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A Comparative Study of Waste Foundry Sand and
Marble Dust for Stabilization of Subgrade Soil
Amendra Prasad Yadav
1, Er. Neeraj Kumar
21 M.Tech scholar, Civil engineering Department; SRMIET, Khora Bhura Ambala, Haryana, India
2Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department; SRMIET, Khora Bhura Ambala, Haryana, India
Abstract: Marble Dust and Foundry Sand are two of the most widely spread and easily available waste materials that are produced by the industries. Marble Dust is a dust that is generated in the process of cutting of marble stone while foundry sand is a waste product of the metal casting industry. In this research work the utilization of marble dust and foundry sand as a soil stabilizing material is tested. Stabilizing the soil is very important part of the construction process. This is because some of the soils do not have the proper strength to bear the load that is being put on them and thus many times lead to a complete collapse of the building. To avoid this situation stabilization is done so that bearing capacity of the soil is increased to withstand the designed load. Lime and cement are the two materials that were mostly used for soil stabilization since many years. But now a day, due to the depletion of the natural resources there is an increase in the utilization of the waste materials for the same. Some of the waste materials used are fly ash, marble dust, foundry sand, rice husk ash etc. These materials not only provide an alternative to the usage of conventional materials, but are also helpful in controlling the environmental pollution. At most of the places these waste materials are dumped into the open area which causes a lot of problem to the people around that area as well as to the workers working at these places. Utilizing these waste materials will not only reduce the pollution but will also reduce the human dependability on the natural resources, thus leading to a more sustainable approach of construction.
I. INTRODUCTION
Soil is a major component of the earth’s surface which sustains life. It is made up by the disintegration of rocks due to various environmental processes like changing weather, volcanic action, erosion of rocks by water etc. Some of the various types of soil that are found in our country are alluvial soil, laterite soil, peaty soil, black cotton soil or expansive soil etc. The type and availability of these soils are based upon the climatic and geographical location of a particular area. Apart from helping the plants grow, soil also helps the humans to carry out all the basic activities on it like travelling, construction, agriculture etc. A developing country like India demands rapid growth in its infrastructure i.e. a proper network of roads and buildings for development. All the constructions related to civil engineering, as like a simple house or a multi-storey building, a road or a highway, everything is built on the soil. It is very important to check all the engineering properties of the soil like the bearing capacity, shear strength etc before starting any construction work on it because all the soils are not suitable for construction always. Before construction of any project, site selection is the foremost objective of engineering department. The main purpose of site selection or investigation is to determine stable and good quality soil where the construction is to be done. It also helps in collecting all the relevant information about soil and its properties. Afterwards, soil with the best quality is selected for construction so that it would result in better structure. Foundation is the main part of any construction and it is totally depending upon the type of soil. Foundation soil is the one that carrying all the loads of structure and good foundation gives more stability and better texture to the construction. There are many types of soil that are found. They are: -
1) Sandy
2) Silty
3) Chalky
4) Clayey
5) loamy
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because of its increasing cost and the pollution caused in the environment due to CO2 emitted during its production. Utilization of lime is also not much suitable because lot of CO2 is emitted during its production too. These facts necessitated the need for utilizing the waste products from various industries so that they can be used as an alternative to the conventional resources. Some of the waste products used for the stabilization of soil are fly ash, marble dust, foundry sand, rice husk ash etc. The fly ash generation in 2011 in India was about 112 million tons per year which increased to about 170 million tons in 2012 and about 225 million tons by 2017. While fly ash is a waste product generated from the coal based thermal power plants, marble dust and foundry sand are the waste products from the marble stone and the metal casting industries respectively. Various studies have proved that utilization of these waste materials as a soil stabilizing agent have not only improved the soil properties but also helped in reducing the cost of the
project gradually.There are three main methods of stabilization i.e. mechanical stabilization, chemical stabilization and stabilization
with the help of geo synthetics. These three methods are as followings.
