Langdon & Seah Sdn Bhd Juru Ukur Bahan Malaysia JUBM Sdn Bhd
Arcadis Projeks Sdn Bhd KDN PP10466/05/2013(032500)
JUBM and Langdon Seah
Construction Cost Handbook
MALAYSIA
The following handbook of information relating to the Malaysian construction industry has been compiled by: Langdon & Seah Sdn Bhd
in collaboration with
Juru Ukur Bahan Malaysia, JUBM Sdn Bhd & Arcadis Projeks Sdn Bhd
Level 5, Menara TSR
12 Jalan PJU 7/3, Mutiara Damansara 47810 Petaling Jaya Selangor Telephone : (6 03) 2106 8000/ 2106 9000 Fax : (6 03) 2106 9090 Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.arcadis.com http://www.LangdonSeah.com © Langdon & Seah Sdn Bhd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any form without prior written permission from Langdon & Seah Sdn Bhd.
The information contained herein should be regarded as indicative and for general guidance only. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, no responsi-bility can be accepted for errors and omissions, however caused.
Unless otherwise stated, costs reflected in this handbook are Malaysian costs at 4th Quarter 2015.
KDN : PP10466/05/2013 (032500)
For private circulation to staff and business associates only. Printed: January 2016
by
Spiral Ecoprint Sdn Bhd (KDN: PQ1780/4606) No.44, Jalan PBS 14/11, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Serdang, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan
1
Langdon & Seah Sdn Bhd (520443-H)
Juru Ukur Bahan Malaysia
JUBM Sdn Bhd (27638-X)
Page No.
Table of Contents 2
About Us 4
Calendars 12
1. CONSTRUCTION COST DATA Construction Cost Specification 14
Kuala Lumpur Construction Cost Trend 16
Construction Costs for Kuala Lumpur 18
Construction Costs for Johor Bahru 20
Construction Costs for Penang 22
Construction Costs for Kota Kinabalu 24
Construction Costs for Kuching 26
Construction Costs for Selected Asian Cities 28
Major Rates for Malaysia 34
Major Rates for Selected Asian Cities 36
ACMV Costs for Various Designs & Developments in Kuala Lumpur 42
M&E Costs for Selected Asian Cities 44
Unit Costs for Ancillary Facilities for Kuala Lumpur 50
Fit-Out Costs for Kuala Lumpur 52
2. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION DATA JUBM - Langdon & Seah Building Works Composite Tender Price Index (BWCTPI) 54
JKR Tender Price Index 55
Value of Construction Work Done 56
Performance of Construction Sector 57
Estimating Rules of Thumb 58
Technical Specifications 60
Average Unit Prices 62
Unit Price Index 64
Construction Sector Indicators 65
Commodities Price Trend (Jan to Dec 2015) 66
Malaysia Construction Sector - Employment & GDP 68
Progress Payments 69 3. PROPERTY Residential 72 Hotel 74 Office 76 Shopping Complex 78 Shop 80 Industrial 81
Page No.
4. FINANCIAL
Financial Definitions & Formulae 84
Mortgage Repayment Table 85
Malaysia Balance of Trade 86
Consumer Price Index 87
Prime Rates & Base Lending Rates 88
Interest Rates : Banking Institutions 89
Currency Chart 90
Exchange Rates 91
5. OTHER INFORMATION Utility Costs for Selected Asian Cities 94
Weight & Measures 96
Conversion Guide 98
Public Holidays 100
Arcadis Asia Leadership Team 106
Arcadis Asia Sectors 108
Arcadis Asia Services 111 Directory of Offices 114
Telephone Directory (Malaysia) 124
Langdon & Seah Sdn Bhd is one of the largest and longest established Quantity Surveying practices in the country. Established in 1947, we are involved in many major projects implemented since independence and is recognized as a market leading construction specialist with an extensive cost database.
Together with collaborative partners, JUBM Sdn Bhd and Juru Ukur Bahan Malaysia, we form the Langdon Seah – JUBM group which offers a multi-disciplinary construction cost consultancy service and provides integrated solutions for all types of buildings and infrastructure projects throughout Malaysia working from five offices in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Johor Bahru, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching.
Langdon & Seah is an affiliate of Arcadis, the leading global Design & Consultancy firm for natural and built assets. Through this, we are able to apply the Group’s deep market sector insights and its cost and project management services, collective design, consultancy, and engineering skills. We work in partnership with our clients to deliver exceptional and sustainable outcomes throughout the lifecycle of their natural and built assets. Together, we are 28,000 people active in over 70 countries that generate more than 3 billion in revenues. Within Asia we can call upon the skills and resource of almost 5,000 professionals based through the region. We support UN-Habitat with knowledge and expertise to improve the quality of life in rapidly growing cities around the world.
ABOUT US 5
Our People
The Langdon Seah - JUBM group’s pride however will always be in its greatest asset: its people.
We have a dedicated staff resource of 340 (as at December 2015) forming the backbone of our client – focused service delivery.
We ensure a high level of professional services by instilling and encouraging a culture of continuous learning and professional development for all staff, regardless of their roles and positions in the company. As such, we developed a structured and comprehensive framework of training in both technical as well as soft skills; providing sponsorship and allowing time off for Continuous Professional Development (CPD) training for professional progress.
We believe in our people and they reciprocate by delivering successful solutions for our clients.
Integrity
At Langdon Seah - JUBM group, integrity is an important core value of our practice.
Integrity refers to the high ethical standards we apply in the execution of our daily business processes and activities, our relationship with clients, business partners and employees, and our involvement with the public, the government bodies and all her agencies as well as the laws of the country.
In line with our affiliation with ARCADIS NV, we thus implement as part of our company policy the ARCADIS General Business Principles (AGBP) in the development and implementation of our commitment to integrity. The AGBP guides our business decisions and actions throughout all management levels and applies equally to company actions and to individual behaviour of all our employees in conducting our business.
The AGBP is available for viewing at
http://www.arcadis.com/General_Business_Principles.aspx
International Standards Quality Management System
The Langdon Seah - JUBM group consistently pushes its levels of professional services to higher level by implementing a Quality Management System based on the ISO 9001 International Standards.
The company received accreditation from the Standard & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) in May 1995; the first Quantity Surveying consultancy to successfully attain certification.
Our Quality Management System ensures high standards of service performance, improved productivity and efficiency, increased competitive advantage and high levels of confidence in our capabilities by our clients.
We have since upgraded the Quality Management System to the new MS ISO 9001:2008 Standards and will continue to improve so as to achieve our vision of being the first point of reference for our clients.
As such, we continue to enhance our Environmental, Health & Safety Policy on all aspects of our business which impacts on the environment, health and safety as well as conforming to the relevant laws in the country. We strive to continually apply and implement the best available techniques and methodologies under the EHS Policy to achieve clearly quantifiable and practical objectives of the company.
Forming the core of our EHS Policy is the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System; another industry first for Langdon Seah - JUBM group, achieved on February 2009.
Environmental Management System The Langdon Seah - JUBM group is committed in reducing the impact on the environment, as well as health and safety of its staff and community insofar as possible in all areas where the company is involved in.
Certified to ISO 9001 : 2008 Cert. No. : AR0595 / AR0598 / AR0599
MS ISO/IEC GUIDE 62:1999 QS 02121999 CB 01 ACCREDITED CERTIFICATION BMALAYSIAODY
Our Projects
As the leading cost construction consultancy in the country, Langdon & Seah has been involved with a long list of major construction projects since its setting up more than 60 years ago.
Langdon Seah - JUBM group provides its services to nearly all market segments in the construction industry from religious buildings to residential homes, hospitality to corporate headquarters, mixed use developments to master planning.
The diverse range of project experience provides Langdon Seah - JUBM group with a rich and extensive construction cost database. This enables the company to handle the simplest to the most complex projects entrusted by clients who recognize our value and dynamism.
(Cont’d)
Damansara City 2, Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur Pavilion
DaMen, USJ
KVMRT Sungai Buloh - Kajang Line
Source: www.mymrt.com.my
Imperia Puteri Harbour, Johor
Equestrian Park, Putrajaya 2006
22.
Penang Indoor Stadium & Aquatic Centre 1997
21.
Four Seasons Hotel 2017
20.
20
Auditorium & Experimental Theatre, Putrajaya 2005
19.
Belum Rainforest Resort (Phase 1), Pulau Banding 2009
18.
Legoland Malaysia, Johor 2012
17.
Sri Bukit Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur 2006
16.
Setia Sky Residences 2016
15.
Palazzio Sunway Condominiums, Kuala Lumpur 2011
14.
Seri Hening Residence, Kuala Lumpur 2007
13.
