to o toilet .
Dista e to ea est health
fa ilit Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he health fa ilities a e ea . Dista e to ea est p i a
s hool Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he p i a s hools a e ea .
Physical
A ess to health a d edu atio
Dista e to ea est se o da
s hool Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he se o da s hools a e ea . Nu e of a ti e illage
oope ati e s he es o othe elated s he es
Co ti uous Well- ei g i p o es he a ti e oope ati e s he es o othe elated s he es a e o e p e ale t. Nu e of edit s he es
e ei ed fa e s o o u i es i the last ea
Co ti uous Well- ei g i p o es he the e a e o e edit a aila le fo fa e s o o u ities.
Fi a cial
I o e suppo t
Nu e of s all e te p ises
< e plo ees Co ti uous Well- ei g i p o es he s all e te p ises a e o e p e ale t. F e ue of o fli ts a o g
o u ities i the last ea Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he o fli ts a e less p e ale t.
Social
“e u it a d
e uit P opo tio of fa ilies ith
ag i ultu al age la ou e s ** Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he fa ilies ith ag i ultu al age la ou e s a e less p e ale t.
F e ue of floods a d la dslides i the last th ee
ea s
Co ti uous - Well- ei g i p o es he floods a d la dslides a e less f e ue t.
Wate pollutio i the last ea Catego i al = o e,
= ild, =se e e - Well- ei g i p o es he the e is a ha ge to a lo e ate pollutio atego , e.g. a ha ge f o atego ild to o e .
E iro e tal
Natu al haza d p e e tio
Ai pollutio i the last ea Catego i al = o e,
= ild, =se e e - Well- ei g i p o es he the e is ha ge to lo e ai pollutio atego , e.g. a ha ge f o atego ild to o e .
2.3. Data on deforestation
We used defo estatio ate as a i di ato of fo est o se atio . We assessed the i pa t of Huta Desa o defo estatio ates ased o data et ee a d to oughl at h the ti e pe iod o e ed
the PODE“ data. Defo estatio ates e e de i ed f o the fo est loss a ia le i the Glo al Fo est Cha ge GFC dataset Ha se et al. . The GFC dataset does ot disti guish et ee the loss of
atu al fo est a d that of t ee pla tatio s. The efo e, to est i t ou a al sis to atu al fo est loss, e used the e te t of atu al fo est i de i ed f o Ma go o et al. . Natu al fo est is defi ed as a atu e fo est that has ot ee o pletel lea ed i the last ea s. The GFC dataset as the
est i ted to the e te t of atu al fo est i . The GFC a d atu al fo est e te t data oth ha e spatial esolutio × , a d e a al sed fo est o e ha ge a uall i he ta es at a spatial esolutio of
× k . We fo used o defo estatio of i ta t atu al fo est, i.e. × k g id- ells ith > he ta es of atu al fo est i the egi i g of Huta Desa te u e. A o g the Huta Desa a eas e e a i ed,
e e ostl > % o e ed atu al fo est i , a d e e i luded i ou defo estatio
assess e t. Be ause i te a ual li ate a iatio et ee a d as ithi the o al a ge ostl atego ized as o -d ea s, Fig. “ , e assu ed that defo estatio as la gel d i e a th opoge i a ti ities du i g this pe iod, athe tha d ought-i du ed fi e.
2.4. Confounding variables
We o t olled fo pote tiall o fou di g a ia les i the assess e t of Huta Desa pe fo a e i te s of hi h lo atio s e e sele ted fo Huta Desa a d the out o e ei g easu ed Ta le . These i luded a ia les ep ese ti g: a Huta Desa assig e t, so io-politi al fa to s, a essi ilit o
a ket alue, a d d ag i ultu al p odu ti it .
Li e ses fo Huta Desa a e g a ted i state fo est la d i diffe e t la d-use zo es. To o t ol fo this e dete i ed the do i a t legalized la d-use zo e a ia le L)ONE of ea h pa el. We used p o i ial ou da ies a ia le PROV , the p ese e of a o -go e e tal o ga izatio NGO pa t e ship a ia le NGO , p i a li elihood of o u ities a ia le LVHD , a d i di ato of
ell-ei g p io to Huta Desa desig atio i a ia le WLB as p o ies fo so io-politi al fa to s. De e t alizatio of go e e t fu tio s to p o i ial le els has ee ide tified as a ke d i e of ag i ultu e e pa sio ‘esosuda o ; Moelio o & Li e g . E o o i g o th a also a a oss diffe e t p o i es “u ahadi et al. . NGO pa t e ships a e p e- e uisite to appl i g fo a
Huta Desa li e se “is a ati et al. , a d e og ized as a i po ta t fa to i i p o i g the pe fo a e of o u it fo est Akief a ati et al. . The efo e, the et i pa t of Huta Desa te u e should a ou t fo the NGO i flue e i the defo estatio a d ell- ei g out o e ithi Huta
Desa a ea. The i di ato of ell- ei g p io to Huta Desa desig atio p o ides a aseli e to o t ol fo
i itial o ditio s that a ias i pa t esti ates.
