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(1)

A b s t r a c t ; M u r

i

n e a s s ay s s u c h a s t h e mo u s e e a r s we l l

i

ng t e s t

(

M EST

)

a nd t h e l o c a l l y m p h n o de a s s a

y

(

L L N A

)

a r e p r om

i

s

i

n g a l t e r n at i v e s t o gu

i

n e a p

i

g mod e l s f o r t h e i de n t i f i c at

i

o n o f c o n t a c t s e n s i t i z e r s , y e t t h e r e h as be e n c o n t r o v e r s y o v e r t h e e f f e c t

i

v e n e s s o f t h es e a s s ay s f o r t he d et e c t

i

o n o f we ak a nd m od er a t e s e n s

i

t i z e r s . Mu c h wo r k ha s be e n d o n e t o i mp r o v e t he s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y o f t he M E S T . I n p a r t

i

c u l a r , t h e a d d

i

t

i

o n o f a v

i

t am

i

n A

(

VAA

)

e n r

i

c h ed d

i

e t h a s be e n u s e f u l . T h

i

s r e p o r t f u r t h e r v a l

i

dat e s t h e u s e of t h i s d

i

e t

i

n t h e ME S T b y u s

i

n g a k n o w n w e ak s e n s i t

i

z e r , e ug e n o l , a nd a p u r p o r t ed l y w e ak s e n s

i

t

i

z e r , T r

i

me l l e t

i

c An h y dr

i

d e

(

T M A

)

. T h e v i t a m i n A e n r

i

ch e d d

i

et

i

m pr o v ed t h e s e n s i t i v

i

t y o f t h e a s s a y s u c h t ha t c o n t a c t s e ns

i

t

i

z

i

n g a ct

i

v

i

t y w a s

i

de nt

i

f

i

ed u s

i

n g 2 0 % E ug e n o l , a c o n c e n t r a t

i

o n w h i c h d

i

d n ot g i v e p os i t i v e r e s u l t s w he n v

i

t am

i

n A d

i

e t wa s om

i

t t ed f r o m t he a s s ay . T h e r e wa s n o e f f e c t o f t he V AA d i et o n de t e c t i o n o f T M A

(

25 %

)

w h

i

c h w a s f o u nd t o b e a s t r o n g t o mo d e r a t e s e ns

i

t

i

z e r . Enh a n c ed M E S T s e n s i t i v

i

t y t o 2 0 % e ug e n o l wa s de m o n s t r at ed

i

n m

i

c e he l d o n t he d

i

e t f o r 1 , 2 o r 3 we ek s . I n c o n t r a s t , 2 0

%

e u

g

e n o l wa s n o t det e c t ed

i

n t h e ME S T w he n mi c e w e r e ma

i

nt a

i

n ed o n t h e d

i

et f o r 4 wee k s . V A A h as be e n r e p o r t e d t o

i

n c r ea s e t h e n um b e r s o f L a nge r h a n s c e l l s

(

a n t

i

ge n pr e s e n t

i

n g c e l l s

)

i

n t he s k

i

n w h

i

ch c o u l d

i

n t u r n e nh a nc e t he c el l u l a r

i

m mu n e r es

p

o ns e . S

i

n c e t h e L L N A r e l i e s o n H^ - t h y m

i

d i n e

i

n c o r p o r at

i

o n b y pr o l

i

f e r at

i

ng T -c el l s du r

i

n g t he

i

n du c t

i

o n p ha s e , w e h a v e s t u d

i

e d t h e p o t e nt

i

a l o f t h e V A A d

i

e t t o e nh a n c e t h e s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t

y

o f

t h

e

(2)

d i e t s i gn i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s ed t h e a s s a y s s e n s i t i v i t y t o e u ge n o l a nd T MA

(

i

. e . pr o l i f e r at

i

o n o c c u r r ed

)

a t c o n c e n t r at

i

o n s w he r e n o n e wa s ob s e r v ed

i

n m

i

c e m a

i

nt a

i

n ed o n n o r ma l c h o w . Pr ev

i

o u s wo r k w

i

t h f o r m a l

i

n , g l u t a r a l d e h y de a nd a n a z o d y e h a v e s ho wn s

i

m i l a r r esu l t s . I t w a s a l s o demo n st r at ed t h a t ma i n t e n a n c e o n a v

i

t am

i

n A d

i

et f o r 3 wee ks pr

i

o r t o

i

n

i

t

i

at

i

n g t he s e n s

i

t

i

z at

i

o n pr o c e du r e w a s op t

i

m a l . T h e s e r es u l t s

i

n d

i

c at ed t h at l

i

k e t h e M ES T , a d d

i

t i o n o f a V A A d

i

e t

i

m p r o v es t he s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e L L N A a gu i ck , ob

j

e c t i v e a n d r el a t i v e l y

i

n e x p e n s

i

v e s c r e e n f o r de t e c t

i

ng m o de r at e a nd we ak c o nt a c t s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s . Us

i

ng t h e s e s e n s

i

t

i

v e t e st s , a r

i

sk a s s e s s m e nt ap pr o a c h f o r c o nt a ct s e n s

i

t

i

z a t i o n h a s b e e n s ug ge s t e d .

(3)

T ab l e o f C o n t e nt s I . I n t r odu c t

i

o n 2 I I . L

i

t e r at u r e Re v

i

ew 6 I I I . Mat e r

i

a l s a nd Me t hod s 25 I V . S t a t i s t

i

c a l An a l y s i s 2 8 V . Res u l t s 3 0 V I . D

i

s c u s s

i

o n 3 4 V I I . Ref e r en c es 3 9 V I I I . L i s t o f T a b l e s a n d F

i

gu r es 4 9 T a bl e 1 : S umm a r y o f R e su l t s 3 3 F

i

gu r e 1 : I n du c t i o n Ph a s e : C o n t a ct S e n s

i

t

i

z at

i

o n . . . 5 0 F

i

gu r e 2 a : Eug e n o l Re s p o ns e

i

n M E S T w

i

t h

/

w

i

t ho u t V

i

t am i n A

(

2 4 h o u r s

)

5 1 F

i

gu r e 2 b : Eug e n ol Re sp o ns e

i

n M E S T w

i

t h

/

w

i

t ho u t V

i

t am

i

n A

(

4 8 ho u r s

)

52 F

i

gu r e 3 a : M EST R e sp o n s e t o E u ge n o l a f t e r 4 , 2 , 1 We e k s o f V

i

t a m i n A

(

2 4 h o u r s

)

53 F

i

gu r e 3b : M EST R e sp o n se t o Eu ge n o l a f t e r 4 , 2 , 1 W ee k s o f V

i

t a m

i

n A

(

4 8 ho u r s

)

54 F

i

gu r e 4 b : T M A Re sp o ns e

i

n L L N A w

i

t h

/

w

i

t h o ut V

i

t a mi n A

(

2 4 h o u r s

)

5 5 F

i

gu r e 4b : T MA R e s po ns e

i

n LLNA w

i

t h

/

w

i

t h o ut V i t a mi n A

(

4 8 h o u r s

)

5 6 F

i

gu r e 5 : Re sp o ns e t o 1 0 a nd 2 0

%

Eug e n o l w

i

t h

/

w

i

t h o ut V

i

t a m

i

n A 5 7 F

i

gu r e 6 a : V

i

t a m

i

n A t

i

me c o u r s e

i

n L L N A u s

i

n g 4 0 % Euge n o l 5 8

(4)

F

i

gu r e 6 b : A d

j

u s t e d V

i

t a m

i

n A t

i

me c o u r s e

i

n LL NA

u s i n g 4 0% E u ge n ol 5 9

F

i

gu r e 7 a : TM A R es po n s e i n L L N A w

i

t h o ut V

i

t am

i

n A . . 6 0

(5)

2 I n t r odu ct i o n ; I mmu n o l og i c a l r e a c t i o ns

i

n t h e sk i n c a n b e s u b d

i

v

i

de d

i

nt o humo r a l a nd c e l l - m e d

i

at e d r e sp o n s e s . Humo r a l r es p o ns e s a r e de p e nde nt o n a nt

i

b od y p r odu c t

i

o n b

y

B - l y m

p

h o c y t e s o r p l as m a c e l l s . I n c o n t r a s t , c el l - med

i

at ed r e sp o n s es su c h a s d e l a ye d t y p e h y pe r s e ns i t

i

v i t y

(

D T H

)

a r e c a r r

i

ed o ut b y s e ns

i

t i z e d T - l y m p h o c y t es

(

1 6

)