2 Hampshire Condominiums, Kuala Lumpur 2008
12.
12 The Pearl Stonor, Kuala Lumpur 2010
11.
Iringan Hijau, Kuala Lumpur 2010
10.
Louis Vuitton, Kuala Lumpur 2006
9.
Sunway Pyramid (Phase 2), Selangor 2007
8.
KLP Fashion Avenue, Kuala Lumpur 2012
7.
Alamanda, Putrajaya 2004
6.
Sunway Putra Mall & Hotel 2015
5.
5 Menara Maybank, Kuala Lumpur 1989
4.
PJ8, Office Block & Serviced Apartment, Selangor 2009
3.
3 CIMB New Headquarters Kuala Lumpur 2011
2. 2
Menara Telekom, Kuala Lumpur 2002
1.
1
Hospitality, Sports & Leisure Retail Residential Commercial
A Selection of
Our Projects
(Cont’d)ABOUT US 9 21 19 18 17 16 14 13 11 10 9 8 7 4 22 6 15 (Cont’d)
IBS Housing, Putrajaya 2011
44.
44
Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 2010
43.
Bangunan UMNO (Pekan), Pahang 2007
41.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) Annexe of Canadian High Commission, Kuala Lumpur 2004
42.
Ministry of Education Teacher’s Quarters, Malaysia 2003
40.
Johor State Assembly Building, Johor 2007
39.
Lutheran Bible Training Institute, Selangor 2010
38.
38 Masjid Besar Sandakan, Sabah 1988
37.
37 Perodua - Second National Car Plant,
Selangor 1994
36.
Star Publications Office & Newspaper Printing Factory, Selangor 2000
35.
35
Giant Distribution Centre (Sepang), Selangor 2009
34.
PML Production Facility, Selangor 2011
33.
Integrated Water Supply, Kuala Lumpur 2008
32.
Semangar Water Treatment Plant 31.
31 KVMRT Sungai Buloh - Kajang Line 2017
30.
6 Stations for Kelana Jaya LRT Line Extension, Kuala Lumpur 2014
29.
Electrified Double Track-Padang Besar to Ipoh (Station Building) 2014
28.
Lim Kok Wing University, Selangor 2004
27.
27
Source: http://www.limkokwing.net
Sunway Monash University, Selangor 2007
26.
26 Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak 2003
25.
Sunway Medical Centre, Selangor 1998
24.
Kajang Specialist Centre, Selangor 2005
23. 23 Source: http://www.kpjhealth.com.my/ Public Religious Buildings Industrial
Transport & Infrastructure Private Educational Private Healthcare
A Selection of
Our Projects
(Cont’d)
ABOUT US 11 43 41 42 40 39 36 34 33 32 30 29 28 25 24
CALENDARS
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
2016
2017
S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 8 9 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31 2627 28 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1 27 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 2930 31 10 11 12 13 14 2627 1 29 30 28 29 2829 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 3 4 5 30 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 1 2 3 29 2 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 1 4 5 6 7 8 26 27 28 29 30 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 1 2 3 4 2728 29 30 3 4 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 27 28 29 4 5 6 7 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 1 2 3 8 9 10 11 28 29 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 3 4 2425 26 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 27 28 29 30 2 3 4 5 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 30 31 S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 3 4 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 2728 29 S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 27 28 29 30 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 27 1 2 28 2 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 1 4 5 6 7 8 26 27 28 29 2829 31 30 31 29 30 2930 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 31 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 1 2 3 4 30 3 4 1011 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 2425 26 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 27 28 29 30 31 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 3 4 5 2829 30 31 4 5 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 28 29 30 3031 5 6 7 8 1314 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 2728 1 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 29 30 4 5 1112 13 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 28 29 30 311
CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
Construction Cost Specification Kuala Lumpur Construction Cost Trend Construction Costs for Kuala Lumpur Construction Costs for Johor Bahru Construction Costs for Penang Construction Costs for Kota Kinabalu Construction Costs for Kuching Construction Costs for Selected Asian Cities Major Rates for Malaysia Major Rates for Selected Asian Cities ACMV Costs for Various Designs & Developments in Kuala Lumpur M&E Costs for Selected Asian Cities Unit Costs for Ancillary Facilities for Kuala Lumpur Fit-Out Costs for Kuala Lumpur
CONSTRUCTION COST SPECIFICATION
DOMESTIC OFFICE / COMMERCIAL HOTELS INDUSTRIAL
Apartment, high rise, average standard Apartment, high rise, high end Terraced houses, a
verage standard
Detached houses, high end Medium/high rise offices, average standard High rise offices, prestige quality Out-of-town shopping centre, average standard Retail malls, high end Budget hotels - 3-star, mid market Business hotels - 4/5 -star Luxury hotels - 5-star Industrial units, shell only (Conventional single storey framed units) Owner operated factories, low rise, light weight industry
Apartment units with fit-out, including air-conditioning, kitchen cabinets and home appliances, but
excluding
decorative light fittings and loose furniture.
(Malaysia only)
6-12 units per floor, 46m
2 - 83m 2 per unit
Apartment units with good quality fit-out, including air-conditioning, kitchen cabinets and home appliances, but
excluding
decorative light fittings and loose furniture.
Houses with fit-out, including air-conditioning, kitchen cabinets and home appliances, but
excluding
decorative light fittings, loose furniture, garden and parking.
(Malaysia only)
Excluding
air-conditioning.
Houses with good quality fit-out, including air-conditioning, kitchen cabinets and home appliances, but
excluding
decorative light fittings, loose furniture, garden and parking.
RC structure, curtain wall, including public area fit-out, tenant area with raised floor/ carpet, painted wall and false ceiling. (Malaysia only)
Average standard offices exclude tenant fitout.
Including public area fit-out and M&E, but
excluding
shop fit-out.
1) Interior decoration 2) Furniture (fixed and movable) 3) Special light fittings (chandeliers, etc.) 4) Operating Supplies and Equipment (OS&E)
excluded
.
RC structure with steel roof and M&E to main distribution, but
excluding
air-condit
ioning, heating and lighting.
RC structure, including small office with simple fit-out and M&E, but
excluding
air-conditioning and heating.
BUILDING TYPE
OUTLINE SPECIFICATION
RC structure RC structure, natural ventilation, no facade enclosure. Including fit-out and air-conditioning, but excluding educational equipment. (Malaysia only)
Schools with standard government provisions.
Including fit-out, loose furniture and air-conditioning. (Malaysia only)
Student hostels to university standard.
Dry sports (no swimming pool) and are for ‘leisure centre’ type schemes including main sports hall, ancillary sports facilities, changing and showers, restaurant/cafe, bar, etc. Costs include a/c, Furniture, Fittings and Equipment (FF&E). Excluding medical and operating equipment.
Underground/basement car parks (<3 levels) Multi storey car parks, above ground (<4 levels) Schools (primary and secondary) Students’ residences Sports clubs, multi purpose sports/leisure centres (dry sports) General hospitals - public sector
OTHERS
CONSTRUCTION COST DATA 15
Notes: 1. The costs for the respective categories given above are averages based on fixed price competitive tenders. It must be understood that the actual cost
of a building will depend upon the design and many other factors and may vary from the figures shown.
2. The costs per square metre are based on Construction Floor Areas (CFA) measured to the outside face of the external walls/ external perimeter
including lift shafts, stairwells, balconies, plant rooms, water tanks and the like.