We used ele atio a ia le ELEV , slope a ia le SLOPE , p o i it to la ge ities o a te ial oads a ia le CITY , a d hu a populatio de sit a ia le POP as p o ies fo a ket alue. Co u ities li i g i a eas lose to oads, at lo e ele atio a d flat te ai , a d i a eas of highe hu a populatio de sit te d to ha e ette so ioe o o i elfa e tha those li i g i e ote a eas
Ta le . Co fou di g a ia les o t olled fo i the assess e t of the i pa ts of Huta Desa o
defo estatio a d ell- ei g.
Va ia le Des iptio T pe S ale/Respo se Data sou e
HUTAN DESA ASSIGNMENT
L)ONE Legalized la d-use zo e Catego i al
HL=Wate shed P ote tio )o e, HPT=Li ited P odu tio )o e, HPTK=Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e
MEF a
SOCIO-POLITICAL
PROV P o i ial ou da ies Catego i al W=West, “=“outh, C=Ce t al, E=East, a d N=No th Kali a ta p o i e
P o i ial Map BIG
NGO NGO i ol e e t Catego i al =Yes, =No PIAP“ MEF a
LVHD Village p i a
li elihood Fig. B Catego i al =su siste e li elihoods outside o essio s,
=su siste e li elihoods ithi loggi g o essio s,
=pla tatio s outside o essio s, =pla tatio s ithi oil-pal o essio s, a d
=othe se to s.
Pote si Desa PODE“ data BP“
I do esia fo li elihood, MEF a d “a tika et al. fo loggi g o essio s, ti e
pla tatio o essio s, a d oil pal o essio s
WLBk Baseli e ell- ei g
i di ato k i Ta le
Eithe o ti uous o atego i al Pote si Desa PODE“ data BP“
I do esia MARKET VALUE
ELEV Altitude Co ti uous log “‘TM Digital Ele atio Data ase . Ja is et al.
SLOPE “lope Co ti uous log deg ee “‘TM Digital Ele atio Data ase . Ja is et al.
CITY Dista e to la ge ities
o a te ial oads Co ti uous log k P o i ial Map BIG
POP Hu a populatio
de sit Co ti uous log people Pote si Desa PODE“ data BP“ I do esia AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
DRY Lo g-te o thl ai fall du i g d seaso
Co ti uous Wo ldCli Fi k & Hij a s
WET Lo g-te o thl ai fall du i g et seaso
Co ti uous Wo ldCli Fi k & Hij a s
PEAT Majo it of soil t pe Catego i al =Peat, =Mi e al MEF
FOR Fo est o e i Co ti uous ha Ha se et al. ; Ma go o et al.
OPP Dista e to oil-pal
pla tatio s Co ti uous log k MEF ; Ga eau et al.
TRANS Dista e to
t a s ig atio a eas Co ti uous log k MEF
TDRY Mo thl ai fall du i g the d seaso et ee
a d
Co ti uous T‘MM Multi-“atellite P e ipitatio
A al sis TMPA . Huff a et al.
TWET Mo thl ai fall du i g the et seaso
et ee a d
Co ti uous T‘MM Multi-“atellite P e ipitatio
We used lo g-te seaso al ai fall patte s a ia les DRY a d WET , lo atio o peat soil a ia le PEAT , aseli e fo est o e i a ia le FOR , dista e to oil pal pla tatio s a ia le
OPP a d t a s ig atio a eas a ia le TRANS , a d o thl ea ai fall du i g the d seaso Ma
to “epte e et ee a d a ia le TDRY a d the o thl ea ai fall du i g the et seaso No e e to Ma h of the follo i g ea ithi the sa e pe iod a ia le TWET as p o ies fo ag i ultu e p odu ti it . The a ou t of ai fall du i g the d a d et seaso s a e a o g the o e i po ta t fa to s affe ti g ag i ultu al p odu ti it i I do esia Olde a & F e e thus d i i g ag i ultu e e pa sio a d e o o i g o th. “oil o ditio , su h as t pe peat o i e al soil is also a i po ta t fa to d i i g ag i ultu al o e sio Ca lso et al. . The de li e i fo est a ea i Kali a ta had ee pa tl att i uted to a i ease i ag i ultu al a ea, u h of hi h is li ked to t a s ig atio sites De is & Colfe . E t e e li ate, su h as p olo ged d o ths a d hea
ai s, a de ease ag i ultu e p odu ti it Iizu i & ‘a a kutt ; Oettli et al. a d i ease atu al disaste s su h as ildfi e a d flood Field et al. . “u h e t e e e e ts a lead to edu ed e o o i g o th a d ad e sel affe t o u it so ial elfa e He a ati & “a toso .