. A n u mbe r of c o n s u m e r pr odu c t s a nd e n v

i

r o n me n t a l c o nt a mi n a nt s s u c h a s p e s t

i

c

i

de s , t e x t

i

l e d y e s a nd r e s

i

ns , c o sme t

i

cs , s k

i

n c a r e p r odu c t s a nd c l e a n

i

n g pr odu c t s h a v e be e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o n t a c t s e ns i t i v i t y

(

a n e x a mp l e o f D T H

)

, a n a l l e r g i c s k i n r e sp o ns e t o r e p e at e d c h e m

i

c a l e x p o su r e . Th u s r e s e a r c h t o de v e l op a nd v a l

i

dat e t e s t s t o a s s e s s c o n t a c t s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y has a n u mbe r of pr a c t

i

c a l ap p l

i

c at

i

o ns . T w o su c h t e st s u s ed t o me a su r e c o nt a ct s en s

i

t

i

v

i

t y c u r r e nt l y u nd e r s c r u t

i

ny a r e 1

)

T h e Lo c al L y m p h Nod e A s s ay

(

L L N A

)

a nd 2

)

T h e M o u s e Ea r S w e l l

i

ng T e s t

(

M E S T

) (

2 0 , 3 3

)

. C o n t ac t s e ns

i

t i z a t i o n o c c u r s i n t w o p ha s es ; a n

i

n du c t

i

o n p ha s e w h

i

ch

i

n c l u des a nt

i

ge n p r o c e s s

i

ng a nd pr e s e nt a t

i

o n f o l l o w ed b y a n e l

i

c

i

t a t

i

o n p ha s e w h

i

ch

i

s c h a r a c t e r

i

z e d b

y

a n

i

nf l a m m a t o r y r e sp o n se u po n r e e x p os u r e t o a pa r t i c u l a r a n t i g e n

(

3 , 1 0

)

. T he ME ST m e as u r es c o n t a c t h y p e r s e ns

i

t

i

v

i

t y a t t h e e l

i

c

i

t a t

i

o n p ha s e . Mi c e a r e r e

p

e at e d

l y

e x

p

o se d t o a c h e m

i

c a

l

(6)

f o r a n um b e r of c o n se c ut

i

v e d ay s f o l l o w e d b y a r e s t pe r

i

od w h

i

c h a l l o ws

i

n du c t

i

o n t o o c c u r . M

i

c e a r e t h e n c ha l l e n g e d b y r e e x po s

i

n g t h em t o t h e s ame c h em

i

c al o n t h e e a r s wh

i

ch c a u s es a n

i

n f l amm at o r y r es po n s e r e su l t

i

n g

i

n s w e l l

i

ng o f t he e a r . T h

i

s c ha n ge

i

n e a r t h i ck n es s o r e d ema , c h a r a ct e r i s t i c of c o nt a c t s e n s

i

t

i

z at

i

o n ,

i

s m e a s u r ed 2 4 a nd 4 8 h r s af t e r c h al l e ng e . S e v e r al v a r

i

at

i

o n s o f t h i s p r ot o c o l h a v e be e n t e s t e d t o ma k e

i

t mo r e s e n s

i

t

i

v e . O f t h e s e t h e u s e o f a d i e t s up p l e me nt e d w i t h v i t am i n A a c et a t e

(

VA A

)

ap pe a r s t o be t h e m o s t us e f u l

(

20 , 2 7

)

. I t has b e e n s ug g e s t e d t hat v

i

t am

i

n A , t hr o ug h e p

i

d e r m a l h y p e r p l a s

i

a ,

i

n c r e a s e s t he n um be r o f a nt

i

ge n pr e s e n t i n g c e l l s t hu s

i

n c r e a s i ng t h e a m o u n t o f a n t i g en pr es e nt ed r es u l t

i

n g

i

n a n i n c r e a s ed de l a ye d -t y p e h y p e r s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y r e s po n s e

(

2 0

)

. Wh

i

l e t he M ES T m e as u r e s t h e e l

i

c

i

t a t

i

o n p ha s e o f c o nt a c t h y p e r s e ns i t

i

v

i

t y , t h e L L N A u s e s t h e

i

nd u c t

i

o n p ha s e t o p r ed

i

c t t h e c o n t a c t s e n s i t i z a t i o n p ot e n t

i

a l o f ch em

i

c a l s . B e c a u s e c o n t a c t s e n s

i

t i v i t y d e pe nd s o n T - c e l l a c t

i

v at

i

o n b y a nt i ge n pr es e nt

i

n g c e l l s , T - c e l l p r o l i f e r at i o n c a u s ed b y c o n t a c t s e ns

i

t

i

z e r s w a s det e r m

i

n ed t o be t h e mo st s e ns

i

t

i

v e

i

nd

i

c a t o r o f c o nt a c t s en s

i

t

i

v

i

t y

(

3 0

)

. T - c e l l p r o l

i

f e r a t

i

o n

i

s m e a s u r ed b y e x po s

i

n g a n

i

ma l s t o a ch em

i

ca l f o r 3 c o n s e c u t

i

v e day s a f t e r

[

A wh i c h T - c e l l s f r o m t h e l ymp h n od es a r e c u l t u r ed w

i

t h ^H -t h y m

i

d

i

n e . I n c o r p o r a t

i

o n o f ' H -t h ym

i

d

i

n e

i

s m e asu r ed af t e r 24 ho u r s . T he ef f e c t s o f v i t am

i

n A d i e t o n t h

i

s a s s a

y

ha v e n o t b e e n e x p l o r ed . Ho w e v e r ,

i

f V i t a m

i

n A

i

n c r e a s e s t h e n u m b e r of

(7)

4 a n t

i

g e n pr e s e nt

i

n g c e l l s

(

2 0

)

, t h

i

s w o u l d

i

n c r e as e t h e amo u n t o f a nt i ge n p r e s e nt ed t o t he T - c e l l , t hu s i t sh o u l d

i

n c r e a s e t h e T -c e l l pr o l

i

f e r at i o n me a su r ed b y L L N A . S ome p r e l

i

m

i

n a r y w o r k

i

n t h

i

s l a b a nd t h i s pr o

j

e c t i n v es t i ga t e d t h e p ot e nt i a l o f V A A d

i

e t t o

i

n c r e as e t h e se n s

i

t i v

i

t y o f t h e L L NA . B o t h t h e ME ST a nd L L N A h a v e s e v e r al adv a nt a g es o v e r pr e v

i

o u s l

y

v a l

i

d at ed c o nt a ct s e ns

i

t

i

v

i

t y t e st s

i

n t h at t he s e t es t s u s e m

i

c e a s op p o s ed t o gu

i

n ea p

i

g s a n d a r e l e s s c os t l y , a nd m o r e qu a n t i t at i v e a n d o b

j

e c t i v e

(

2 0 , 3 1

)

. A l t h o ug h bo t h t e s t s h a v e be e n e x t e ns i v e l y v al

i

dat e d

i

n d et ec t

i

n g s t r o ng s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s , t h e

i

r c r ed

i

b

i

l

i

t y h as be e n qu e s t

i

o n ed

i

n de t ec t

i

o n o f we ak a n d mo d e r a t e s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s

(

2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3

)

. T he u s e of V

i

t a m

i

n A , t o m a ke t h e M E S T a m o r e r e l

i

ab l e met h od , h a s be e n s ug g es t ed a n d

i

n v e s t

i

ga t e d . T he g o a l s o f t h

i

s pr o

j

e ct w e r e : 1

)

t o f u r t he r s ub s t a nt i a t e t he ob s e r v a t i o n t h at s u p p l e m e nt

i

n g t h e d

i

e t w

i

t h v

i

t am

i

n A pr

i

o r t o t e s t

i

ng

i

mpr o v e s t h e s e n s i t

i

v

i

t y o f t h e M E S T ; 2

)

t o d e t e r m

i

n e t he op t

i

m u m t

i

m e n e ede d t o ma

i

n t a i n mi c e o n t h e d i et pr

i

o r t o t he ME ST ; 3

)

t o

i

n v es t

i

g a t e t he e f f e c t o f V

i

t am

i

n A o n t h e L L N A , a n d 4

)

t o de t e r m

i

n e t h e o p t

i

m u m t

i

me n e e d ed o n t h e d

i

e t t o i m pr o v e L L N A s e ns i t i v i t y . T o a s s e s s t he e f f e ct o f V

i

t a m

i

n A a c e t a t e d

i

et o n t he MES T a nd L L N A , ap p r o

p

r

i

at e che m

i

c a l s h ad t o be ch o s e n . E ug e n o l , a w ea k c o n t a ct s e ns i t

i

z e r , a n d T r

i

me l l

i

t

i

c An h y dr

i

de

(

T M A

)