3. All buildings are assumed to have no basements (except otherwise stated) and are built on flat ground, with normal soil and site condition. The cost excludes site formation works, external works, land cost, professional fees, finance and legal expenses. 4. The standard for each category of building varies from region to region and do not necessary follow that of each other. 5. All costs are in US$/m
KUALA LUMPUR CONSTRUCTION COST TREND 2005 - 2015
1. CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
All cost are at an average level unless otherwise stated Average standard offices, high rise Prestige offices, high rise Shopping Centres RM/m2 Office / Commercial 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Bungalows (mass housing) Detached houses and bungalows
Terraced houses Luxury apts, high rise
Average standard apts, high rise Low cost flats, high rise
(<15 levels) Low cost flats, low rise (<6 levels)
Low cost housing RM/m2 Domestic 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
All cost are at an average level unless otherwise stated
CONSTRUCTION COST DATA 17
0 600 1,200 1,800 2,400 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 RM/m2
Light duty flatted factories
Heavy duty flatted factories and warehouses Single storey conventional factory of structural steelwork Owner operated factories, low rise
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Resort Hotel inclusive of F.F.&E. 3-star budget hotels, ditto 5-star luxury hotels, ditto RM/m2
DOMESTIC Detached houses (mass housing) Detached houses (high end) Terraced houses Average standard apartments, high rise Luxury apartments, high rise Low cost housing Low cost flats, low rise (<6 levels) Low cost flats, high rise (<15 levels) OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Average standard offices, high rise Prestige offices, high rise Shopping centres HOTELS Resort hotels, inclusive of F.F.&E. 3-star budget hotels, ditto 5-star luxury hotels, ditto 1,515 2,290 745 1,025 2,380 420 550 615 1,550 2,190 1,910 3,250 3,390 6,110 - - - -BUILDING 2,065 2,815 1,030 1,535 2,900 445 600 710 1,710 3,255 2,400 3,510 4,375 7,370 SER VICES 905 810 175 295 810 100 150 205 950 1,420 840 1,280 790 1,930 - - - -1,005 -1,005 290 455 920 135 200 260 1,180 1,635 1,180 1,600 1,475 2,050 T OT AL 2,420 3,100 920 1,320 3,190 520 700 820 2,500 3,610 2,750 4,530 4,180 8,040 - - - -3,070 3,820 1,320 1,990 3,820 580 800 970 2,890 4,890 3,580 5,110 5,850 9,420 RM/m 2
INDUSTRIAL Light duty flatted factories Heavy duty flatted factories and warehouses Single storey conventional factory of structural steelwork Owner operated factories, low rise OTHERS Basement car parks (<3 levels) Elevated car parks (<4 levels) Primary and Secondary schools Student hostels Sports clubs inclusive of F.F.&E. 900 1,170 970 1,295 1,115 650 705 900 1,865 - - - - -930 1,235 1,155 1,405 1,430 820 805 970 1,990 530 590 360 495 375 210 195 250 555 - - - - -690 745 515 605 620 290 215 300 660 1,430 1,760 1,330 1,790 1,490 860 900 1,150 2,420 - - - - -1,620 1,980 1,670 2,010 2,050 1,110 1,020 1,270 2,650
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries (10%) but exclusive of contingencies.
DOMESTIC Detached houses (mass housing) Detached houses (high end) Terraced houses Average standard apartments, high rise Luxury apartments, high rise Low cost housing Low cost flats, low rise (<6 levels) Low cost flats, high rise (<15 levels) OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Average standard offices, high rise Prestige offices, high rise Shopping centres HOTELS Resort hotels, inclusive of F.F.&E. 3-star budget hotels, ditto 5-star luxury hotels, ditto 1,900 2,025 1,050 1,180 2,425 430 570 620 1,350 2,215 1,935 3,305 3,440 6,230 - - - -BUILDING 2,505 2,530 1,575 1,730 3,035 470 620 725 1,735 3,285 2,430 3,495 4,365 7,360 SER VICES 600 675 200 250 575 105 155 205 775 1,445 855 1,290 795 1,930 - - - -800 845 345 450 875 135 205 260 1,100 1,650 1,190 1,610 1,490 2,060 T OT AL 2,500 2,700 1,250 1,430 3,000 535 725 825 2,125 3,660 2,790 4,595 4,235 8,160 - - - -3,305 3,375 1,920 2,180 3,910 605 825 985 2,835 4,935 3,620 5,105 5,855 9,420 RM/m 2
INDUSTRIAL Light duty flatted factories Heavy duty flatted factories and warehouses Single storey conventional factory of structural steelwork Owner operated factories, low rise OTHERS Basement car parks (<3 levels) Elevated car parks (<4 levels) Primary and Secondary schools Student hostels Sports clubs inclusive of F.F.&E. 915 1,190 985 1,315 950 670 735 945 1,900 - - - - -935 1,240 1,170 1,425 1,140 855 840 1,050 2,105 545 615 375 500 280 200 195 250 560 - - - - -715 775 535 600 305 250 215 300 660 1,460 1,805 1,360 1,815 1.230 870 930 1,195 2,460 - - - - -1,650 2,015 1,705 2,025 1,445 1,105 1,055 1,350 2,765
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries (10%) but exclusive of contingencies.
DOMESTIC Detached houses (mass housing) Detached houses (high end) Terraced houses Average standard apartments, high rise Luxury apartments, high rise Low cost housing Low cost flats, low rise (<6 levels) Low cost flats, high rise (<15 levels) OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Average standard offices, high rise Prestige offices, high rise Shopping centres HOTELS Resort hotels, inclusive of F.F.&E. 3-star budget hotels, ditto 5-star luxury hotels, ditto 1,425 1,900 700 920 1,600 450 550 620 1,405 1,950 1,375 2,850 2,700 5,600 - - - -BUILDING 1,750 1,920 970 1,320 2,250 470 600 700 1,650 2,750 1,675 3,125 4,025 6,650 SER VICES 900 810 150 275 740 85 142 195 850 1,350 745 1,125 950 1,885 - - - -950 -950 300 400 850 110 185 230 1,100 1,585 945 1,535 1,450 1,965 T OT AL 2,325 2,710 850 1,195 2,340 535 692 815 2,255 3,300 2,120 3,975 3,650 7,485 - - - -2,700 2,870 1,270 1,720 3,100 580 785 930 2,750 4,335 2,620 4,660 5,475 8,615 RM/m 2
INDUSTRIAL Light duty flatted factories Heavy duty flatted factories and warehouses Single storey conventional factory of structural steelwork Owner operated factories, low rise OTHERS Basement car parks (<3 levels) Elevated car parks (<4 levels) Primary and Secondary schools Student hostels Sports clubs inclusive of F.F.&E. 760 905 770 1,000 825 530 660 850 1,550 - - - - -900 1,100 930 1,240 1,360 825 880 965 1,765 520 585 485 500 320 188 195 210 530 - - - - -700 745 560 600 550 320 250 275 700 1,280 1,490 1,255 1,500 1,145 718 855 1,060 2,080 - - - - -1,600 1,845 1,490 1,840 1,910 1,145 1,130 1,240 2,465
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries (10%) but exclusive of contingencies.
DOMESTIC Detached houses (mass housing) Detached houses (high end) Terraced houses Average standard apartments, high rise Luxury apartments, high rise Low cost housing Low cost flats, low rise (<6 levels) Low cost flats, high rise (<15 levels) OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Average standard offices, high rise Prestige offices, high rise Shopping centres HOTELS Resort hotels, inclusive of F.F.&E. 3-star budget hotels, ditto 5-star luxury hotels, ditto 1,480 2,240 750 1,010 2,350 410 520 590 1,510 2,140 1,540 3,200 3,900 6,040 - - - -BUILDING 1,580 2,740 1,010 1,510 2,860 440 570 650 1,710 3,170 2,090 3,400 4,350 7,130 SER VICES 410 970 275 345 905 115 160 205 840 1,400 840 1,135 1,385 2,230 - - - -515 1,195 330 410 1,025 160 180 215 970 1,600 970 1,385 1,530 2,380 T OT AL 1,890 3210 1,025 1,355 3,255 525 680 795 2,350 3,540 2,380 4,335 5,285 8,270 - - - -2,095 3,935 1,340 1,920 3,885 600 750 865 2,680 4,770 3,060 4,785 5,880 9,510 RM/m 2
INDUSTRIAL Light duty flatted factories Heavy duty flatted factories and warehouses Single storey conventional factory of structural steelwork Owner operated factories, low rise OTHERS Basement car parks (<3 levels) Elevated car parks (<4 levels) Primary and Secondary schools Student hostels Sports clubs inclusive of F.F.&E. 890 1,140 950 1,280 960 650 700 920 1,830 - - - - -950 1,210 1,190 1,440 1,140 820 810 990 1,960 410 480 345 410 240 180 225 250 690 - - - - -505 545 410 490 275 215 355 275 840 1,300 1,620 1,295 1,690 1,200 830 925 1,170 2,520 - - - - -1,455 1,755 1,600 1,930 1,415 1,035 1,165 1,265 2,800
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries (10%) but exclusive of contingencies.