2.5. Matching method
We e plo ed p ope sit s o e at hi g ‘ose au & ‘u i to sele t a set of o t ol g id- ells outside Huta Desa ou da ies that e hi ited the sa e aseli e ha a te isti s as g id- ells ith Huta
Desa. We used a o -pa a et i ge e alized oosted eg essio odel i ple e ted i the ‘-pa kage
g ‘idge a et al. to ge e ate the p ope sit s o es usi g the a ia les des i ed i Ta le . Afte ge e ati g the p ope sit s o es, the Huta Desa lo atio s e e at hed ith lo atio s ithout
Huta Desa status usi g the ea est eigh ou app oa h ith allipe idths . of the p ope sit s o e
sta da d de iatio s i ple e ted i the ‘-pa kage Mat hi g “ekho . We e su ed that the atego i al aseli e ha a te isti s i.e. a ia les L)ONE, NGO, PROV, PEAT, LVHD, a d WLB of the o t ol lo atio s e a tl at hed the ha a te isti s of lo atio s ith Huta Desa. The dist i utio of
aseli e o ti uous a ia les a d ell- ei g i di ato s et ee lo atio s ith a d ithout Huta Desa had a highe deg ee of o e lap afte at hi g tha efo e at hi g Fig. “ a d Ta le “ .
Afte the at hed dataset as o tai ed, e esti ated the effi a of Huta Desa i edu i g defo estatio o pa i g the a ual defo estatio ates i k g id- ells ithi the ou da ies of
Huta Desa a eas ith the ates i the o t ol g id- ells. A g id- ell i ith Huta Desa a age e t is
o side ed to e effe ti e at edu i g defo estatio if the diffe e e et ee the defo estatio ates i the t eated g id- ell Ri a d the o t ol g id- ell Ŕi, i.e. ρi, he e ρi = Ri―Ŕi, is egati e. A e agi g ρi
a oss all g id- ells ithi ea h Huta Desa a age e t u it j esulted i a esti ate of the pe fo a e of ea h Huta Desa o defo estatio , i.e. Ŗj. If Ŗj is o side a l egati e, o side a l
positi e, o a ou d ze o, the the Huta Desa a age e t u it j has lo e , highe , o si ila
defo estatio ates tha that outside the Huta Desa, a d the Huta Desa a age e t is likel to ha e a positi e, egati e, o egligi le i pa t o a oidi g defo estatio .
To esti ate the effi a of Huta Desa i i p o i g ell- ei g, e o pa ed the ha ge i ea h i di ato et ee a d Ta le i illages ith Huta Desa a eas ith the ha ge i the
o t ol illages ithout it. A illage j ith Huta Desa is o side ed to e effe ti e at i p o i g a si gle i di ato of ell- ei g k if the diffe e e et ee the ha ge i the alue of i di ato i the t eated
illage Cj,k a d the o t ol illage Ćj,k, i.e. γj,k, he e γj,k = k Cj,k―Ćj,k, is positi e. A e agi g γj a oss
all i di ato s of ell- ei g k, the a oss all aspe ts of ell- ei g ielded a esti ate of the
pe fo a e of ea h Huta Desa o ell- ei g, i.e. Çj. If Çj is o side a l positi e, o side a l egati e,
o a ou d ze o, the the ha ge i ell- ei g i illages ith Huta Desa j o u s faste , slo e , o at si ila pa e as that i illages ithout Huta Desa, a d the Huta Desa a age e t is likel to ha e a positi e, egati e, o egligi le i pa t o ell- ei g.
To assess hethe o ot ou esti ate ased o at hi g as o ust to the possi le p ese e of a u o se ed o fou de , a se siti it a al sis as applied ased o the p i iple of a do izatio i fe e e Keele . The esults i di ated that if a o itted o fou di g a ia le does e ist, it has to i ease the likelihood of the o Huta Desa illage to e ei e i te e tio a fa to g eate tha at least . Ta le “ . This ag itude suggests that ou at hi g ethod is o ust to hidde ias. Detailed e pla atio s of the at hi g ethod a e p o ided i the “upple e ta Mate ials.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Association between Hutan Desa and avoided deforestation
Huta Desa e e asso iated ith edu ed defo estatio ates o e all o pa ed to the ou te fa tual
Fig. A . We dete ted defo estatio i i ta t atu al fo est a eas oth i side a d outside the ou da ies of Huta Desa ith si ila aseli e ioph si al o ditio s. Ho e e , defo estatio ates i side Huta
Desa e e lo e o e all tha outside Huta Desa.