, a r epo r t ed l y w e ak r e sp

i

r at o r y s e ns i t

i

ze r

(

3 6

)

, w e r e ch o s e n t o t e st t he a bo v e h y

p

o t h e s

i

s . Eu

g

e n ol

i

s a c om

p

o n e nt

(8)

o f c l o v e o

i

l a nd ha s b e e n u s e d

i

n p h a r ma c e ut

i

c a l , c o sme t

i

c a n d f o od

i

n d ust r

i

e s

(

39

)

. T M A , a r e sp

i

r at o r y a l l e r

g

e n ,

i

s ma

i

n l y

f

o u nd

i

n ep o x y r e s

i

ns u s e d

i

n t he ma n uf a ct u r

i

ng o f p a

i

nt s , p l a s t

i

cs , a nd a d h e s

i

v e s

(

4 0

)

. A r e sp

i

r at o r y a l l e r ge n w a s ch o s e n be c a u s e s ome

i

n v e s t i gat o r s h a v e s ug g e s t ed t h a t a nd h a v e s h own t h at s e v e r al r e s p

i

r at o r y a l l e r g e ns al s o pr o v o ke we ak c o nt a ct s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y r e sp o ns e s

(

36 , 3 8 , 4 7

)

. I t w a s

i

mp o r t a nt t h at w e ak s e ns

i

t

i

z e r s b e u s ed s o t h a t a ny e f f e c t o f v

i

t am

i

n A d i et o n t h e r esp o n s e w o u l d be e a s

i

l y de t e c t e d .

(9)

6 L

i

t e r at u r e R ev

i

ew ; H

y

pe r s e n a

i

t i v

i

t Y i A l t h o ug h t h e

i

mmu n e s

y

st em

i

s a de f e n s e me c h a n

i

s m aga

i

n s t

i

n v a s

i

o n f r o m f o r e

i

gn su bs t an c e s , a n e x c e s s

i

v e o r a h e

i

g h t e n e d h u m o r a l o r c e l l u l a r r e s po n s e t o a n a nt

i

ge n c a n l e ad t o t

i

s su e d a ma g e . S u c h i nt e n s e i mmu n e r e sp o ns e s a r e kn o w n as h y p e r s e ns

i

t i v

i

t y r e a ct i o n s

(

1

)

. F ou r t y pe s

(

t y pe s I , I I , I I I , I V

)

o f h y p e r s e n s i t

i

v

i

t y r e a ct

i

o n s we r e de f i n ed b y C o om b s a nd C e l l . I n t h e t y pe I r e s po n s e , I gE b

i

nd s t o ma s t c el l s o r b a s o p h

i

l s

i

n

i

t

i

at

i

ng t h e r e l e as e o f s o l u b l e med

i

a t o r s s u ch a s h

i

s t a m

i

n e r e s u l t

i

ng

i

n br o n ch

i

a l a s t h ma a nd

/

o r al l e r g y . T he t y p e I I r es p o ns e i s d e f i n ed as a nt i b o d y- med i at e d cy t ol y s i s o f t a r get c e l l s

i

n t he l u ng o r ot he r t

i

s su e s w h

i

ch h a v e b e e n a l t e r e d t o e x pr es s " f o r e i g n " a n t

i

g en i c d et e r m

i

n a n t s . T h e t y pe I I I r es p o ns e

i

n v ol v es t he d ep os

i

t

i

o n of

i

mmu n e c om p l e x es

(

be t w e e n t h e a nt

i

g e n a n d a nt

i

bod y

)

i

n t he l u ng s w h

i

ch a c t

i

v at e o r f i x c om p l eme nt r e s u l t

i

n g

i

n c e l l l ys

i

s . I n t y p e I V r ea ct i o n s , s e n s

i

t i z e d T l ymp h o c y t e s

i

n du c e a de l a ye d t y p e h y pe r s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y c au s

i

n g

i

nf l a mma t o r y r e sp o ns e s or d

i

r ec t T -c e l l c y t o t o x i c

i

t y wh

i

ch may l e a d t o l u ng

i

n

j

u r

y

(

3 5

)

. A l t ho ug h ch e m

i

c a l s ha v e b e en k n own t o c a u se a l l f o u r t y p e s o f t h e s e

i

n

j

u r

i

e s , t h

i

s r ep o r t w i l l f o c u s ma

i

n l y o n T y pe I a nd I V be c a u s e t h e c h e m

i

c a l s st u d

i

e d

p

r odu c e r e a ct

i

o n s

i

n t h e s e

(10)

c at ego r

i

e s . T he o v e r al l go a l o f t h

i

s p r o

j

e c t wa s t o u s e a nd

i

m p r o v e t he s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y o f t e c hn

i

q u e s p r e v

i

o u s l y v a l i d at ed t o de t e c t c he m

i

c a l s w

i

t h t he p ot e nt

i

a l t o c a u s e c o n t a ct s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y

(

T y pe I V

)

. D e l a v e d - T v p e Hv p e r s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t v ;

(

E x am

p

l e : C o n t a ct H y p e r s e n s

i

t

i

v i t y

)

D e l ay ed T y pe H y p e r s e ns

i

t

i

v

i

t y

(

D TH

)

r e a c t

i

o n o c c u r s d u e t o a n i nt e r a ct i o n be t w e e n a n t i g e ns a nd " a n t i ge n - r e s p o n s i v e " T -c e l l s wh

i

c h t hr o u g h c

y

t ok

i

n e p r odu ct

i

o n c a u s e t y p

i

c a l DT H sk

i

n r e a c t

i

o n s s u c h as t he Ma nt o u x r e a c t

i

o n t o t u be r c u l

i

n

(

1 , 3

)

. T he Man t o u x r e a c t i o n

i

s ch a r a ct e r i ze d b y a n o ns e t w i t h i n 2 4- 4 8 h r s o f l o c a l e r y t hema a nd

i

ndu r at

i

o n c a u s e d du e t o a n

i

n f

i

l t r at

i

o n o f mo n o n u c l e a r p h a go c

y

t es a nd l

y

m p h o c y t es

(

1

)

. A n ot he r e x a m

p

l e o f a DT H r ea c t

i

o n

i

s a l l e r g

i

c c o nt a c t h y p e r s e n s

i

t i v

i

t y

(

ACH

)

. A C H

i

s de f

i

n ed a s a n e nh an c ed

i

mmu n e r e s p o ns e t o a s k i n a l l e r ge n l ea d

i

n g t o t

i

s s u e d ama g e

(

4

)

. T h e sk

i

n r e a c t i o n t o po

i

s o n

i

v y

(

u r u s h

i

o l

)

i

s a t y p

i

c a l e x am p l e . C o nt a ct s e ns

i

t

i

z a t

i

o n o c c u r s w he n e x c es s

i

v e a n t

i

g e n p r

i

me d T -c e l l s a r e pr e s e nt w h i c h ca n pr o du c e a de l a ye d a l l e r

g i

c r e s po n s e t o t h at sp ec

i

f

i

c a nt

i

g e n

(

4

)

. La n ds t e

i

n er a nd C ha s e w e r e t h e p

i

o ne e r s i n t r a n s f e r r

i

ng AC H t o n a

i

v e a n

i

mal s w

i

t h v

i

ab l e l y m p h o

i

d c e l l s but n ot w

i

t h s e r u m f r o m s e n s

i

t

i

z ed a n

i

ma l s , m ak

i

n g t he d

i

s t i n c t

i

o n be t w e e n c e l l u l a r an d hu m o r al

i

m m u n

i

t y

(

1 0

)