DOMESTIC Detached houses (mass housing) Detached houses (high end) Terraced houses Average standard apartments, high rise Luxury apartments, high rise Low cost housing Low cost flats, low rise (<6 levels) Low cost flats, high rise (<15 levels) OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Average standard offices, high rise Prestige offices, high rise Shopping centres HOTELS Resort hotels, inclusive of F.F.&E. 3-star budget hotels, ditto 5-star luxury hotels, ditto 1,150 1,750 1,000 1,180 1,650 598 830 880 1,600 1,900 1,800 2,870 3,070 4,900 - - - -BUILDING 1,250 2,800 1,020 1,250 1,650 650 850 940 1,850 3,000 1,860 3,350 3,350 7,000 SER VICES 470 815 165 300 860 120 165 170 950 1,600 825 1,430 1,620 2,480 - - - -600 950 200 400 1,000 150 200 250 1,100 1,700 1,000 1,700 1,770 2,550 T OT AL 1,620 2,565 1,165 1,480 2,510 718 995 1,050 2,550 3,500 2,625 4,300 4,690 7,380 - - - -1,850 3,750 1,220 1,650 2,650 800 1,050 1,190 2,950 4,700 2,860 5,050 5,120 9,550 RM/m 2
INDUSTRIAL Light duty flatted factories Heavy duty flatted factories and warehouses Single storey conventional factory of structural steelwork Owner operated factories, low rise OTHERS Basement car parks (<3 levels) Elevated car parks (<4 levels) Primary and Secondary schools Student hostels Sports clubs inclusive of F.F.&E. 1,060 1,140 890 1,150 1,115 870 1,020 1,200 1,850 - - - - -1,270 1,300 980 1,300 1,360 960 1,100 1,350 2,000 365 425 300 450 380 230 220 250 735 - - - - -400 500 430 530 400 250 350 320 880 1,425 1,565 1,190 1,600 1,495 1,100 1,240 1,450 2,585 - - - - -1,670 1,800 1,410 1,830 1,760 1,210 1,450 1,670 2,880
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries (10%) but exclusive of contingencies
DOMESTIC Apartments, high rise, average standard Apartments, high rise, high end Terraced houses, average standard Detached houses, high end OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Medium/high rise offices, average standard High rise offices, prestige quality Out-of-town shopping centre, average standard Retail malls, high end HOTELS Budget hotels - 3 star, mid market Business hotels - 4/5 star Luxury hotels - 5 star SINGAPORE ^ MANILA @ JAKART A # BRUNEI BANGKOK * 305 - 460 735 - 880 210 - 305 715 - 880 575 - 665 835 - 1,130 515 - 615 635 - 825 965 - 1,350 1,675 - 1,960 1,855 - 2,175 KUALA LUMPUR US$/m 2 604 - 730 899 - 1,067 421 - 505 730 - 885 590 - 730 772 - 983 576 - 744 772 - 800 1,053 - 1,165 1,348 - 1,544 1,573 - 1,685 813 - 1,116 1,004 - 1,307 526 - 829 800 - 1,103 813 - 1,116 1,149 - 1,453 789 - 1,092 1,040 - 1,343 1,537 - 1,840 2,167 - 2,471 2,225 - 2,528 636 - 722 879 - 998 342 - 442 922 - 1,112 627 - 698 926 - 1,045 542 - 599 599 - 646 1,093 - 1,292 1,492 - 1,663 1,596 - 1,805 860 - 920 1,170 - 1,310 605 - 690 1,280 - 1,370 820 - 870 1,260 - 1,365 735 - 870 1,080 - 1,260 1,180 - 1,375 1,350 - 1,685 1,575 - 2,030 1,360 - 1,540 2,075 - 3,075 1,750 - 1,965 2,215 - 2,930 1,750 - 1,930 1,930 - 2,145 1,930 - 2,075 2,075 - 2,290 2,180 - 2,360 2,790 - 3,145 2,790 - 3,145 + +
CONSTRUCTION COSTS FOR SELECTED ASIAN CITIES
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries but exclusive of contingencies. * Rates exclude V
A
T
.
#
Rates are nett of V
A T . @ Rates include 12% V A T .
^ Rates are nett of GST
.
+ Includes raised floor and ceiling to tenanted areas but excludes of
fice carpets (normally under tenant’
s fit-out).
$ Open on all sides with parapet.
(Cont’d)
CONSTRUCTION COST DATA 29
INDUSTRIAL Industrial units, shell only. (Conventional single storey framed units). Owner operated factories, low rise, light weight industry OTHERS Underground/basement car parks (<3 levels) Multi storey car parks, above ground (<4 levels) Schools (primary & secondary) Students’ residences Sports clubs, multi purpose sports/leisure centres (dry sports) General hospitals - public sector Exchange Rate Used : US$1 =
305 - 385 415 - 465 345 - 475 200 - 255 210 - 235 265 - 295 560 - 610 835 - 1,040 RM 4.33
449 - 562 N/A 505 - 660 168 - 270 N/A N/A N/A N/A
BAHT 35.61
375 - 678 511 - 814 N/A 416 - 720 610 - 913 713 - 1,016 1,640 - 1,943 1,843 - 2,146 B$ 1.37
287 - 310 310 - 343 442 - 541 287 - 310 N/A N/A 998 - 1,496 N/A
IDR 13,750
450 - 460 560 - 650 510 - 560 460 - 606 690 - 765 690 - 765 1,180 - 1,425 1,350 - 1,475 PHP 47.00
740 - 945 N/A 945 - 1,290 665 - 945 N/A
1,610 - 1,750 2,000 - 2,145 2,790 - 2,930 S$ 1.40
CONSTRUCTION COSTS FOR SELECTED ASIA CITIES
(Cont’d)
DOMESTIC Apartments, high rise, average standard Apartments, high rise, high end Terraced houses, average standard Detached houses, high end OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Medium/high rise offices, average standard High rise offices, prestige quality Out-of-town shopping centre, average standard Retail malls, high end HOTELS Budget hotels - 3 star, mid market Business hotels - 4/5 star Luxury hotels - 5 star
MACAU $ HONG KONG ^ HO CHI MINH # SEOUL # 510 - 585 775 - 930 350 - 375 460 - 485 385 - 420 480 - 510 375 - 410 525 - 570 725 - 805 1,130 - 1,340 1,430 - 1,585 US$/m 2 1,347 - 1,629 1,620 - 1,981 N/A 2,210 - 3,363 1,197 - 1,364 1,391 - 1,690 1,127 - 1,743 1,320 - 2,183 1,646 - 2,069 2,306 - 3,979 2,562 - 4,093 605 - 755 765 - 885 405 - 475 465 - 565 710 - 825 815 - 1,110 N/A 655 - 860 1,305 - 1,590 N/A 1,690 - 1,960 3,140 - 3,690 4,240 - 4,940 4,310 - 5,030 5,580 - 6,350 3,080 - 3,650 3,820 - 4,710 3,140 - 3,690 4,180 - 4,960 4,010 - 4,330 4,210 - 4,970 4,920 - 5,710 2,170 - 2,655 3,035 - 4,635 3,710 - 4,425 4,510 - 5,875 2,505 - 3,235 3,235 - 3,535 2,355 - 3,535 3,710 - 4,475 3,295 - 3,720 4,475 - 5,340 5,340 - 6,315 INDIA*
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries but exclusive of contingencies. *
Rates are based on projects in Bangalore and are nett of V
A
T
and Service
T
ax. Mumbai costs are generally 8% higher
.
#
Rates are nett of V
A
T
and contingencies.
$
Rates are exclusive of any management contract fee.
^ Of
fices of average standard are built to the following provisions:
(i) Curtain wall/window wall facade (ii)
T
enant are with screeded floor
, painted wall and ceiling
Schools (primary and secondary) are of public authority standard, no a/c and complete with basic external works.