The asso iatio et ee Huta Desa a d edu ed defo estatio a ied a oss diffe e t la d-use zo es Fig. B . Whe esta lished i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e, Huta Desa had
o side a l highe le els of a oided defo estatio elati e to o t ols. Less a oided defo estatio as o se ed i Huta Desa esta lished i Li ited P odu tio )o e a d Wate shed P ote tio )o e.
Fig. . A Mea a ual defo estatio ates et ee a d i side Huta Desa a d i o t ol a eas, a d B elati e effe t of Huta Desa o edu ed a ual defo estatio pa titio ed la d-use zo e. C Mea
ha ge i o e all ell- ei g a d i diffe e t aspe ts of ell- ei g et ee a d i illages ith
Huta Desa a d o t ol illages, a d D elati e effe t of Huta Desa o i p o ed o e all illage ell- ei g
3.2. Association between Hutan Desa and indicators of well-being
Co pa ed to the ou te fa tual, Huta Desa i Kali a ta as asso iated ith o e all i p o e e ts to ell- ei g a e aged o e all i di ato s et ee a d Fig. C . Both i illages ith Huta Desa a d those ithout e dete ted a i ease i asi , ph si al a d fi a ial i di ato s of ell- ei g, a d de li e i so ial a d e i o e tal easu es. Ho e e , ell- ei g i p o e e ts e e o e
p o ou ed, o a e age, i illages he e Huta Desa had ee esta lished. Additio all , the o e all de li e i so ial a d e i o e tal ell- ei g as lo e i illages ith Huta Desa o pa ed to illages
ithout.
The asso iatio et ee Huta Desa a d ell- ei g i di ato s also a ied a oss diffe e t la d-use zo es Fig. D . Co u ities esidi g ithi Wate shed P ote tio )o es e hi ited g eate
i p o e e ts i all aspe ts of ei g tha those i li ited p odu tio zo es, he e fi a ial ell-ei g i di ato s de li ed o e the stud pe iod Fig. A . Co u ities i pe a e t o o e ti le p odu tio zo es also e efited i so e aspe ts, ut ot i elatio to ou easu es of asi a d e i o e tal ell- ei g Fig. A , pa ti ula l if the e e i peatla ds Fig. “ .
The hete oge eous i pa ts of Huta Desa o ell- ei g a oss diffe e t la d-use zo es efle t do i a t li elihood ha a te isti s p ese t. I pa ts a o g o u ities ith su siste e li elihoods outside o essio s Fig. B sho si ila patte s to the o e all i pa t ithi Wate shed P ote tio )o e Fig. A . “i ila l , the i pa ts a o g o u ities ith su siste e li elihoods ithi loggi g
o essio s Fig. B sho si ila patte s to the o e all i pa t ithi the Li ited P odu tio )o e Fig. A , a d the i pa ts a o g o u ities li i g ithi pla tatio s oth outside a d ithi oil-pal o essio s Fig. B sho si ila patte s to the o e all i pa t ithi the Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e Fig. A .
Fig. . ‘elati e effe t of Huta Desa o fi e aspe ts of ell- ei g i Kali a ta et ee a d i diffe e t la d-use zo es: Wate shed P ote tio )o e, Li ited P odu tio )o e, a d Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e A , a d i diffe e t p i a li elihood se to s: su siste e li elihoods outside o essio s
ithi Wate shed P ote tio )o e , su siste e li elihoods ithi loggi g o essio s ithi Li ited P odu tio )o e , a d pla tatio s outside o ithi oil pal o essio s ithi Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e B . The effe t of Huta Desa is elati e to a eas ithout Huta Desa that ha e si ila
Of the i di ato s of asi ell- ei g e assessed, a ess to ele t i it , lea ooki g fuel, a d ade uate sa itatio s e e o side a l affe ted the Huta Desa desig atio Fig. “ A . Huta Desa
as t pi all asso iated ith i p o e e t of these i di ato s o pa ed to the ou te fa tual i Wate shed P ote tio )o e a d Li ited P odu tio )o e, ut ot i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e. A o g i di ato s of ph si al ell- ei g assessed, a ess to se o da s hools as affe ted o side a l Huta Desa desig atio Fig. “ B , a d i p o ed a ess to se o da s hools
as p o i e t, pa ti ula l i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e. A o g i di ato s of fi a ial ell- ei g assessed, i p o ed a ess to edit as p o i e t i Huta Desa g a ted i Wate shed P ote tio )o e a d Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e, a d the p e ale e of s all-s ale e te p ises as also e ha ed o side a l i Wate shed P ote tio )o e Fig. “ C . A o g i di ato s of so ial ell- ei g, edu tio i the p e ale e of ag i ultu al age la ou e s as su sta tial i Huta
Desa g a ted i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e Fig. “ D . A o g i di ato s of
e i o e tal ell- ei g, ai a d ate pollutio s e e sig ifi a tl affe ted the Huta Desa desig atio Fig. “ E ; ai pollutio edu ed su sta tiall i all la d-use atego ies, ut ate pollutio
as e a e ated i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e, the zo e he e la ge p opo tio s of
Huta Desa as g a ted o peatla d.
