Unit 8:

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(1)Unit 8: Climate & Oceanography Topic: Climate Factors. 2013-14.

(2) Climate. . . Average weather conditions over an annual period – (Long Term) Two MAIN characteristics of climate: 1. 2.. Temperature Precipitation.

(3) What’s the difference? Weather. Climate. Short term. Long term. Unpredictable. Predictable.

(4) Weather vs. Climate W 1. “Today’s high was 27˚F.” ___. C 2. “Syracuse has averaged 450” of snowfall a year since ___ 1830.” C 3. “The average daily high for Dallas from 1950 to 2010 ___ was 150˚F.” W 4. “Yesterday’s storm deposited 1.2 inches of ___ precipitation at the airport.” W. ___ 5. “The maximum sustained winds in Hurricane Agony were 147 MPH.”. C 6. “Average August temperatures from 1980-2010 were ___ 2.1 degrees warmer than average August temperatures from 1880-1910.”.

(5) What Factors Can Affect a Location’s Climate? t Why is i so always ! cold!?!?.

(6) 6 MAJOR CLIMATE FACTORS 1. Latitude 2. Topography (Orographic Effect) 3. Elevation 4. Proximity to Water Bodies • Coastlines vs. Inland • Ocean Currents. 5. Vegetation 6. Atmospheric Circulation.

(7) Factor #1 - Latitude  Average. temp is lower the further from the equator.  Due. to the angle and duration of insolation.  Higher. angle = Higher Avg Temp.

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(9) How Does Latitude Affect Climate?. Temperature. As latitude ________, increases the average decreases annual temperature _________.. 0°. Latitude. 90°.

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(11) Factor # 2 – Topography (Orographic Effect)  Mountains. act as barriers to air masses  Moisture dumped on windward side of mountain as air rises  Opposite (leeward) side of mountain air is Warm & dry.

(12) Air rises, expands, & cools to form clouds. Air sinks, compresses, & warms.

(13) United States Physical Map.

(14) The leeward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive much less precipitation. The windward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive a great deal more precipitation.

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(16) How does the Orographic Effect affect climate? cool, moist Windward Side: ___________ warm, dry Leeward Side: _____________.

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(18) Factor #3 – Elevation  Altitude. increases temp decreases (INVERSE); adiabatic cooling.  Temp. is closer to Dew Point Temp. Higher Elevation = less moisture.

(19) Page 14 of the ESRTs We live in the troposphere. Temperature decreases with elevation..

(20) How does elevation affect climate?. Temperature. increases the average As elevation _________, annual temperature __________. decreases. Elevation.

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(22) Factor #4 – Proximity to H 2O. 1. Coastlines vs. Inland 2. Ocean Currents.

(23)  Adds . . water vapor to air. Think Specific Heat (land vs. water).  Large . Nearby Water. bodies of water; specific heat. Coastal/Marine - warmer winters & cooler summers LESS temperature difference Inland/Continental - colder winters & hotter summers GREATER temperature difference.

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(25) How does closeness to a large body of water affect climate?. moderates the temperature. Water __________ Cooler summers. _______ Warmer winters. _______ Cities A & B are located at the same latitude. City B is closer to a large body of water. Its temperature line is flatter (moderated)..

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(27) Factor #4b- Proximity to H2O Ocean Currents  Currents. warm or cool nearby coasts . Ex - California current keeps San Francisco cool & moist in the summer.

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(29) How do ocean currents affect climate? Warm Currents: warmer climate Cold Currents: cooler climate.

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(31) Factor #5 - Vegetation . Affects how much insolation Earth absorbs: . . . Plants act as “Blanket” on the surface Plants Absorb & Retain Sun’s Energy. Transpiration – adds water vapor to air affect humidity (think rainforest or greenhouse).

(32) Ex – Rainforest vs. Desert Rainforest. vs.. Desert.

(33) Factor #6 Atmospheric Circulation  Influences. climate as they distribute heat and moisture.  Low. pressures zones draw in air masses and moisture.

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(35) Base your answers to questions 56 through 59 on the graphs and map below. The map shows a view of Earth from above the North Pole. Points on the map indicate the positions of Reykjavik, Iceland, and Yakutsk, Russia. The graphs show average monthly air temperature (line graphs) and amount of precipitation (bar graphs) for both locations.. 56 Write the two-letter weather map symbol for an air mass that originates over Yakutsk. 57 Explain why Reykjavik has cooler summers and warmer winters than Yakutsk. 58 Describe one way the yearly precipitation in Yakutsk differs from that in Reykjavik. 59 Identify one warm and one cool ocean current that affect the climate of Iceland.. June 2011 Regents Exam.

(36) June 2011 Regents Exam #56 - 59 56 [1] Allow 1 credit for cA or cP. . Note: Do not allow credit if the letters are reversed. Allow credit whether or not capital letters are used.. 57 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: — Reykjavik has a maritime climate. — The ocean around Iceland moderates Reykjavik’s climate. — Reykjavik is located near a large body of water which heats and cools more slowly than inland locations. — Yakutsk is located farther inland.. 58 [1] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: — Yakutsk receives less precipitation during the year than Reykjavik. — Yakutsk receives more of its precipitation in summer than in winter. — Yakutsk receives a higher percentage of precipitation as snowfall.. 59 [1] Allow 1 credit for two correct responses. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:  . Warm: Norwegian Current or North Atlantic Current Cool: East Greenland Current.

(37) Unit 8: Climate & Oceanography. Topic: Climate Change.

(38) Climate change  Constantly changing  Natural Causes:. Earth’s motions  Sun spots  Plate Tectonics  Large Scale Volcanic Eruptions .