. T h

i

s s e t t he f o u nd a t

i

o n f o r f u r t h e r

(11)

8 e x pe r

i

m e n t at

i

o n o n t he m e c ha n

i

s m o f A C H . S

i

m

i

l a r t o o t h e r DT H r e a ct

i

o n s , ACH r e a ct

i

o n s h a v e t wo p h as e s c a l l e d t h e a f f e r e nt a nd e f f e r e nt p h a s e s . I n t h e af f e r e n t o r

i

n du ct

i

o n p h a s e , t he a n t

i

ge n

i

s pr o c e s s ed a nd p r es e n t ed t o t he ap p r opr i a t e T - h e l p e r c e l l s b y a n t

i

g e n p r es e n t

i

n g c e l l s

(

1 0

)

. I t h a s b e e n h

y

p ot he s

i

z e d t ha t L a nge r h a n s c e l l s

(

L C

)

, de ndr i t

i

c t y p e ep

i

d e r ma l c e l l s de r

i

v ed f r o m t he bo n e- ma r r o w

(

1 0

)

, c a r r

y

t h e a nt

i

ge n f r o m t he s k

i

n t o t he dr a

i

n

i

ng l y m p h n od es

(

1 1

)

• E v

i

de n c e t o s up p o r t t h

i

s c l a

i

m

i

n c l ud e

i

n c r e a s ed f r equ e nc y o f de ndr

i

t

i

c c e l l s

(

D C

)

i

n t he d r a

i

n

i

n g l y mp h n ode s a f t e r e x po su r e t o s k i n s e n s i t i z e r s s u c h as p

i

c r y l c h l o r

i

de , o x a zo l o n e , 2 , 4 - d

i

n

i

t r ot h

i

o c y a n obe n z e n e

(

D N T B

)

a nd f l u r os c e

i

n

i

s ot h i o cy a n at e

(

F I T C

)

(

1 1

)

, w

i

t h

i

n c r e a s ed de t e ct

i

o n o f a n t

i

ge n o n t he D

C

s r at he r t h a n T- c e l l s

i

n t he l ymp h n o de s 1 8 ho u r s af t e r e x p os u r e t o F I TC

(

1 1

)

. F r es h l y

i

s ol a t e d L C ' s a r e n o t

i

mmu n o s t

i

mu l at o r y bu t b e c o me

i

mmu n o g e n i c a f t e r ma t u r at

i

o n , m i gr a t i o n a nd a nt

i

ge n p r es e n t at i o n

i

n t h e l ymp h n od e s

(

1 3

)

. Th e h y p ot h es

i

z e d r o l e s o f L C ' s

i

n c l u de c ap t u r

i

n g a nt

i

g e ns w h

i

ch p l ay s a ma

j

o r r ol e

i

n p r

i

ma r y

i

mmu ne r e s po n s e , a c t

i

ng a s a n e p

i

de r m a l ma c r op h age wh

i

c h t ak e s u p t he a nt

i

ge n bu t u nd e r n o r m al c o n d

i

t

i

o ns d o es n o t ha v e p h ag o c y t os

i

s c ap a b

i

l

i

t

i

e s

(

1 2

)

. I t

i

s t ho ug h t t h a t LC ' s f o r m a r et i c u l o ep i t h e l i a l t r ap f o r sk i n a l l e r ge n s a nd t r a ns po r t t h e n t hr o u g h t h e a f f e r e nt l y m p h a t

i

cs

i

nt o r eg i o n a l l y m p h n o de s

(

1 4

)

. O ne o f t h e e a r l

i

e s t e v e n t s t h o ug h t t o o c c u r

i

n s k

i

n s e n s

i

t

i

z at

i

o n a f t e r t h e a nt

i

ge n

i

s t r ap

p

e d b y L Cs

i

s

(12)

t he p r odu ct

i

o n o f cy t ok

i

n es b y ke r at

i

n o c y t e s , a n o t h e r c el l p opu l a t

i

o n

i

n t he ep

i

d e r m

i

s , w h i c h st

i

mu l a t e t h e m

i

gr at

i

o n o f t he LC

i

n t o t h e l y m p h n o de s

(

1 3

)

. Tv imo r n e c r os

i

s f a ct o r a l p h a

(

T N F- a l p h a

)

,

i

n a d d

i

t

i

o n t o

i

n c r e as

i

ng L C v

i

ab

i

l

i

t y , h as b e e n s ho wn t o b e r e s po n s

i

b l e f o r t h e m

i

gr at

i

o n o f L C

i

n t o l y m p h n od e s

(

1 5

)

. D u r i n g t h

i

s t r a n sp o r t , t he L C ' s go t hr o ug h a ma t u r a t

i

o n p h as e t hat a l l ows t he m t o be b et t e r a n t

i

g e n p r e s e n t i ng c e l l s

(

1 3

)

. T h e cy t ok i n e s t h at p l a y a ma

j

o r r o l e

i

n ma t u r a t

i

o n a r e I nt e r l e uk

i

n 1

(

I L - 1

)

wh

i

ch e nh a n c e s f u n c t i o n a l ma t u r a t

i

o n a nd G r a n ul a r Ma c r o p h a g e C o l o ny S t

i

m u l at

i

n g Fa c t o r

(

GM- C S F

)

w h

i

ch

i

s r e s p o ns

i

b l e f o r ma t u r a t

i

o n a nd v i a b

i

l i t y

(

1 3

)

. Mat u r at

i

o n

i

n c l u d es

i

n c r e as ed l a a n t i ge n e x pr e s s

i

o n , l o s s of gr a n u o l e s a s s o c i a t e d w

i

t h L C a nd

i

n c r e as e d e x pr e s s

i

o n o f

i

nt e r c e l l u l a r a d h e s

i

o n mo l e c u l e

(

I C A M- 1

)

(

1 3

)

. T he s e ma t u r e L Cs c a n t he n a c t a s mo r e e f f

i

c

i

e nt a nt

i

ge n- pr e s e nt

i

ng ce l l s . I t ha s be e n ob s e r v ed t h a t o n l y DC s a r e a b l e t o e f f e c t

i

v e l y c a r r y o ut a nt

i

ge n p r e s e nt at

i

o n t o n a i ve T - l ymp h o c y t e s wh

i

l e m a ny o t h e r t y p e s o f c e l l s c a n pr e s e n t a n t

i

ge n t o m e m o r y o r p r

i

m ed T - c e l l s

(

1 3

)

, t hu s mak

i

ng D

C

s e s s e nt

i

a l f o r t he pr

i

ma r y

i

m m u ne r es p o ns e

(

f

i

gu r e 1

)

D u r

i

n g a nt

i

ge n p r e s e nt a t

i

o n , t h e a nt

i

ge n - c a r r y

i

ng L C

i

n t e r a c t w

i

t h CD 4+ c e l l s

(

T- he l p e r c e l l s

)

e qu

i

p p e d w

i

t h s pe c

i

f

i

c r e c ep t o r s f o r t h e a n t i ge n . I n ad d i t i o n , t he a n t i ge n m u s t be pr es e nt ed

i

n t h e p r es e n c e o f M HC c l a s s I I m o l e c u l es

(

l a a n t

i

g e n

)

. As m e nt

i

o n ed abo v e , t he L C ha v e

i

n c r e a s ed

(13)

1 0 e x p r es s

i

o n of t h

i

s l a

(

M HC I I

)

a n t

i

g e n . I n ad d

i

t

i

o n , LC ha v e

i

n c r e a s ed e x p r es s

i

o n o f I C A M- 1 , a n a d h e s

i

o n mo l e c u l e , a l l ow

i

n g f o r a t

i

g h t

i

n t e r a c t

i

o n b et we e n t h e L a ng e r h a n s c e l l a nd t h e T -h e l pe r c e l l s

(

1

)

. T h e

i

n t e r a c t

i

o n of t he a nt

i

g e n w

i

t h t h e r e c e p t o r s o n T - c e l l s s t

i

m u l a t es t h e L a n g e r h a ns c e l l s t o pr odu c e I L- 1

(

3

)

. Wh e n t he n e

i

g h b or

i

n

g

T - c e l l s a r e e x p o s e d t o h

i

g h c o n c e nt r at

i

o ns o f I L - 1 , a b

i

o ch em

i

c al

i

n du c t

i

o n o f RN A a n d p r ot e

i

n sy nt he s

i

s o c c u r s

(

1

)