4. DISCUSSION
Ou stud p o ides the fi st oad ju isdi tio al assess e t of the i pa ts of CF o fo est o se atio a d u al ell- ei g see th ough a ultidi e sio al le s. We fou d that I do esia s ai CF s he e,
Huta Desa, as asso iated ith oth edu ed defo estatio a d i p o ed i di ato s of ell- ei g fo
Kali a ta s u al o u ities Fig. . Positi e out o es fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g, o a positi e out o e fo o e aspe t a d egligi le fo the othe , e e dete ted i % of ases su of ells A i Fig. , suggesti g that, u de so e i u sta e, fo est o se atio a go ha d i ha d ith po e t alle iatio . Negligi le out o es fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g e e dete ted i % of
ases su of ells B i Fig. . Co e sel , t ade-offs et ee o se atio a d ell- ei g e e dete ted i % of ases su of ells C i Fig. ; ith % of ases po e t alle iatio o u ed at the e pe se of fo est, ut i o l % of ases a oided defo estatio as a hie ed at the e pe se of po e t out o es. Negati e out o es fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g o a egati e out o e fo o e aspe t a d
egligi le fo the othe e e dete ted i % of ases su of ells D i Fig. .
I pa ts of Huta Desa e e also hete oge eousl dist i uted a oss diffe e t la d-use zo es. A oided defo estatio as st o gest i the Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e, follo ed the Li ited P odu tio )o e a d lastl , the Wate shed P ote tio )o e. Co e sel , i p o e e ts i ou
ell- ei g i di ato s e e st o gest i Wate shed P ote tio )o e, follo ed the Li ited P odu tio )o e a d the the Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e. Ou fi di gs a e o pa a le to those of Fe a o a d Ha aue o p ote ted a eas i Costa ‘i a ai l o posed of atio al pa ks a d
o u it - ased p ote ted a eas, IUCN atego ies II a d VI, espe ti el , hi h highlighted p ote ted a eas ith the ost a oided defo estatio to e asso iated ith the least po e t alle iatio , a d p ote ted a eas he e o se atio effe ti e ess as li ited e e asso iated ith the ost i p o ed
Fig. . P opo tio s of Huta Desa ith a i g effe ts o defo estatio a d ell- ei g. Positi e, egati e, o egligi le effe ts of Huta Desa o defo estatio i plies that defo estatio ates ithi Huta Desa a e o side a l lo e , highe tha , o si ila to those outside Huta Desa a eas ith si ila aseli e ioph si al ha a te isti s. Positi e, egati e, o egligi le effe ts of Huta Desa o ei g i pl that i p o ed
ell-ei g i illages ith Huta Desa o u s o side a l faste , slo e , o at a si ila pa e as that i illages ithout Huta Desa ith si ila aseli e ioph si al a d so ioe o o i ha a te isti s. A total of Huta
Desa a age e t a eas e e assessed fo ell- ei g out o e a d Huta Desa a eas e e assessed fo
defo estatio as i ta t atu al fo est as la ki g i Huta Desa a eas efo e te u e . Positi e out o es fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g, o a positi e out o e fo o e aspe t a d egligi le fo the othe a e la elled A total % of ases. Negligi le out o es fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g a e la elled B
% . T ade-offs et ee o se atio a d ell- ei g a e la elled as C % , hile egati e out o es fo oth o se atio a d ell- ei g o a egati e out o e fo o e aspe t a d egligi le fo the othe a e la elled D % .