(Cont’d)
CONSTRUCTION COST DATA 31
INDUSTRIAL Industrial units, shell only. (Conventional single storey framed units). Owner operated factories, low rise, light weight industry OTHERS Underground/basement car parks (<3 levels) Multi storey car parks, above ground (<4 levels) Schools (primary & secondary) Students’ residences Sports clubs, multi purpose sports/leisure centres (dry sports) General hospitals - public sector Exchange Rate Used : US$1 =
300 - 355 320 - 375 250 - 270 195 - 215 245 - 270 270 - 300 535 - 560 585 - 640 INR 65.00
660 - 836 N/A 942 - 1,109 581 - 757 N/A 1,382 - 1,488 N/A N/A
KRW 1,136 305 - 380 360 - 475 605 - 725 385 - 425 505 - 555 505 - 655 755 - 805 N/A VND 22,410 N/A 2,410 - 3,060 2,370 - 2,950 1,470 - 1,730 2,590 - 2,810 2,540 - 2,950 3,970 - 4,490 5,130 - 5,830 HK$ 7.80 N/A N/A 1,955 - 2,870 1,080 - 1,415 2,155 - 2,505 1,715 - 1,990 N/A N/A MOP 7.98
CONSTRUCTION COSTS FOR SELECTED ASIAN CITIES
(Cont’d)
DOMESTIC Apartments, high rise, average standard Apartments, high rise, high end Terraced houses, average standard Detached houses, high end OFFICE / COMMERCIAL Medium/high rise offices, average standard High rise offices, prestige quality Out-of-town shopping centre, average standard Retail malls, high end HOTELS Budget hotels - 3 star, mid market Business hotels - 4/5 star Luxury hotels - 5 star
BEIJING* DALIAN* SHENY ANG* SHENZHEN/ GUANGZHOU* CHONGQING/ CHENGDU* 675 - 750 1,645 - 1,800 450 - 480 675 - 750 900 - 1,195 1,195 - 1,495 N/A 1,270 - 1,645 975 - 1,195 1,645 - 2,245 2,245 - 2,695 US$/m 2 490 - 645 785 - 1,040 385 - 470 530 - 630 805 - 960 1,025 - 1,415 630 - 835 1,100 - 1,495 945 - 1,180 1,655 - 2,125 N/A 520 - 575 865 - 955 390 - 435 535 - 590 755 - 836 1,045 - 1,155 720 - 795 1,065 - 1,175 980 - 1,085 1,585 - 1,750 2,160 - 2,385 520 - 590 860 - 965 385 - 445 520 - 565 815 - 890 1,110 - 1,260 666 - 740 1,110 - 1,260 980 - 1,080 1,480 - 1,930 N/A 560 - 650 1,070 - 1,170 415 - 475 560 - 625 845 - 905 1,155 - 1,215 740 - 830 1,140 - 1,290 1,010 - 1,095 1,700 - 1,930 N/A 630 - 695 1,575 - 1,795 929 - 1,010 1,795 - 1,875 900 - 1,215 1,215 - 2,000 695 - 930 1,245 - 1,715 1,010 - 1,245 1,715 - 2,190 2,190 - 2,820 SHANGHAI*
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, inclusive of preliminaries but exclusive of contingencies. * Houses are built to shell and core standard only
, where all tenant or occupant areas are unfurnished.
* Schools (primary and secondary) are of public authority standard, no a/c and complete with basic external works.
CONSTRUCTION COST DATA 33
INDUSTRIAL Industrial units, shell only. (Conventional single storey framed units). Owner operated factories, low rise, light weight industry OTHERS Underground/basement car parks (<3 levels) Multi storey car parks, above ground (<4 levels) Schools (primary & secondary) Students’ residences Sports clubs, multi purpose sports/leisure centres (dry sports) General hospitals - public sector Exchange Rate Used : US$1 =
525 - 600 N/A 750 - 1,050 375 - 525 525 - 675 375 - 525 975 - 1,195 1,495 - 1,945 RMB 6.35
440 - 585 N/A N/A 330 - 395 N/A N/A N/A N/A RMB 6.35
495 - 545 N/A 500 - 795 355 - 390 395 - 435 250 - 280 740 - 815 N/A RMB 6.35
N/A N/A
560 - 625 350 - 375 N/A N/A N/A N/A RMB 6.35
N/A N/A N/A
365 - 380 N/A N/A N/A N/A RMB 6.35
KUALA LUMPUR
15.0 - 20.0 15.0 - 20.0 20.0 - 25.0 60.0 - 70.0 240.0 - 280.0 260.0 - 320.0 3.0 - 3.3 3.0 - 3.3 38.0 - 45.0 38.0 - 45.0 45.0 - 50.0 55.0 - 60.0 350.0 - 500.0
RM
1. Excavating basement ≤ 2m deep 2. Excavating for footings ≤ 1.5m deep 3. Remove excavated materials off site 4. Hardcore bed blinded with fine materials 5. Mass concrete grade 15 6. Reinforced concrete grade 30 7. Mild steel rod reinforcement 8. High tensile rod reinforcement 9. Sawn formwork to soffits of suspended slabs 10. Sawn formwork to columns and walls 11. 112.5mm thick brick walls 12. “Kliplok Colorbond” 0.64mm profiled steel sheeting 13. Aluminium casement windows, single glazed
m3 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m kg kg 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m PENANG 13.5 - 20.0 12.0 - 21.8 12.0 - 23.0 52.0 - 60.0 220.0 - 270.0 230.0 - 260.0 3.2 - 3.6 3.2 - 3.7 30.0 - 40.0 30.0 - 40.0 35.0 - 45.0 65.0 - 92.0 220.0 - 420.0 JOHOR BAHRU 18.0 - 31.0 16.0 - 26.5 17.5 - 27.5 80.0 - 120.0 290.0 300.0 3.1 - 4.0 3.1 - 4.0 55.0 - 65.0 55.0 65.0 - 75.0 95.0 285.0 - 380.0 KOTA KINABALU 14.0 20.0 22.0 100.0 330.0 395.0 3.7 3.7 40.0 40.0 47.0 96.0* 250.0 - 350.0 KUCHING 20.0 20.0 20.0 100.0 345.0 390.0 3.8 3.8 44.0 44.0 46.0 98.0 360.0
14. Structural steelwork - beams, stanchions and the like 15. Steelwork - angles, channels, flats and the like 16. 25mm cement and sand (1:3) paving 17. 20mm cement and sand (1:4) plaster to walls 18. Ceramic tiles bedded to floor screed (measured separately) 19. 12mm fibrous plasterboard ceiling lining 20. Two coats of emulsion paint to plastered surfaces Average expected preliminaries kg kg m2 2m 2m 2m 2m % 6.5 - 9.6 6.5 - 9.6 12.0 - 25.0 15.0 - 28.0 48.0 - 75.0 22.0 - 35.0 3.5 - 8.5 3.0 - 6.0 9.50 9.50 25.0 - 35.0 35.0 - 40.0 55.0 - 80.0 40.0 - 50.0 3.5 - 6.5 7.0 - 14.0 8.2 8.2 23.0 24.0 100.0 60.0 12.0 10.0 6.0 - 8.0 6.0 - 8.0 15.0 - 22.0 15.0 - 22.0 50.0 - 70.0 35.0 - 45.0 3.5 - 4.5 6.0 - 12.0 6.5 - 7.0 6.5 - 7.0 25.0 25.0 78.0 50.0 8.50 5.0 - 7.0
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, exclusive of contingencies and preliminaries. * Rates is for “Kliplok Colorbond” 0.54mm profiled steel sheeting.
m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 kg kg m2 2m 2m 2m 2m kg kg m2
1. Excavating basement ≤ 2m deep 2. Excavating for footings ≤ 1.5m deep 3. Remove excavated materials off site 4. Hardcore bed blinded with fine materials 5. Mass concrete grade 15 6. Reinforced concrete grade 30 7. Mild steel rod reinforcement 8. High tensile rod reinforcement 9. Sawn formwork to soffits of suspended slabs 10. Sawn formwork to columns and walls 11. 112.5mm thick brick walls 12. “Kliplok Colorbond” 0.64mm profiled steel sheeting 13. Aluminium casement windows, single glazed 14. Structural steelwork - beams, stanchions and the like 15. Steelwork - angles, channels, flats and the like 16. 25mm cement and sand (1:3) paving
15 - 20 15 - 20 20 - 25 60 - 70 240 - 280 260 - 320 3.00 -3.30 3.00 -3.30 38 - 45 38 - 45 45 - 50 55 - 60 350 - 500 6.00 - 8.00 6.00 - 8.00 15 - 22 KUALA LUMPUR RM 120 120 120 650 2,200 2,600 23 22 420 420 700 1,200 7,000 55 55 200 BANGKOK * BAHT BRUNEI B$ 3.50 3 3 43 124 130 0.65 0.65 15 15 17.50 58 160 - 210 3.50 3.20 9 35 45 38 370 1,050 1,200 10 10 190 170 170 250 1,200 25 25 60 JAKART A * IDR’000 220 250 145 784 2,750 3,500 42 43 900 850 N/A 1,100 10,500 # 95 95 250 MANILA PHP 20 20 15 - 20 50 190 - 200^ 130 - 135 1.20 - 1.30 1.20 - 1.30 42 42 35 - 40 43 290 4.80 - 5.80 4.80 - 5.80 21 SINGAPORE @ S$
m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 % 17.
20mm cement and sand (1:4) plaster to walls
18. Ceramic tiles bedded to floor screed (measured separately) 19. 12mm fibrous plasterboard ceiling lining 20. Two coats of emulsion paint to plastered surfaces Average expected preliminaries
15 - 22 50 - 70 35 - 45 3.50 - 4.50 6 - 12 220 1,200 800 120 12 - 18 8 33 28 5 5 - 8 75 160 150 $ 25 6 - 10 275 1,600 965 220 12 - 18 22 74 30 3.50 - 4.00 13 - 17
The above cost are based on lump sum fixed price contract rate exclusive of preliminaries and contingencies unless otherwise st
ated.
* Rates are nett of V
A
T
.
@
Rates are nett of GST
.
$
9mm gypsum board. # Aluminium with anodized finish; 6mm thick. ^ Rate for lean concrete blinding.