(39) Cause 1: Earth’s motions Axis wobbles  Tilt varies  Shape of the orbit . • Change in Eccentricity.

(40) Cause 2: Sunspots Sunspot: dark spots on sun’s surface due to variations in Sun’s magnetic field . Increase in sunspots; increase in energy traveling to Earth (through Radiation – don’t forget!!) 2012-13. 40.

(41) Cause 3: Plate Tectonics.  Plate Tectonics:. movement of Earth’s surface/crust  Large land masses near the Poles  . led to Global cooling ice reflects sunlight like a mirror (Albedo Effect).

(42) ESRT page 9….

(43) The Albedo Effect • reflection coefficient, or reflecting power of a surface. • Smooth, Shiny Objects MOST Reflective Absorb the LEAST Energy. • Dark, Rough Objects LEAST Reflective Absorb the MOST Energy.

(44) 2012-13. 44.

(45) Cause 4: Volcanic Eruptions  Large Scale Eruptions  Volcanic Ash .   . Acts as a World size cloud of Dust and Sulfur Dioxide in the Stratosphere (think…where does weather occur?) Can last years (3-5 years) Blocks the Sunlight – decreasing temperature More CO2 from the volcanic eruption – increases temperature.

(46) Cause 5: Human activity  Increasing the. amount of greenhouse gases.  More Greenhouse. Gases = Warmer Atmosphere. 46.

(47) The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases: •Methane •Carbon. Dioxide -. •Water. Vapor –. CO2. H2O(v). •Nitrous. N2O. •Ozone. Let’s draw…. - (CH4). Oxide –. – O3. •Chloro-flouro-. carbons  CFC’s.

(48) The Greenhouse Effect. Greenhouse Gases: •Methane. (CH4). •Carbon. - CO2 •Water. H2O(v). •Ozone 2012-13. Dioxide. Vapor –. •Nitrous. N2O. -. Oxide –. – O3. •Chloro-flouro- 48.

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(51) Burning Fossil Fuels  coal, oil, and. natural gas.  Cars, factories,. and power plants create CO2.  CO2 traps heat in. atmosphere.

(52) Deforestation  clearing the land  Trees/plants remove CO2. from. air  reduces rate of CO2 removal from plants  leads to CO2 buildup & heating of atmosphere.

(53) June 2010 Regents Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect on Earth because deforestation causes the atmosphere to contain 1. More carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation 2. Less carbon dioxide, which absorbs short-wave radiation 3. More oxygen, which absorbs infrared radiation 4. Less oxygen, which absorbs short-wave radiation.

(54) August 2011 Regents Exam 37. Two of the greenhouse gases that may be responsible for the increased ice melting in Greenland are (1) nitrogen and oxygen (2) oxygen and silicon (3) hydrogen and helium (4) carbon dioxide and methane. 2012-13. 54.

(55) Proving Climate Change  Causes are complex  Predicting change is difficult  Analyze: . Sea-floor sediments • Once on the surface. . Glacier samples • O2 & bubbles of trapped air. . Tree rings • Thickness depends on temp & precipitation 2012-13. 55.

(56) As CO Concentration increases, Atmospheric Temperature increases (direct relationship). 2. 2012-13. 56.

(57) El Niño.  Ocean Temperature. increases near Equator • • • • •. Causes flooding Trade winds weaken Decrease in upwelling Warms surface water Global impact.  Every 3-7 years (Can last a year) . NOAA - Past & Current Oc ean Temperatures 2012-13. 57.

(58) El Niño’s impact  Extra rainfall in. E. Pacific  Drought in W. Pacific  Wet winters in the SE US  Video Clip Explai ning El Nino 2012-13. 58.

(59) La Nina  after El Nino  Causes ocean temp cooling  creates dry weather in central & SW. United States.. 2012-13. 59.

(60) Ocean Currents. . .  . Late 1700s to Early 1800s James Rennell wrote 1st scientific texts about currents in Atlantic & Indian Oceans Ocean water is consistently moving Wave motion is obvious.

(61) Ocean Currents subtle or deep motion; . . large mass of water Types: . Deep ocean current –under surface current; driven by gravity and density. . Surface current – in the upper 1000 m; driven by prevailing winds.

(62) Deep vs. Surface Ocean Currents.

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(64) . Density Currents. Flow vertically or horizontally . . Turbidity Currents = vertical density currents (down a continent). Influenced by: Temperature (Colder = Higher Density)  Salinity (More Salt = Higher Density) . . . Bill Nye Salinity: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_8mw-1HYFg. Densest seawater = polar regions or warm, shallow regions.

(65) Global Conveyor Belt Deep currents connect with surface currents to form a path of circulation – entire trip may take 1000 years.

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(67) . Surface Currents Atlantic and Pacific each have two circles of currents. . Direction is due to the Coriolis Effect  N.. Hemisphere – clockwise (right)  S. Hemisphere – counterclockwise (left). Warm currents - flow from equator  Cold currents - flow from Poles (N & S) . urrents Video Clip: http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-Ocean-Currents-11.

(68) Page 14 ESRT.

(69) Page 4 ESRT.

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(71) Gulf Stream - Caribbean Sea follows the east coast of the US around N. Carolina then veers northeast towards Iceland.

(72) . Countercurr ent Flows opposite direction of windrelated current Equatorial Countercurrents  Cromwell current – subsurface . . At or beneath the surface.

(73) Upwelli ng.  . . Vertical density current Cold deep ocean water rises to replace surface water Upwelled water contains large amounts of nutrients . Needed for Phytoplankton.

(74) Turbidity Current   .  . undersea landslide of mud and sand triggered by earthquakes or by gravity speeds down the continental slope carving out channels powerful agent of erosion Create submarine canyons.

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