4.1. Why do benefits vary across land-use zones?
The e efits of Huta Desa e e ode ated aseli e o ditio s a d p essu es i the diffe e t la d-use zo es. Huta Desa a eas i the Wate shed P ote tio a d Li ited P odu tio )o es te d to e lo ated i a eas of high fo est o e a d a a f o ajo ities a d oads Fig. “ . I these a eas, a th opoge i p essu e is ge e all lo to ode ate, a d fo est e oa h e t ai l a ises f o illegal loggi g a d shifti g ulti atio lo al fa e s ‘esosuda o ; Pu a to . Be ause
a th opoge i p essu e is ild, a edu ed defo estatio ates a e also e pe ted to e ild ith the i t odu tio of Huta Desa te u e. He e, o u it fo est s he es a e ell pla ed to ai tai fo est o e si pl e ause the p essu es o fo ests a e i he e tl lo . Co u ities he e ofte la k
asi fa ilities, su h as health li i s a d s hools, ha e li ited a ess to ele t i it , poo housi g o ditio s a d a e depe de t o ood fuel Fig. “ . Despite these o ditio s, al ut itio a o g i fa ts is a e Fig. “ , ost likel due to high food self-suffi ie a d la ge a iet of i o ut ie t- i h food sou es, as is ofte t pi al of fo est-depe de t o u ities Ha pe ; West ; I ko itz et
al. , . These o u ities ofte el o su siste e li elihoods fa i g, fishi g, a d gathe i g of fo est p odu ts Fig. C . Huta Desa fa ilitatio e te al o ga izatio s i the Wate shed
P ote tio a d Li ited P odu tio )o es has likel led to i p o ed fi a ial ell- ei g a o di g to ou i di ato s a d i p o ed i f ast u tu e o pa ed to the ou te fa tual. Huta Desa li e ses ha e also p o ided te u e la it a d edu ed illegal loggi g a d fo est e oa h e t people f o outside the
p ese ed tha i a eas ithout Huta Desa Fig. “ D . This patte of i p o ed i o e a d
i f ast u tu e p o isio a d edu ed so ial o fli ts has also ee o se ed i othe studies of fo est-depe de t o u ities ith CF e.g. Ali & Behe a ; ‘asolofoso et al. .
I Wate shed P ote tio )o es, fo ests suppo t li elihoods ia o -ti e fo est p odu ts “ha kleto et al. . I Li ited P odu tio )o es, ho e e , illage a eas t pi all o e lap ith a ti e loggi g o essio s Fig. C , a d o u it li elihoods depe d o e o ash i o e f o ti e a d
o essio - elated e plo e t Casso & O idzi ski ; E gel & Pal e . U like i Wate shed P ote tio )o es he e ti e e t a tio is p ohi ited, Huta Desa g a ted i P odu tio )o es i.e. Li ited a d Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es a e e titled to pe ea fo o
-o e ial pu poses. Co st ai ts o o e ial utilisatio of ti e as a esult of Huta Desa
desig atio ha e had egati e i pa ts o i o e, thus edu i g fi a ial ell- ei g of o u ities to a g eate e te t o pa ed to ou te fa tual a eas. The egati e effe t of Huta Desa he e is a alogous to the i pa t of est i tio i ti e ha est e do sed fo est e tifi atio a d edu ed i pa t loggi g s he es, i.e. loggi g ope atio s that i ple e t a eful pla i g a d o t ol of ti e ha esti g to
i i ize e i o e tal i pa t a d aste that t pi all esult f o o e tio al loggi g. These s he es a e ge e all less p ofita le tha o e tio al loggi g Bu i alo a et al. , although o e lo ge ti ef a es the e pe ted p ofit is highe Boltz et al. .
A eas desig ated as Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e a e t pi all lo ated i pla es of lo fo est o e , ea to a kets, ities a d ajo oads, he e oil pal pla tatio s do i ate Fig. “ a d i f ast u tu e is ea Fig. “ . Co petitio fo la d is high “ahide et al. a d t pi all i ol es a o ple et o k of a to s a d stakeholde s “a toso . Be ause a th opoge i p essu e is st o g, defo estatio is t pi all high, a d the e is pote tiall u h to e gai ed fo o se atio ith the i t odu tio of effe ti e Huta Desa te u e. A la ge p opo tio of o u ities i this zo e depe d o ash ops, ai l oil pal Fig. C , gi i g the li elihood optio s outside the fo est se to . Ho e e , e plo e t oppo tu ities a e ofte dist i uted u e uall a o g o u it e e s
O idzi ski et al. ; i e uities that a edu e o e all ell- ei g i i te si el a aged la ds apes ‘as usse et al. . These fa to s p o ide a e pla atio as to h i p o e e t to fi a ial
ell-ei g is o pa ati el lo e i this zo e due to Huta Desa desig atio o pa ed to lo atio s i the Wate shed P ote tio )o e Fig. . A elia e o ash ops, hi h e ou ages people to pu hase p o essed foods ith li ited ut itio al alue a d esults i poo e i o e tal o ditio s, a also e plai highe i fa t al ut itio i these a eas Fig. “ A Gó ez et al. ; I ko itz et al. . Fo est p ote tio a i du e a spillo e effe t of ag i ultu al e pa sio a d i te sifi atio to su -opti al a eas that ofte e ui es high fe tilize i puts Du a et al. ; Didha et al. . E essi e fe tilize usage has egati e e i o e tal effe ts pa ti ula l o ate ualit O idzi ski et al. , hi h e plai s h ate pollutio le els had epo tedl i eased i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e ith Huta Desa tha those ithout Fig. “ E , pa ti ula l o peatla d. The a al sis of PODE“ data also i di ates that the u e of ag i ultu al la ou e s as a kedl edu ed i illages ith Huta Desa i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e o pa ed to illages ithout Fig. “ D . Ag i ultu al
i te sifi atio ofte e ui es highe la ou i put to i ease p odu tio pe he ta e ‘as usse et al. . Gi e sho tage i ag i ultu al la ou e s, a d o i ed ith a de ease i fa la d due to la d s a it , this ould lead to a de ease i household p odu tio a d i o e A gelse & Kai o itz . These i pa ts a e efle ted also i the edu tio i the asi ell- ei g i di ato i these p odu tio zo es ith Huta Desa elati e to those ithout Fig. .