. The s e n ew l y s y n t he s

i

ze d pr ot e i n s i n cl u de I nt e r l e uk i n 2

(

I L - 2

)

w h

i

c h t h e n s t i mu l a t e s t h e c e l l s f r o m t h e G O p h a s e

(

r e st

i

ng

)

t o t h e G l p h as e

(

a ct

i

v at e d

)

o f t h e c e l l cy c l e . I L - 2 t h e n

i

ndu c e s t he p r odu c t

i

o n o f i t s o w n r ec ept o r o n t h e T - c e l l s

(

I L - 2 R

)

, m ak

i

n g t he pr o l i f e r at

i

v e r e s po n s e op t

i

ma l

(

3

)

. I t ha s b e e n s ho wn t h a t t h e r e

i

s a d o s e - d e pe nd e nt e nha n c e m e nt of p r o l

i

f e r at

i

o n b y s t i mu l a t ed l y m p h n o de c e l l s wh e n ex o ge n o u s I L- 2

i

s a d ded t o t h e c u l t u r e

(

1 9

)

. Th

i

s p r o l i f e r at

i

v e r esp o n s e l e ad s t o t he p r es e n c e o f m o r e s e ns

i

t

i

z e d T - c e l l s wh

i

ch m ak e s t he

i

nt e r a c t

i

o n o f La nge r h a n s c e l l w

i

t h t h e T - c e l l mo r e l

i

k el

y

u po n r e - e xpo su r e t o t he s a me a nt

i

ge n

(

3

)

. T h e s e c o n d p h a s e o f c o n t a c t se n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y

i

s t h e ef f e r e n t p h a s e , a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s e l

i

c

i

t a t

i

o n

p

h a s e . E l

i

c

i

t a t

i

o n o c c u r s wh e n t h e s e n s i t i z e d T- c el l s a r e r e- e x p os ed t o t h e s ame a nt

i

g e n . I L - 2 ,

p

r odu c e d du r

i

n g t h

i

s e l

i

c

i

t a t

i

o n p h a s e o f t h e

i

mmu n e r e sp o ns e , s t

i

m u l a t e s t h e p r o du c t

i

o n of I n t e r f e r o n gamm a

(

I N F - g a mma

)

. I F N- ga mma am p

l i

f

i

e s t

h

e

i

mm u n e r e s

p

o n s e b

y

(14)

a ct

i

v a t

i

ng c

y

t o t o x

i

c T - c el l s , n at u r a l K

i

l l e r c e l l s a n d ma c r o p h a ge s pr odu c

i

ng " e p i d e r m a l s p o ng i o s

i

s " o r ed e ma w i t h c el l u l a r i n f

i

l t r a t

i

o n , cha r a c t e r

i

s t

i

c e nd p o

i

nt s of c o nt a c t h y p e r s e ns i t i v i t y

(

3

)

. C o nt a ct s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y h a s b e e n as s o c

i

at e d w

i

t h a n um b e r o f c o n s ume r pr od u c t s a nd e n v

i

r o n m e nt a l c o n t am

i

n a nt s

i

n c l u d

i

ng pe st i c i des , t e x t

i

l e d y e s a n d r e s

i

ns , c o sme t i c s , sk

i

n c a r e pr o du c t s , a nd c l e a n

i

ng pr od u c t s . As a r es u l t bo t h i ndu s t r y a n d r egu l a t o r

y

a

g

e n c i es a r e

i

n t e r es t ed

i

n d e v e l op

i

n g a nd v a l

i

dat

i

ng t e s t me t hod s t h at c a n a c c u r at e l y

i

d e nt

i

f y c o nt a c t s e ns

i

t

i

z e r s . Ma ny e x p e r

i

m e n t a l a n

i

ma l p r o c e du r es h a v e be e n d e v e l op e d a s s t a n da r d p r ot o c o l t o be u s e d

i

n t e s t i n g che mi c a l s f o r t he p o t e nt

i

a l t o c a u s e c o n t a ct s e n s

i

t

i

z at

i

o n

(

1 6

)

. U n t

i

l r e c e n t l y , a l l o f t h e s e t es t s h a v e u s ed gu i n e a p i g s a s t he sp e c i e s o f ch o

i

c e b e c a u s e ; 1

)

gu

i

n e a p

i

g s ho m og e n e o u s l

y

r e a ct up o n an t

i

g e n

i

c r e s

p

o ns e 2

)

t h e spe c

i

e s

i

s t o l e r a n t o f t he ha nd l

i

n g a s s o c

i

a t ed w

i

t h t he pr o c e du r es 3

)

g

u

i

n e a p

i

gs h a v e c o n s i s t en t l y g

i

v e n pos

i

t

i

v e r es u l t s f o r k n o w n h u m a n c o nt a ct s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s , an d 4

)

t e st i n g

i

s s

i

m

i

l a r t o hu m a n p at ch t e st

i

ng

(

1 6 , 17

)

. S o me o f t h es e t e s t s

i

n c l u de t h e Dr a

i

z e T e st

(

D T

)

, Fr e u n d ' s C om p l e t e A d

j

u v a n t T e s t

(

FCA T

)

, Gu

i

n e a P

i g

Ma x

i

m

i

zat

i

o n Te st

(

G P M T

)

, B u e h l er T e s t , Op t

i

m

i

z at

i

o n t e s t . Sp l i t Ad

j

u va nt T e s t a n d Ope n E p

i

c u t a n e o us T e s t

(

O ET

)

(

1 6

)

. Mo st o f t h e s e t es t s a dm

i

n

i

s t e r t h e t e st ma t e r

i

a l v

i

a t h e

i

n t r a de r ma l r o u t e t o s e ns

i

t

i

z e a nd v

i

a a c o mb

i

n at

i

o n of

(15)

1 2

i

n t r a de r ma l o r p at c h m e

t

h ods t o c h a l l e ng e . T h e F C A T , G P M T a nd SAT u s e F r e u nd ' s C o mp l e t e ad

j

u v a n t t o e n h a n c e s e ns i t i z a t

i

o n t o t h e t es t m at e r i a l . Th e a d

j

u v a nt t e c hn

i

qu e s ha v e be e n m o r e p r ed

i

c t

i

v e o f hu ma n r e s u l t s t h a n t he n o n - a d

j

u v a nt t e c h n

i q

u es

(

1 8

)

. A l l o f t h e s e me t h od s m e as u r e e r y t h e m a

(

r edn es s

)

u s i n g su b

j

ec t i v e v

i

su a l r a t i n g t e c h n

i

qu e s su ch a s " + " o r " - " , wh e r e n um b e r o f " + " ' 3

i

nd

i

c at e t he s ev e r

i

t

y

of t h e r e a ct

i

o n . Ma ny v a r

i

at

i

o n s o f t h e ab o v e t e st s h a v e be e n c r ea t ed t o be t t e r es t

i

m at e t h e s e ns

i

t

i

z a t

i

o n p o t e nt

i

a l of a ch em

i

c a l . A l t h o u g h t h e s e me t h o ds t o e v a l u at e c o nt a c t s e ns

i

t

i

v i t y h av e b e e n e x t e n s

i

v e l

y

v a l

i

d at ed , t he y ha v e s e v e r a l sh o r t c om

i

ng s . Se v e r a l o f t h e s e t e s t s u s e

i

nt r a de r m al r o ut e o f a dm

i

n

i

s t r at

i

o n wh

i

ch

i

s f a r f r o m be

i

n g a r e al

i

s t i c r o ut e o f e x po su r e . By s e n s i t

i

z

i

ng

i

nt r ad e r ma l l y , t h e r a t e l

i

m

i

t

i

n g s t ep of p e n et r at

i

o n

i

s a v o

i

d e d , t hu s t he r i s k of s e n s i t

i

z at

i

o n may b e o v e r es t i ma t e d

(

1 6

)