(Cont’d)
m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 kg kg m2 2m 2m 2m 2m kg kg m2
1. Excavating basement ≤ 2m deep 2. Excavating for footings ≤ 1.5m deep 3. Remove excavated materials off site 4. Hardcore bed blinded with fine materials 5. Mass concrete grade 15 6. Reinforced concrete grade 30 7. Mild steel rod reinforcement 8. High tensile rod reinforcement 9. Sawn formwork to soffits of suspended slabs 10. Sawn formwork to columns and walls 11. 112.5mm thick brick walls 12. “Kliplok Colorbond” 0.64mm profiled steel sheeting 13. Aluminium casement windows, single glazed 14. Structural steelwork - beams, stanchions and the like 15. Steelwork - angles, channels, flats and the like 16. 25mm cement and sand (1:3) paving
175 195 N/A 4,025 5,650 6,850 63 65 600 650 940 1,425 5,250 103 103 400 INDIA * INR 1,930 1,930 9,900 29,200 64,400 78,000 1,240 1,280 29,400 29,400 44,700 39,300 321,000 1,660 1,660 3,160 SEOUL # K RW HO CHI MINH^ VND (’000) 68.3 - 75.4 76.4 - 84.5 70.4 - 77.8 350.0 - 386.9 1,378 - 1,523 1,787 - 1,976 17.6 - 19.5 16.0 - 17.7 184.0 - 203.3 235.3 - 260.0 198.0 - 218.8 494.2 - 546.2 2,660 - 2,940 26.0 - 28.7 28.5 - 31.5 57.4 - 63.5 26 31 37 170 433 517 4 4 85 73 72 N/A 815 + 9.35 8.50 27 BEIJING RMB 225 205 280 $ 950 1,200 1,400 9.50 9.50 420 420 420 880 2,950 38 42 140 HONG KONG HK$ 120 140 90 1,100 1,400 1,300 8 8 280 280 500 N/A 4,000 38 43 120 MACAU MOP
MAJOR RATES FOR SELECTED ASIAN CITIES
m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 % 17.
20mm cement and sand (1:4) plaster to walls
18. Ceramic tiles bedded to floor screed (measured separately) 19. 12mm fibrous plasterboard ceiling lining 20. Two coats of emulsion paint to plastered surfaces Average expected preliminaries
340 1,450 1,100 210 8 - 12 9,300 64,400 26,500 7,870 6 - 11 82.0 - 90.6 239.5 - 264.7 283.5 - 313.3 77.7 - 85.8 8 - 12 28 140 162 32 7 - 10 145 380 570 60 10 - 15 150 500 650 200 6 - 12
The above costs are based on lump sum fixed price contract rate exclusive of preliminaries and contingencies unless otherwise
stated.
* Rates are supply & fix based on projects in Bangalore and are nett of V
A
T
and service
T
ax. Mumbai costs are generally 8% higher
.
# Rates include labour costs and are nett of V
A
T
.
^ Rates are nett of V
A
T
.
$ Rate including dumping charges. + Rate for double glazed window
.
(Cont’d)
m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 kg kg m2 2m 2m 2m 2m kg kg m2
1. Excavating basement ≤ 2m deep 2. Excavating for footings ≤ 1.5m deep 3. Remove excavated materials off site 4. Hardcore bed blinded with fine materials 5. Mass concrete grade 15 6. Reinforced concrete grade 30 7. Mild steel rod reinforcement 8. High tensile rod reinforcement 9. Sawn formwork to soffits of suspended slabs 10. Sawn formwork to columns and walls 11. 112.5mm thick brick walls 12. “Kliplok Colorbond” 0.64mm profiled steel sheeting 13. Aluminium casement windows, single glazed 14. Structural steelwork - beams, stanchions and the like 15.
Steelwork - angles, channels, flats and the like
16. 25mm cement and sand (1:3) paving
30 30 98 165 320 420 3.40 3.40 84 84 85* N/A 690 10 8 25 SHANGHAI RMB 18 25 52 150 340 360 3.50 3.50 50 50 65 N/A 700+ 8.50 8.50 28 CHONGQING/ CHENGDU RMB SHENZHEN/ GUANGZHOU RMB 30 25 65 180 449 484 5.00 5.00 80 80 60 N/A 525 10 8 30 22 25 35 150 410 500 4.20 4.20 90 90 70 N/A 700 + 9.80 9.80 25 SHENY ANG RMB 28 33 30 170 420 500 4.20 4.20 92 92 70 N/A 700 + 9.80 9.80 37 DALIAN RMB
MAJOR RATES FOR SELECTED ASIAN CITIES
m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 % 17.
20mm cement and sand (1:4) plaster to walls
18. Ceramic tiles bedded to floor screed (measured separately) 19. 12mm fibrous plasterboard ceiling lining 20. Two coats of emulsion paint to plastered surfaces Average expected preliminaries
26 155 150 39 5 - 10 32 120 120 35 5 - 10 25 150 180 30 5 - 10 26 165 120 30 5 - 10 40 140 140 32 5 - 10
The above costs are based on lump sum fixed price contract rate exclusive of preliminaries and contingencies unless otherwise
stated.
* Rate for 120mm thick concrete block walls. + Rate for double glazed window
.
ACMV COSTS FOR VARIOUS DESIGNS & DEVELOPMENTS IN KUALA LUMPUR
ACMV : Air Conditioning & Mechanical Ventilation System
310 100 350 200 60 280 278 391 190 450 280 90 450 400 0 100 200 300 400 500 Hospital Academic Institution Office Residential Factory Hotel Commercial Complex
RM/m2 of Construction Floor Area 210 260 360 250 350 400 0 100 200 300 400 500 Central Variable Air Volume Central Constant Air Volume Central Variable Refrigerant Volume
RM/Tonne of Refrigeration 4000 5200 6650 4500 6000 7400 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 Central Variable Air Volume Central Constant Air Volume Central Variable Refrigerant Volume RM/Tonne of Refrigeration 6200 6600 1200 4600 1300 6500 7500 7500 8500 2000 5000 2000 7600 8400 0 2500 5000 7500 10000 Hospital Academic Institution Office Residential Factory Hotel Commercial Complex
MECHANICAL SERVICES Offices Industrial* Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments ELECTRICAL SERVICES Offices Industrial** Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments HYDRAULIC SERVICES Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments 360 - 475 62 - 90 290 - 465 300 - 410 210 - 295 230 - 470 144 - 160 255 - 600 210 - 280 88 - 220 26 - 59 37 - 46 180 - 250 26 - 35 20 - 50 KUALA LUMPUR RM/m 2 4,400 - 4,800 1,550 - 1,600 4,600 - 5,100 4,400 - 4,800 4,400 - 4,500 3,400 - 3,600 1,950 - 2,200 3,800 - 4,200 2,800 - 3,010 2,800 - 3,350 790 - 910 750 - 790 1,400 - 1,650 790 - 950 1,200 - 1,400 BANGKOK @ BAHT /m 2 181 - 226 23 - 39 292 - 336 207 - 246 214 - 246 233 - 292 194 - 233 292 - 381 221 - 317 252 - 317 16 - 39 11 - 19 61 - 84 12 - 41 38 - 60 BRUNEI B$/m 2 965 - 1,140 300 - 700 965 - 1,300 855 - 1,030 855 - 1,110 780 - 1,040 440 - 690 790 - 1,110 690 - 870 780 - 1,040 190 - 290 110 - 200 790 - 1,110 190 - 290 770 - 1,110 JAKART A # IDR’000/m 2 3,000 - 5,000 650 - 1,500 3,000 - 6,500 2,500 - 4,500 600 - 3,000 3,300 - 6,000 2,000 - 3,500 4,700 - 9,000 3,060 - 6,000 3,600 - 6,300 900 - 2,000 700 - 1,300 1,950 - 4,000 700 - 1,600 1,400 - 2,700 MANILA $ PHP/m 2 165 - 270 35 - 125 140 - 300 160 - 265 95 - 180 170 - 275 55 - 145 195 - 380 170 - 325 105 - 245 30 - 60 20 - 40 100 - 190 50 - 90 80 - 155 SINGAPORE^ S$ /m 2
FIRE SERVICES Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments LIFTS / ESCALATORS Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments 60 - 80 45 - 65 65 - 95 65 - 85 20 - 25 88 - 400 55 - 190 85 - 370 85 - 110 63 - 105 780 - 850 730 - 750 780 - 890 780 - 820 720 - 850 1,050 - 1,180 N/A 1,100 - 1,200 250 - 450 500 - 580 32 - 39 12 - 19 26 - 49 32 - 66 26 - 52 9 - 32 4 - 19 12 - 45 12 - 36 11 - 26 250 - 390 110 - 200 270 - 390 270 - 310 270 - 310 430 - 1,170 N/A 430 - 1,090 320 - 870 420 - 870 700 - 1,200 600 - 900 700 - 1,200 700 - 1,300 650 - 1,300 1,600 - 2,900 N/A 1,800 - 3,000 595 - 2,000 800 - 2,100 35 - 60 25 - 55 35 - 60 40 - 60 25 - 55 70 - 180 45 - 115 70 - 120 60 - 100 45 - 125
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, exclusive of contingencies unless otherwise stated. * Generally without air condition. ** Excludes special power supply
.