4.2. Implications for CF investments
The I do esia go e e t has pledged to allo ate e te si e la d to CF the e d of , hi h p ese ts g eat halle ges i te s of apital e ui e e ts a d dist i utio . Ou stud p o ides o je ti e i fo atio to guide the fo us a d p io ities of the Huta Desa p og a e a d i est e ts as it de elops as su a ized i Fig. , a d t a slated i Bahasa I do esia i Fig. “ , as ell as lesso s that a e oadl appli a le to s he es i othe atio al o te ts.
Fig. . P eli i a guideli es ased o this stud fo futu e Huta Desa poli a d fo us of i est e ts i diffe e t la d-use zo es i I do esia: Wate shed P ote tio )o e, Li ited P odu tio )o e, a d Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e.
Fo o u ities li i g ithi the ou da ies of Wate shed P ote tio )o es, i est e t i
Huta Desa o pa e ts fo e os ste se i es ould e di e ted to a ds i p o i g asi li i g
o ditio s e.g. sa itatio , edu atio a d health p og a es “u de li et al. . As the p opo tio of i dige ous o u ities is highe i Wate shed P ote tio )o es a d Li ited P odu tio )o es Fig. “ , Huta Desa a additio all p o ide a platfo fo e ha i g e og itio of i dige ous isdo a d k o ledge of fo est a d atu e Boedhiha to o . Fo loggi g o u ities ithi the ou da ies of Li ited P odu tio )o es, the loss of i o e f o ti e p odu tio due to Huta Desa desig atio is likel to e e ge as a issue a d a pote tial sou e of so ial o fli t a He s e ge et al. . The efo e, i additio to i p o i g asi li i g o ditio s, i est e t should also e di e ted to a ds
o pe sati g li elihood losses i t odu i g i o e ge e ati g a ti ities that allo o u ities to a age fo ests sustai a l a He s e ge et al. . Fo o u ities ithi the ou da ies of Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es he e ash op pla tatio s a e the do i a t li elihood se to , la d a aila ilit fo pla tatio s is edu ed CF, leadi g to i eased p essu e to i te sif ag i ultu al p odu tio . Be ause s allholde s a d o pa pla tatio s e ist i this zo e, the su ess of
Huta Desa a age e t ill e ui e lose oope atio ith oth se to s. Fo s allholde s, i est e t
ould e di e ted to a ds p o isio of ag i ultu e i puts, i ludi g t ai i g a d a ess to te h i al e o e datio s o sustai a le ag i ultu e p a ti es su h as those elated to fe tilize use a d ze
o-u i g la d lea i g Lee et al. ; “oli a et al. , a d i t odu i g additio al i o e sou es f o o u it p ote ted fo est p og a es to edu e ul e a ilit to sho ks “ h oth & ‘uf . Fo o pa pla tatio s, e ha ed e i o e tal o ito i g a d i spe tio of pollutio a d
e i o e tal haza ds is eeded, as ell as st o g e fo e e t of e i o e tal la s a d poli ies, to e su e these haza ds do ot spill o e i to eigh ou i g CF a eas.
The a ou t a d o ple it of tasks e ui ed to a age Huta Desa o la d ithi Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es is su sta tial o pa ed to hat is e ui ed o othe la d desig atio s
o side ed i ou a al sis Fig. a d “ . Ho e e , the e te t of defo estatio that is a oided due to
Huta Desa i this zo e is also g eatest Fig. B . This i plies that safegua di g fo ests ithi Pe a e t
o Co e ti le P odu tio )o es p o ides su sta tial additio al o se atio e efits pe he ta e.
4.3. Study limitations and caveats
Pote tial a eats i lude odel li itatio s si plif i g assu ptio s a d o issio of i po ta t
o fou di g a ia les , t a sfe of ou esults i to o el te po al o te ts pa ti ula l diffe e t li ati egi es , a d hoi e of ell- ei g i di ato to assess the out o e i the CF assess e t. Ou a al ti al assu ptio s efle t the a aila ilit of data at ju isdi tio al s ale. Fo i sta e, e i luded o l p o i ial
ou da ies, NGO pa t e ships, p i a li elihood of o u ities, a d ell- ei g o ditio p io to CF desig atio as so io-politi al fa to s that ould o fou d the e aluatio of Huta Desa pe fo a e. O issio of i po ta t o fou di g a ia les that a e positi el o elated ith CF assig e t a d ou out o e i di ato s ould also affe t the elia ilit of o lusio s de i ed. Ho e e , ou se siti it a al sis i di ates that if su h o fou di g a ia les e ist, the ould eed to i ease the likelihood of
Huta Desa desig atio a fa to g eate tha at least . Ta le “ , thus i pl i g that ou at hi g
a al sis is o ust. Additio all , e used defo estatio ate as a i di ato of fo est o se atio , as this the ost o o l -used easu e a aila le. Ho e e , fo est o se atio is ot just a out u i g defo estatio , ut also u i g fo est deg adatio a d e oa h e t, hi h t pi all ope ate at u h fi e s ales a d the efo e a e diffi ult to easu e a d appl as i di ato s of o se atio su ess.