. Ot h e r c r

i

t

i

c

i

sms

i

n c l u de l e ng t h o f t h e pr ot o c o l s , u s e o f a d

j

u v a n t s ,

i

n c o n s

i

st e n c

i

es b e c a u s e o f s u b

j

e c t

i

v e e v a l u a t

i

o n s e sp e c

i

a l l y

i

n e v a l u a t

i

ng c o l o r e d m at e r

i

a l , u n c l e a r d

i

s t

i

n c t

i

o n be t we e n a n

i

r r

i

t at

i

o n a n d a s e ns

i

t i z a t i o n r e s

p

o n s e a nd t h e h

i

g h c o st s

i

n v o l v e d

i

n u s

i

n g gu

i

n e a p

i

g s

(

1 9

)

. K n ow i n g t h es e l i m

i

t a t

i

o n s , t h e m a

i

n ob

j

e c t

i

v e o f de v e l o p

i

n g n e w t e st s w a s t o h a v e a n a c c u r at e , r a p

i

d , m o r e

q

u a n t

i

t a t

i

v e , c os t -e f f e c t

i

v e t e c hn

i

que t hat h a s a n ob

j

ec t

i

v e

(16)

e nd

p

o

i

n t . T wo t es t s t h a t h a v e t h e

p

ot e nt

i

a l t o a c h

i

e v e t he s e a r e ; 1

)

t h e Mo u se Ea r Swe l l

i

n g T e s t

(

M E S T

)

a nd 2

)

t h e L o c a l L y m p h Node As sa y . V a r

i

o us v e r s

i

o n s o f t he mo u s e e a r s wel l

i

ng a s s ay s h a v e b e e n pe r f o r m ed s i n c e 1 9 6 7 .

(

2 0

)

. Th e MES T p r ot o c o l

i

n c u r r e nt u s e f o l l ows v e r y c l o s el y t h e pr ot o c o l f

i

r s t de s c r i bed

i

n 1 9 6 7 . M

i

c e a r e t op

i

c a l l y e x p os ed t o t he age nt e

i

t he r o n t h e b a ck o r t h e a b d ome n f o r a n um be r o f c o n s e c ut

i

v e d ay s , f o l l o w ed b y a r e st pe r

i

o d w h

i

ch a l l o ws f o r

i

n du c t

i

o n t o o c c u r . M

i

c e a r e t he n c h al l e ng e d o n o n e e a r w

i

t h t he a g e nt a nd o n t h e o p p o s

i

t e e a r w

i

t h t h e v eh

i

c l e . Ch a ng e

i

n edema -

i

ndu c e d e a r t h

i

c k ne s s i s me a su r ed us i n g a c a l

i

pe r a t 2 4 a n d 4 8 hr s a f t e r ch a l l e n g e . Th e M E ST h a s s e v e r al adv a nt a ges o v e r t he gu

i

n ea p

i

g a s s a y s w h

i

ch

i

n c l u de 1

)

m

i

c e a r e l e s s e x pe n s

i

v e a nd mo r e e a sy t o ma

i

n t a

i

n , 2

)

t h e ME ST g

i

v es qu a n t

i

t at

i

ve r e su l t s e l

i

m

i

na t

i

n

g

a ny b

i

a s

i

n v o l v ed

i

n s u b

j

e ct

i

v e e v a l u at

i

o n s , a nd 3

)

i

m m u n oge n et

i

c s a n d sk

i

n p ha r m oc ok

i

n et

i

c s o f t h e m o us e a r e bet t e r k n own t ha n t he gu

i

n e a p i g

(

2 0

)

. I n s p i t e of t h e s e adv a nt a g es , t h e s e n s

i

t i v

i

t y a n d i n t e r l a bo r a t o r y r ep r odu c

i

b i l

i

t y o f t he ME ST h a v e b e e n qu es t i o n e d . U s i n g d i f f e r e n t v a r

i

a t

i

o n s of t h e ME S T , s t r o n g s e ns

i

t

i

z e r s h a v e bee n det e c t ed b y m os t

i

n v es t

i

g a t o r s . De t e c t

i

o n o f mo de r a t e o r we ak s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s h a s

p

r odu c ed s ome c o nt r ad

i

c t o r y r e su l t s . F o r e x a m p l e . G ad e t a l . s howe d t ha t t h e M E S T wa s a b l e t o c o r r e c t l y i d e nt

i

f y 7 1 o ut of 7 2 t e st mat e r i a l s t h a t v a r

i

ed f r om s t r o ng t o n o s en s i t

i

z i ng pot e nt

i

a l

(

2 1

)

, w h

i

l e o t he r s h av e f o u n d t h a t t he M E ST wa s u s ef u l f o r

(17)

14 d et e c t

i

n g s t r o n g s en s i t i z e r s o n l y

(

2 2 , 2 3

)

. B e c a u s e o f t heAs e d

i

s c r ep a n c

i

es , s e v er al

i

n v es t i gat o r s ha v e s o u g h t o p p o r t u n

i

t

i

e s t o

i

m pr o v e t h e ME ST pr ot o c o l . The s e r a ng e d f r om me t h o d s t o

i

n c r e as e d el

i

v e r e d d o s e wh

i

ch

i

n c l u de d ch a ng

i

n g t h e s

i

t e o f ap p l

i

c a t

i

o n f r om ab d o m e n t o t he ba c k a nd ab r ad i n g t he s k i n t o m et h o d s t o

i

n c r e as e

i

n du c t

i

o n wh

i

ch

i

n c l u de d t h e u s e o f cy c l o p h o s p h am

i

d e

(

2 0

)

. T o m ak e t h e MES T a mo r e r e l

i

a b l e me a su r e o f c o nt a c t s e ns

i

t

i

v

i

t y , t h e us e o f v

i

t a m

i

n A ha s b e e n e x p l o r ed b y s e v e r a l

i

n v es t

i

ga t o r s . V i t am

i

n A h as be e n s ho wn t o c a us e ep i de r ma l h y p e r p l a s

i

a b y s t

i

m u l at

i

n g c e l l p r odu c t

i

o n

i

n m

i

c e , gu

i

n e a p

i

gs a n d

i

n h uma n s

(

20

)

. T h e c e l l pr odu c t

i

o n

i

s o n l y s e e n

i

n t h e s t r a t u m gr a n u l o su m a nd s t r a t u m sp

i

n o su m l a y e r s o f t h e ep i de r mi s

(

2 4

)

. O t h e r pr op e r t

i

e s o f V

i

t am i n A

i

n c l u d e e nha n c ed h os t - v s - gr a f t r e a c t

i

v i t y , en h a n c ed sp e c

i

f

i

c a nt

i

- t umo r

i

mmu n e r e sp o n s e a nd

i

n c r e as e

i

n d e r m a l d el ay ed - t y pe h y p e r s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y r e a ct

i

o n s . I n co n t r as t , V

i

t am

i

n A s u p p r es s e s pr

i

ma r y I

g

M r e sp o n s e s , m

i

t og e n

i

ndu ce d l ymp h o c y t e pr o l

i

f e r at

i

o n a n d p h a go cy t os

i

s o f op s o n

i

z ed c e l l s . T h e o v e r a l l p

i

ct u r e i n d

i

c a t e s t ha t V i t am i n A

i

s r e sp o ns

i

b l e f o r e nh a n c

i

n g c e l l -me d

i

a t e d

i

m m u n

i

t y

(

20

)

. T h e me c ha n

i

sm b y w h

i

ch V

i

t am

i

n A e n ha n c e s d e l a y e d t y pe h y pe r s e ns

i

t

i

v

i

t y

i

s t h o ug h t t o b e b y

i

n c r e a s

i

n g t h e n u mbe r o f a nt

i g

e n pr e s e nt

i

n

g

c e l l s o r d e n dr

i

t

i

c c e l l s . I t ha s be e n s h o w n h

i

s t o l og i ca l l y t hat V i t a m i n A f ed a n

i

ma l s h ad a n e x pa n s i o n i n t h e sp l e n i c ma r g i n a l z o n e a n d t h e

(18)

p a r a c o r t

i

c a l r eg

i

o n o f t he l

y

m p h n od e s , w i t h

i

n c r e a s e d n um be r o f a c c e s s o r y c e l l s su c h a s d e ndr i t i c c e l l s a nd ma c r op h age s pr e s e nt

(

2 5

)

. E f f e c t o n t h e n u mbe r a nd d

i

s t r

i

but

i

o n o f T -c e l l s b y v

i

t am

i

n A h a v e be e n n eg l i g

i

b l e . S m

i

t h et al .