@ Based upon nett enclosed area and nett of V
A
T
.
#
All rates are nett of V
A
T
. Rates for Electrical Services are excluding genset. Rates for Hydraulic Services are excluding STP
.
Rates for Mechanical Services refers to
ACMV Rates only
.
^ Rates are nett of GST
and excluding BAS.
$
T
ransformer included in Electrical Services.
(Cont’d)
MECHANICAL SERVICES Offices Industrial* Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments ELECTRICAL SERVICES Offices Industrial** Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments HYDRAULIC SERVICES Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments 230 - 301 96 - 165 223 - 353 155 - 255 99 - 180 210 - 395 130 - 190 300 - 490 180 - 262 140 - 189 36 - 59 23 - 33 74 - 115 30 - 60 51 - 78 SEOUL @ KR W(’000)/m 2 4,250 - 6,050 1,965 - 3,500 5,250 - 5,725 4,085 - 5,350 2,335 - 2,865 3,765 - 5,195 2,225 - 3,700 4,200 - 5,725 3,600 - 4,825 1,825 - 2,500 665 - 1,005 450 - 795 3,445 - 5,195 980 - 1,775 1,550 - 2,150 INDIA # INR /m 2 1,736 - 2,474
N/A N/A N/A
1,387 - 1,900 2,037 - 2,429
N/A N/A N/A
1,796 - 2,269
281 - 534 N/A N/A N/A 546 - 647
HO CHI MINH VND(’000)/m 2 760 - 1,050 170 - 280 910 - 1,150 790 - 950 140 - 410 460 - 703 320 - 450 705 - 943 481 - 676 253 - 398 95 - 140 95 - 140 370 - 480 140 - 200 170 - 230 BEIJING RMB/m 2 2,000 - 2,800 200 - 300 2,200 - 2,750 2,300 - 2,850 850 - 1,750 1,750 - 2,500 650 - 900 1,900 - 2,600 1,900 - 2,500 1,100 - 1,750 600 - 750 450 - 600 1,800 - 2,500 600 - 750 1,250 - 2,000 HONG KONG HK$/m 2 N/A N/A 2,600 - 3,000 2,200 - 2,800 900 - 1,100 N/A N/A 2,600 - 3,100 2,600 - 2,800 1,000 - 1,300 N/A N/A 1,800 - 2,200 600 - 800 1,500 - 2,000 MACAU MOP /m 2
M&E COSTS FOR SELECTED ASIAN CITIES (Cont’d)
FIRE SERVICES Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments LIFTS / ESCALATORS Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments
32 - 65
25 - 38 38 - 85 26 - 70 35 - 68 42 - 67 16 - 26 100 - 175 48 - 84 29 - 41
1,050 - 1,375 505 - 665 1,225 - 1,565 1,010 - 1,165 555 - 670 875 - 1,115 565 - 730 1,275 - 1,850 1,485 - 1,910 795 - 1,010
650 - 1,079 N/A N/A N/A 446 - 561 611 - 1,165 N/A N/A 1,243 - 1,760 694 - 1,004
180 - 265 150 - 225 220 - 375 220 - 375 70 - 135 294 - 577 145 - 400 232 - 520 327 - 520 175 - 289
550 - 700 400 - 500 600 - 850 550 - 700 150 - 250 700 - 1,200 550 - 750 550 - 850 850 - 1,000 450 - 850
N/A N/A
900 - 1,100 600 - 800 250 - 300 N/A N/A 600 - 800 450 - 700 450 - 600
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, exclusive of contingencies unless otherwise stated. * Generally without air condition. ** Excludes special power supply
.
@
Rates are nett of V
A
T
.
#
Rates are based on projects in Bangalore and are nett of V
A
T
and Service
T
ax. Mumbai costs are generally 8% higher
.
(Cont’d)
MECHANICAL SERVICES Offices Industrial* Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments ELECTRICAL SERVICES Offices Industrial** Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments HYDRAULIC SERVICES Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments 761 - 966 173 - 289 971 - 1,265 1,050 - 1,103 310 - 410 593 - 651 305 - 431 651 - 830 520 - 651 252 - 368 110 - 163 89 - 131 368 - 488 137 - 184 168 - 226 SHANGHAI RMB/m 2 765 - 1,040 150 - 268 1,071 - 1,339 707 - 954 122 - 380 530 - 765 306 - 445 680 - 916 483 - 653 278 - 445 122 - 166 86 - 112 391 - 493 112 - 150 145 - 257 SHENZHEN/ GUANGZHOU RMB /m 2 680 - 980 130 - 220 720 - 1,150 580 - 980 90 - 280 420 - 650 250 - 350 500 - 750 400 - 650 220 - 330 60 - 120 60 - 120 280 - 350 60 - 120 100 - 180 CHONGQING/ CHENGDU RMB/m 2 585 - 683 N/A 683 - 780 585 - 878 98 - 293 439 - 634 N/A 683 - 878 488 - 585 293 - 390 30 - 118 N/A 197 - 296 118 - 167 99 - 197 SHENY ANG RMB/m 2 585 - 683 N/A 683 - 780 585 - 683 98 - 293 458 - 673 N/A 702 - 897 507 - 605 215 - 312 69 - 118 N/A 197 - 296 118 - 167 99 - 148 DALIAN RMB/m 2
M&E COSTS FOR SELECTED ASIAN CITIES
FIRE SERVICES Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments LIFTS / ESCALATORS Offices Industrial Hotels Shopping Centres Apartments 220 - 300 150 - 250 280 - 380 250 - 380 50 - 100 280 - 550 135 - 390 220 - 495 325 - 495 165 - 325 224 - 348 139 - 267 278 - 413 247 - 370 64 - 122 294 - 481 150 - 434 241 - 465 326 - 460 122 - 268 160 - 230 130 - 230 180 - 300 200 - 300 45 - 90 330 - 580 140 - 340 280 - 480 280 - 430 130 - 230 146 - 224 N/A 127 - 224 49 - 146 49 - 127 300 - 550 N/A 300 - 500 140 - 230 120 - 250 146 - 224 N/A 146 - 224 146 - 195 59 - 146 300 - 550 N/A 250 - 350 150 - 250 120 - 200
The above costs are at 4th Quarter 2015 levels, exclusive of contingencies unless otherwise stated. * Generally without air condition. ** Excludes special power supply
.
UNIT RM per set 46,600 per room 15,200 per room 18,000 per hole 2,552,000 per set 275,000 DESCRIPTION PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT Outdoor playground equipment comprising various activities and safety mat
Age group: 4 to 12 Child Capacity: 15 - 20
* Price varies according to equipment and design.
SAUNAS
Sauna room complete with timber finishes (Finland Spruce), stainless steel heater with built-in control panel and all accessories
Size: 8’ x 8’ x 7’6” STEAM BATHS
Steam bath complete with steam generator, aluminium framed glass door, ceramic wall tiles, water proofing system, lighting and all accessories
Size: 8’ x 8’ x 7’6”
GOLF COURSES
(Based on “Average Cost Model” of an 18 hole golf course in Asia). Including fairway construction and rough hydro seeding.