Ou a al sis o a oided defo estatio as pe fo ed o data et ee a d to oughl at h the ti e pe iod o e ed the ell- ei g a al sis PODE“ i di ato s . The defo estatio patte i Kali a ta is k o to e affe ted li ate o ditio s, he e se e e d ought du i g a st o g El Niño phase ould es alate fi e-i du ed defo estatio He a ati & “a toso , Field et al. . Du i g the se e e El Niño d ought ea i Fig. “ , Huta Desa i Pe a e t o Co e ti le P odu tio )o e, pa ti ula l o peatla d, pe fo poo l i p e e ti g defo estatio due to ildfi e “a tika et al.
; Ga eau et al. . The efo e, the a oided defo estatio e dete ted efle ted a th opoge i fa to s, a d ight ot hold du i g pe iods of e t e e li ati e e ts.
“o e of the ell- ei g i di ato s e used fo us o the p e ale e of so ioe o o i
p og a es, su h as oope ati e s he es, edits, a d s all usi esses. While i fo atio a out the ates of o u it pa ti ipatio ould p o ide a ette p o fo ell- ei g tha e el the p e ale e of these p og a s, su h data is u fo tu atel ot a aila le i the PODE“ dataset o e the spatial a d te po al s ale of ou stud . Mo eo e , e e e est i ted to o je ti e a d ate ial ell- ei g i di ato s. The e is g o i g e og itio of the eed to i lude su je ti e o - ate ial i di ato s i po e t assess e t, su h as i t i si alues elated to ultu e, eth i it , a d so ial e eddi g o spi itual atta h e t to pla es ‘ussell et al. ; Biede eg et al. ; B eslo et al. .
U fo tu atel , i a de elopi g ou t ies, i ludi g I do esia, su h data a e t pi all u a aila le at oad geog aphi al s ales. Whe e su h data do e ist, e e ou age esea he s to i lude the ithi CF assess e ts, a d e plo e a s to s ale up e o d lo al-le el app aisals i o de to p o ide
4.4. Conclusions
Ou stud highlights that the su essful i ple e tatio of CF, he e fo est o se atio is i ple e ted, ill e ui e i est e t i diffe e t a ti ities i diffe e t la d-use zo es to suppo t t a sitio of
li elihoods a d to p e e t e a e ati g e i o e tal deg adatio , po e t , a d so ioe o o i dispa it . We p o ide a o ust f a e o k fo o ito i g a d e aluati g CF, a d a app aisal of pe fo a e o e the fi st fi e ea s of I do esia s leadi g CF s he e, hi h a se e as a u ial
aseli e fo lo g-te o ito i g. This o ito i g a d e aluatio f a e o k has oad appli a ilit fo othe ou t ies i ple e ti g o u it fo est .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This stud is pa t of the Mo ito i g a d E aluatio of “o ial Fo est Mo itori g da E aluasi
Perhuta a Sosial; MEP“ p og a e https:// esea h.ke t.a .uk/ eps/ , suppo ted the UK Da i I itiati e, the Woodsp i g T ust, the Aust alia ‘esea h Cou il A‘C Ce t e of E elle e fo
E i o e tal De isio s, A‘C Futu e Fello ship a d Dis o e p og a es, a d the A us Fou datio . We tha k edito s a d e ie e s fo p o idi g alua le i puts o ou a us ipt. We also tha k the a stakeholde s i go e e t, NGOs a d lo al o u ities i Kali a ta that ha e sha ed thei i sights i
o u it fo est a d p o ided useful feed a k o ou a al ses.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
T“, MJ“, KAW, “B, AK a d EM o ei ed the ideas a d desig ed the stud ; AK, JAH a d TPI o sulted go e e t age ies i I do esia to ollate the spatial data a d p o ide lo al i te p etatio ; FAV“tJ a d ‘F p o ided i sights o po e t ethodologies a d sele ted the i di ato s togethe ith T“ a d MJ“. T“ u de took a al ses a d led the iti g of the a us ipt. All autho s o t i uted iti all to the d afts a d ga e fi al app o al fo pu li atio .
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