(

1 9 8 7

)

sh o w e d t h a t V i t am i n A - de f i c i e nt mi c e h a d a r edu c ed de l ay ed h y p e r s e n s i t i v

i

t y r e a c t i o n t o D N F B

(

2 , 4 - d i n

i

t r o f l u r ob e n ze n e

)

, a c o nt a ct s e n s

i

t i z e r , a n d o b s e r v ed n o s

i

gn

i

f i c a nt d i f f e r e n c e be t we e n t h e V i t a m

i

n A + a nd V

i

t a m

i

n A -g r o u p s

i

n t he T -l

y

m p h o c

y

t e su b p o pu l at

i

o n s

i

n t h y mu s , l y m p h n ode s a nd s p l e e n

(

2 6

)

. As d

i

s c us s e d

i

n t h e m ec ha n

i

sm o f c o nt a c t s e n s i t i v

i

t y , a n t i ge n pr e s e n t a t i on i s a k ey s t e p

i

n t h e i n du ct i o n of c o nt a c t s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y . V

i

t a m

i

n A d

i

et t he n c a n b e u s ed a s a n o n ¬ i n v as i v e t e c hn

i

qu e t o e nha n c e

i

ndu c t

i

o n i n t he M E S T , t hu s ma k

i

n g t h e a s s ay mo r e s e ns i t i v e t o we ak s e ns i t i z e r s . Us i n g t he ME ST , M a

i

se

y

et a l . f o u nd t ha t m

i

c e f ed w

i

t h V

i

t am

i

n A s u p p l e m e n t e d d

i

e t sh owed a D T H r ea ct

i

o n t o c o n c e n t r at

i

o n s of o x a z o l o n e t h at w e r e t o o l o w t o

i

ndu c e a D TH r e a ct

i

o n

i

n m

i

ce f e d t h e st a nda r d d

i

e t

(

2 7

)

. T h e y f u r t h e r t e s t e d 1 2 f r agr a n c e s , 4 p r e s e r v at

i

v es a nd 1 m ed

i

c a m e n t f o r t h e

i

r s e n s

i

t

i

z

i

ng po t e nt

i

a l

i

n a f o l l o w- u p s t ud y u s

i

ng t h e V

i

t am

i

n A s u p p l e m e nt ed M E S T a nd c ompa r ed t he r e s u l t s o f 8 of t h e c o mp o u n d s t o gu i n ea p

i

g ma x i mi z a t

i

o n t e s t

(

G P M T

)

. T he

y

f o u n d t hat t h e t wo t e st s w e r e e qu a l l y c ap a b l e o f p r ed

i

c t

i

n g c o nt a c t s e n s

i

t

i

ze r s w

i

t h s o m e v a r

i

a t

i

o n

(

28

)

. T h o

m

e e t a l . t e st ed t he V

i

t am

i

n A su

p p

l em e nt e d M E S T u s

i

ng 2 , 4 -d

i

n

i

t r o ch l o r ob e n z e ne

(

DN CB

)

a n d 2 , 4 - d i n i t r o f l u r obe n z e n e

(

D N F B

)

a nd f o u nd t h a t e a r

(19)

1 6 sw e l l

i

n g r esp o n s e s do ub l ed

i

n t h e v

i

t am

i

n A f e d m

i

c e

(

2 0

)

. T h e a b

i

l

i

t y o f v

i

t a m

i

n A ME S T t o det e c t w e ak s e n s i t

i

z e r s was t e s t e d b y T ho

m

e et a l .

i

n a f o l l o w u p st u d y u s

i

n g f r agr a n c e c om po n e nt s a nd c o mp l e x f r a gr a n c e mi x t u r e s , w h e r e t h e V i t a m

i

n A M ES T wa s s ho w n t o be s e ns i t

i

v e a nd p r ed i c t

i

v e e n o ug h t o t e s t c o mpo u nds a nd m

i

x t u r es f o r c o nt a ct s e ns

i

t

i

v

i

t y

(

2 9 , 4 1

)

. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e ME S T , a n ot h e r me t h od f o r pr ed i ct i n g c o nt a ct s e n s

i

t

i

z at

i

o n i s t h e L o c a l L ymp h N ode A s s a y

(

L L NA

)

. T h e L L N A me as u r es c o nt a ct s e n s i t i z a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f T c e l l a c t i v at i o n o r m o r e sp e c

i

f i c a l l y T- c e l l pr o l

i

f e r at

i

o n

i

n t h e dr a

i

n

i

ng l y m p h n ode s . I t

i

s kn own t hat c o n t a ct s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t

y

i

s dep e nde n t o n t he a c t

i

v at

i

o n o f T - l y m p h o c y t es b y t op

i

c a l l y a p p l

i

e d c o nt a c t a l l e r g e ns

(

3 0

)

. K

i

m be r et a l .

(

3 0

)

u s ed t h i s

i

n i t

i

a t i o n of t h e a ct

i

v at

i

o n o f T - l y m p ho c y t e s a s a n i nd

i

c at o r o f c o nt a ct s e n s i t

i

v

i

t y . Ma ny ma r k e r s o f t h

i

s l y m p h n ode a c t i v at i o n w e r e t es t ed

i

n c l u d

i

n g l y m p h n o de we

i

g h t , l a r g e

p

yr o n

i

n o

p

h

i

l

i

c c e l l s a nd T -l y m p h ocy t e p r o l

i

f e r at

i

o n of wh

i

c h t he l a t t e r w as d et e r m

i

n e d t o be t h e m os t s e ns

i

t

i

v e

i

nd

i

c at o r o f co nt a ct se n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y

(

30

)

. A f t e r e x pe r

i

m e n t

i

n

g

w i t h ma ny c o mb

i

n at i o n s ,

i

t wa s c o n c l u d ed t h at t h e L L N A w a s mos t s e n s i t i v e wh e n mi ce w e r e e xp o s ed t o v a r

i

o u s c o n ce nt r at

i

o n s o f t es t c he m i c a l s f o r t hr e e c o n s e c ut i v e d ay s . 2 4 h r s a f t e r t he f

i

n a l e x

p

os u r e t h e a n

i

ma l s we r e s a c r

i

f

i

c ed , t he dr a

i

n

i

n g l

y

m p h n ode s we r e e x c

i

s ed a nd a su s

p

e n s

i

o n o f l

y

m

p

h n od e c e l l s wa s p r epa r ed . T h e s e c e l l s w e r e t he n c u l t u r ed w

i

t h ^H- t h

y

m

i

d

i

n e

(20)

f o r 2 4 hr s t o me a s u r e t h e pr o l i f e r a t i v e a c t i v i t y o f t h e c e l l s

(

3 3

)

. An

i

ni t i a l v a l i d a t

i

o n st u d y t e s t e d 22 kn own c o n t a c t s e n s i t

i

z e r s v a r y

i

ng

i

n pot e n c y . A su bs t a n t

i

a l

i

n c r e as e

i

n l y m p h o c y t e pr o l

i

f e r at

i

o n w as r ep o r t ed f o r a l l o f t h es e t e s t m a t e r i a l s w i t h t h e e x c ep t

i

o n of t hr e e w h

i

c h u s ed wat e r a s a v e h

i

c l e

(

3 1

)

. T o m ak e t h

i

s t es t mo r e u s e f u l f o r r o ut

i

n e t e st

i

ng a n d t o a v o

i

d t h e n e ed f o r a sep t

i

c t e c hn

i

qu e , a mo d

i

f i e d L LNA wa s d e v e l o p ed w h e r e

i

ns t e a d o f c u l t u r

i

n g t he T -c e l l s

i

n v

i

t r o , p r o l

i

f e r at

i

o n w a s m e a s u r ed b y

i

n

j

e c t

i

ng 3 H -t h

y

m

i

d

i

n e

i

nt r a v e n o u s l y

(

3 3

)