GOLF SIMULATOR
Complete golf simulation system complete with projector, high impact projection screen, artificial grass putting turf, putting green
UNIT COSTS FOR ANCILLARY FACILITIES FOR KUALA LUMPUR
UNIT RM per court 59,300 per court 60,000 per pool 822,300 per pool 172,500 per pool 241,500 per pool 1,201,800 per pool 287,500 per pool 345,000 DESCRIPTION SQUASH COURTS
Single court with glass back wall including associated mechanical and electrical services but excluding any public facilities (enclosing structure not included)
TENNIS COURTS
Single court on grade with acrylic surfacing complete excluding chain link fence
SWIMMING POOLS Size: 25m x 10.5m Depth: approx. 1.2m to 1.8m Outdoor swimming pool built on ground, fully tiled, completed with 5m wide deck and associated equipment Extra for heating equipment (solar) Extra for ozone system Size: 25m x 10.5m Depth: approx. 1.8m to 3.0m Indoor swimming pool built with suspended structure (enclosing structure not included) fully tiled and completed with 5m wide deck, including mechanical ventilation and associated equipment
Extra for heating equipment (solar) Extra for ozone system
RM/m2 2,530 - 3,470 3,340 - 4,170 4,150 - above 1,260 - 1,800 1,730 - 2,750 2,650 - above 490 - 660 660 - 1,080 1,070 - above 2,460 - 3,820 5,770 - above DESCRIPTION HOTELS
Public Area (Front of House): 3 - star Hotel 4 - star Hotel 5 - star Hotel Guest Rooms: 3 - star Hotel 4 - star Hotel 5 - star Hotel Notes:
1. Includes furniture, floor, wall and ceiling finishes, drapery, sanitary fittings and light fittings.
2. Excludes partitioning, M&E works, chandelier, building shell, operational items and equipment (e.g. bed, cutlery, crockery, linen, television, refrigerator etc.), opening expenses, stage equipment and computer systems.
OFFICES General Office Executive Office Prestige Office Notes:
1. Local furniture allowed for general offices.
2. Includes furniture, partitioning, minor alteration to fire services, air-conditioning and suspended ceiling to suit layout. 3. Excludes telephones, Local Area Network, office equipment
(e.g. computers, photocopies, fax machines,UPS, etc).
RESTAURANTS General dining restaurant Fine dining restaurant Notes:
1. Includes furniture, floor, wall and ceiling finishes, minor alteration to air-conditioning and fire services installation to suit layout, exhaust for kitchen but excludes exhaust flue, operational items (e.g. cutlery, crockery, linen, utensils, etc.).
2
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION DATA
JUBM - Langdon & Seah Building Works Composite Tender Price Index (BWCTPI) JKR Tender Price Index Value of Construction Work Done Performance of Construction Sector Estimating Rules of Thumb Technical Specifications Average Unit Prices Unit Price Index Construction Sector Indicators Commodities Price Trend (Jan to Dec 2015) Malaysia Construction Sector - Employment & GDP Progress Payments
JUBM - LANGDON & SEAH BUILDING WORKS COMPOSITE TENDER PRICE INDEX (BWCTPI)
Base
Y
ear = 2000 Source: JUBM & Langdon & Seah
T e n d e r P ri c e Index 14 7 .2 13 5 .7 1 3 7 .3 1 3 3 .4 1 4 1 .0 1 4 1 .6 1 4 2 .1 1 4 1 .3 1 4 3 .2 1 4 6 .0 1 4 6 .3 1 4 9 .9 1 4 9 .1 1 5 0 .8 1 5 2 .5 1 5 4 .3 1 5 4 .9 1 6 7 .6 1 6 9 .4 1 7 0 .3 1 7 2 .0 1 7 1 .5 1 7 3 .3 1 7 4 .9 1 7 5 .8 1 6 9 .5 1 6 6 .4 1 6 6 .5 1 6 7 .3 10 0. 0 11 0. 0 12 0. 0 13 0. 0 14 0. 0 15 0. 0 16 0. 0 17 0. 0 18 0. 0 19 0. 0 20 0. 0 Q1 2 00 9 Q2 2 00 9 Q3 2 00 9 Q4 2 00 9 Q1 2 01 0 Q2 2 01 0 Q3 2 01 0 Q4 2 01 0 Q1 2 01 1 Q2 2 01 1 Q3 2 01 1 Q4 2 01 1 Q1 2 01 2 Q2 2 01 2 Q3 2 01 2 Q4 2 01 2 Q1 2 01 3 Q2 2 01 3 Q3 2 01 3 Q4 2 01 3 Q1 2 01 4 Q2 2 01 4 Q3 2 01 4 Q4 2 01 4 Q1 2 01 5 Q2 2 01 5 Q3 2 01 5 Q4 2 01 5 1H 2 01 6 ( f)
JKR TENDER PRICE INDEX
Base
Y
ear = 1980
Source: Contract and Quantity Survey Branch, Public W
orks Department (JKR), Malaysia
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
TENDER PRICE INDEX
1/2 312.09 393.64 415.44 441.68 427.14 410.18 408.49 420.49 415.24 446.03 461.82 2/2 312.56 412.62 426.13 458.76 446.03 398.59 411.36 429.32 437.35 453.99 N/A 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 T e n d e r Pr ic e Index
VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK DONE BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
Q1/2011 Q2/2011 Q3/2011 Q4/2011 Q1/2012 Q2/2012 Q3/2012 Q4/2012 Q1/2013 Q2/2013 Q3/2013 Q4/2013 Q1/2014 Q2/2014 Q3/2014 Q4/2014 Q1/2015 Q2/2015 Q3/2015 Quarter / Year RM million (%) Residential Buildings Non-residential Buildings Civil Engineering 3,491 3,775 4,180 4,610 4,885 5,162 5,061 5,760 5,413 6,484 6,253 6,813 7,202 7,657 7,598 8,059 8,606 8,253 8,227 22.5 25.1 26.1 26.1 27.6 25.4 24.8 26.0 26.3 28.5 27.4 27.6 28.8 30.4 30.0 29.7 29.9 30.3 28.5 (%) 6,578 6,513 6,166 5,958 6,807 7,086 7,158 6,431 6,714 7,123 7,869 7,598 8,052 8,157 8,724 9,382 10,006 9,418 9,937 42.4 43.3 38.5 33.7 38.4 34.8 35.1 29.0 32.6 31.4 34.4 30.8 32.2 32.4 34.5 34.6 34.8 34.6 34.5 (%) 4,363 3,530 4,355 6,057 5,119 7,050 7,201 8,835 7,603 8,025 7,667 9,006 8,399 8,167 7,838 8,285 8,753 8,288 9,330 28.1 23.5 27.2 34.3 28.9 34.6 35.3 39.8 36.9 35.3 33.6 36.5 33.6 32.4 31.0 30.6 30.5 30.4 32.4 Special Trade (%) 1,087 1,222 1,335 1,036 915 1,052 982 1,165 884 1,086 1,062 1,275 1,320 1,192 1,141 1,373 1,376 1,280 1,340 7.0 8.1 8.3 5.9 5.2 5.2 4.8 5.2 4.3 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.3 4.7 4.5 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 Total (%) 15,519 15,041 16,037 17,661 17,726 20,349 20,401 22,191 20,613 22,717 22,852 24,692 24,973 25,173 25,301 27,099 28,741 27,239 28,834 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 RM million RM million RM million RM million
PERFORMANCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Source: Quarterly Construction Statistics, Department of Statistics Malaysia
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 8,719 9,392 9,753 9,652 9,774 9,875 9,835 10,000 9,982 10,074 9,883 20,613,41 1 22,717,500 22,851,629 24,692,364 24,973,000 25,173,000 25,301,000 27,099,000 28,741,000 27,239,000 28,834,000 - 7.1 10.2 0.6 8.1 1.1 0.8 0.5 7.1 6.1 - 5.2 5.9 16.3 11.6 12.0 11.3 21.2 10.8 10.7 9.7 15.1 8.2 14.0 No. of Project Value of Construction Done (RM’000) Percentage Change (%) (QoQ)
(Y oY) 2013 2014 2015 (1 0.00) (5 .00) 0.0 0 5.0 0 10 .00 15 .00 20 .00 25 .00 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 20 13 20 14 20 15 P e rc e n ta g e C h a n g e ( % ) (Q o Q ) P e rc e n ta g e C h a n g e ( % ) (Y o Y ) (%)
ESTIMATING RULES OF THUMB
Composition of Concrete (per m3)
Mix Cement Sand Aggregate 1:3:6 216kg 0.45m3 0.90m3
1:2:4 308kg 0.43m3 0.86m3
1:1:2 540kg 0.38m3 0.75m3
Weight of Concrete Items
Item Weight Concrete 2,400 kg/m3 Cement 1,441 kg/m3 Sand 1,600 kg/m3 Aggregate 1,350 kg/m3 Steel 7,843 kg/m3 Average Loads Volume Lorry 10.0 m3
Concrete truck (24 ton) 5.5 m3
Barge 200 - 1,450 m3
Dimensions for Standard Parking Space, Loading/ Unloading Bays and Lay-bys
Minimum
Length Width Headroom Private Cars, Taxis 5 m 2.5 m 2.4 m and Light Vans
Coaches and Buses 12 m 3.0 m 3.8 m Lorries 11 m 3.5 m 4.1 m Container Vehicles 16 m 3.5 m 4.5 m Minimum headroom means the clearance between the floor and the lower most projection from the ceiling including any lighting units, ventilation duct, conduits or similar.