. T h e r e l

i

ab

i

l

i

t y o f t h e LL NA was t e s t e d b y pe r f o r m i n g a i n t e r - l a b o r a t o r y t r

i

a l us i n g e

i

g ht ch e m

i

c a l s a nd c om p a r

i

n g t he r e su l t s w

i

t h Ma gn u s s o n a n d K l

i g

ma n gu i n e a p i g m a x i m i z a t i o n t es t . A l t h o ug h s ome v a r

i

a t i o n w

i

t h t h e s t

i

mu l at

i

o n va l u e s w as s e e n , t h e o v e r a l l r e su l t wa s c o ns

i

s t e nt

i

n a l l t he l a bo r at o r

i

e s w he r e s

i

x c h em

i

c a l s sh o we d a p os i t

i

v e r e sp o ns e a nd t wo w e r e r ep o r t ed t o be n eg at

i

v e . W

i

t h t h e ex c ep t

i

o n o f o n e c h e m

i

c al , t h e r e s u l t s a l s o c o r r e l at e d we l l w i t h t he pr ed

i

c t

i

o ns m ad e b y t h e gu

i

n e a p

i

g ma x

i

m i z a t

i

o n t es t

(

3 2

)

. Th e L L NA w a s a l s o c o mpa r e d t o t h e Bu eh l e r pa t ch t es t

p

r ed

i

c t

i

o n s . O ut o f t he 2 5 che m

i

c al s t e s t e d , " m od e r at e a n

d

s t r o ng " s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s a s cl a s s

i

f i e d b y t h e B u eh l e r p a t ch t es t w e r e e a s

i

l

y

de t e c t e d b

y

t h e L L N A wh

i

l e w e ak s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s w e r e r eg a r d e d a s " n ot st r o n g s e ns

i

t

i

z e r "

i

n t h e L LNA . A " n ot s t r o ng s e n s i t

i

z e r "

i

s a c h emi c a l t h a t f a

i

l s t o ca u s e a t h r e e ¬ f o l d i n c r e a s e i n ^H Tdr i n c o r po r a t

i

o n . S o m e ch e m

i

c a l s t ha t ga v e a n eg a t i v e r e s po n s e i n t h e B u eh l e r pa t ch t es t s h owed a

(21)

p

o s

i

t

i

v e r es p o ns e

i

n t h e L L N A , t hu s a d d

i

n g e v

i

d e n c e w h i c h qu e s t

i

o n s t he s e ns i t i v i t y o f t h e B u eh l e r p at ch t e s t

(

3 4

)

. Mo r e c o l l ab o r a t i v e s t u d i es u s

i

n g a v a r

i

et y o f ch e m

i

c a l s s u c h a s pr es e r v a t i v e s , p er f u m e

i

ngr ed

i

e n t s , s u r f a c t a n t s , p l as t i c s

/

r e s

i

n ch e mi c al s a n d oi l a d d

i

t i v es we r e do n e t o v a l

i

da t e t h e LL N A . A ga i n a h i g h d egr e e o f c o r r el a t i o n w a s f o u nd be t w e e n t h e L L N A a nd

g

u

i

n e a p

i

g t e st d a t a

(

3 3

)

. C h e m

i

c a l s t h a t sh o w ed t h e s t r o nge st r e sp o ns e

i

n t h e M EST su c h a s D N FB a n d D N C B a l s o s h o w e d a st r o ng r es p o n s e

i

n t h e LL N A w h

i

l e w e ak s e n s

i

t i z e r s su ch a s e ug e n o l a nd f o r ma l

i

n t h at s ho w ed a v a r

i

a b l e r e sp o n s e

i

n t he M EST a l s o sh owe d a p o s

i

t

i

v e r es po n s e

i

n t he L L N A a t o

p

t

i

m a l t e s t c o n c e nt r at

i

o n s

(

3 1

)

. I n a d d

i

t

i

o n t o a l l t h e adv a n t a ge s of t he M E S T , t h e L LNA of f e r s t w o m o r e adv a nt a ge s . O n e i s t h e f a c t t h at i r r i t a n t n o n -s e n s

i

t

i

z

i

n g c h em

i

c a l s d o n ot a f f e c t t he d r a

i

n

i

ng l y m p h n od e s

i

mmu n o l o g i c a l l y t hu s a v o

i

d i n g t he n e ed t o de t e r m

i

n e t h e ma x i m a l n o n -

i

r r

i

t at i ng c o n c e nt r at

i

o n a n d s e c o n d

i

s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e L L NA d o e s n o t r eq u

i

r e t he u s e o f a d

j

u va nt s

(

3 1

)

. T o m ak e t h e L L N A m o r e s e ns

i

t

i

v e , t h e u s e o f I L - 2

i

n c u l t u r e h a s b e e n s ho w n t o be e f f e c t i v e wh e r e I L- 2 e l e v at ed 3 H T dr i n c o r po r a t

i

o n a s c o mp a r ed t o t h e c o n t r o l s . Me c ha n

i

s t

i

c a l l y , t h i s i s n ot a s u r pr

i

s e s

i

n c e l L- 2

i

s a gr ow t h f a c t o r t h a t

i

s n e c es s a r y f o r a nt

i

ge n - s t

i

m u l at e d T - c e l l pr o l

i

f e r at

i

o n

(

3 1

)

. A n ot h e r o p t

i

o n , u n t

i

l r e c e nt l y u nt es t e d , t o mak e t he L L N A m o r e s e ns i t i v e i s t o ma i n t ai n t he a n

i

m a l s o n

(22)

a V

i

t a m

i

n A a c et at e d

i

et s

i

m

i

l a r t o t h e a n

i

m a l s u s e d

i

n t h e ME ST . I t

i

s kn own t hat V

i

t am

i

n A e nh a n c e s c o n t a c t s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y b y c a u s

i

ng ep

i

d e r ma l h y p e r p l a s

i

a wh

i

ch

i

n c r e a s e s t h e n um b e r o f a nt

i

ge n p r e s e nt

i

n g c e l l s

i

n t h e ep

i

de r m

i

s . I n c r e a s e d a n t

i

ge n pr e s e nt at

i

o n l e ad s t o a n

i

n c r e a s e i n T - c e l l p r o l

i

f e r a t i o n , t hu s ca u s i ng a n e nh a n c eme n t i n su bs e

q

u e nt s t ep s i n c o n t a c t s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y . T h

i

s

i

n c r e a s ed p r o l

i

f e r at

i

o n c a n be u s ed t o m a ke t h e LLNA a s s a y mo r e s e n s

i

t

i

v e . A l t h o u g h t he l i t e r at u r e

(

3 3

)

, s u g ge s t s t h a t s u ch d

i

e t s h a v e n o t s

i

gn i f i c a nt l y i n c r e as ed t he s e n s i t i v

i

t y o f t h e L L N A , pr e l

i

m i n a r y wo r k

i

n t h

i

s l abo r at o r y a nd t h i s r e po r t s u g g e s t t h a t V

i

t am

i

n A c a n e nha n c e t h e s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t y o f t h e L LN A . I mme d

i

a t e Hy p e r s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t

y

: I mmed

i

at e o r r e s

p i

r at o r y h

y

p e r s e n s

i

t

i

v

i

t

y

i

s a c o mmo n

i

l l n e s s s e e n

i

n p a t

i

e nt s t o da

y

(

2

)

. S y m p t oms o f t h e s e pa t i e nt s c a n r a n g e f r o m mi l d u r t i ca r

i

a o r s e as o n a l r h i n i t i s t o l

i

f e- t hr ea t e n

i

n g a na p h y l a ct

i

c s h o ck w

i

t h br o n ch o c o n s t r

i

ct

i

o n

(

2

)

. Mo s t e x t e ns

i

v e l y s t u d i ed r e sp

i

r a t o r y s e n s

i

t

i

z e r s s u c h as

i

so cy a n at e s a nd a c

i

d a nh y d r

i

de s h a v e be e n k n own t o h a v e r e a ct

i

v e gr o up s w h

i

c h b

i

n d t o t h e am

i

n o gr o u p of pr ot e

i

n s

i

n t h e b o d

y

(

l u n

g

)

. T he

i

m m u n e r e sp o n s e

i

s

i

ndu c ed w h e n t h e s e chem

i

c a l l y a l t e r ed s e l f pr ot e

i

n s a r e p r es e n t e d t o T- he l p e r c e l l s

i

n t h e

p

r e s e n c e of t h e MHC I I mo l e c u l e s . S p e c

i

f

i

c cy t o k i n e s a r e p r odu c ed w h

i

c h s t

i

m u l a t e t he pr o du c t i o n of cy t o p h

i

l

i

c an t

i

bod

i

es

(

I gE

)

b

y

B- l

y

m

p

h o c

y

t e s . U

p

o n r e

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