A. Mechanical Stabilization
Mechanical solutions involve physically changing in the property of the soil somehow, in order to affect its gradation, solidity, and other characteristics. Dynamic compaction and vibro compaction are the two techniques used for mechanical stabilization. In vibro compaction the soil is compacted with the help of vibrations while dynamic compaction uses a heavy weight for the same. This is one of the oldest methods of stabilizing the soil.
B. Chemical Stabilization
Chemical solutions are the techniques that rely on adding an additional material to the soil that will physically interact with it and change its properties. Lime and cement are the most common materials that are being used for stabilizing the soil. But with the advent of new materials and excess of industrial waste available, lime and cement are now used less. Some of the industrial wastes that are used are fly ash, kiln dust, marble dust, foundry sand etc.
C. Geosynthetic Stabilization
Geo-grids are used in geo synthetic stabilization, to reinforce the soil. Geo-grid with reduced aggregate thickness option is designed for urban area and this provides a stable working platform corresponding to 97 percent of CBR.
Soil modification and soil stabilization are the two processes to provide strength to the weak soil. Soil modification changes the characteristics of soil by adding soil amendments to strengthen physical and chemical conditions to improve the bearing capacity of the soil. Soil stabilization is the process of blending and mixing materials with a soil to improve certain properties of the soil. The process may include the blending of soils to commercially available admixtures that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for cementation of the soil. The main purpose of the soil stabilization process is to increase the bearing capacity of
the soil, thus making it fit for construction. A lot of methods are employed for stabilizing the soil
.
II. NEEDOFSOILSTABILIZATION
Soil properties vary from place to place depending upon the climatic and geographical conditions of that area. They are not suitable for construction always and need to be modified so that they do not cause any damage to the structure built on them. The main need of stabilizing the soil is to improve the bearing capacity so that they are able to withstand the load applied on them.
1) Stabilization improves the properties of construction materials and gives the following attributes:- After saturation with water
substantial proportion of their strength is retained.
2) Resistance to erosion.
3) Surface deflection is reduced
4) The elastic modulus of layers constructed above stabilized layer is increased
5) It improves the strength of the soil, thus, increasing the soil bearing capacity.
6) It is also used to provide more stability to the soil in slopes or other such places.
7) Sometimes soil stabilization is also used to prevent soil erosion or formation of dust, which is very useful especially in dry and
arid weather.
8) The cost of preparing the sub grade by replacing the weak soil with a good quality soil is higher than that of preparing the sub
grade by stabilizing the locally available soil using different stabilization techniques.
9) Stabilization is also done for soil water-proofing this prevents water from entering into the soil and hence helps the soil from
losing its strength.
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III.MATERIALUSED
The following materials are used for the
study:-A. Marble Dust
Marble Dust is a waste product of the marble stone. This dust is produced in the process of cutting of marble stone. Marble stone is a type of metamorphic rock that is produced as a result of transformation occurred in the lime stone. In India, marble processing industry generates around 7 million tons of wastes mainly in the form of powder during sawing and polishing processes. Out the total waste generated, the state of Rajasthan alone contributes around 6 million tons of marble dust annually i.e. about 95% of the total marble dust production. This poses a huge threat to the environment and the people because most of this marble dust is dumped into the open area which causes a major environmental concern. Although there are proper areas dedicated to the dumping of this waste, but marble dust being a very fine powder is capable of flowing away with the wind. Thus the marble dust spreads along the outer areas also and gradually settle on the plants and animals of the surrounding areas. The spreading of marble dust in the surrounding areas certainly creates necrotic ecological conditions for flora and fauna thereby changing the landscapes and habitats gradually. Thus it becomes very important to utilize this huge amount of waste in a proper manner. To combat the effect of this waste material to the surrounding area, it is used in various processes such as in the production of concrete as well as in the process of soil stabilization. Utilizing marble dust in the process of stabilizing the soil is increasing day by day due to the low cost of this material as well as for its ease of availability.
B. Foundry Sand
Foundry sand is a waste product that is obtained from the ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting industry. The metal foundries utilize a large amount of sand for its casting processes. The sand is used again and again for the casting process and after a certain multiple usage it becomes a waste which cannot be used in the casting process any more. This wastes and is termed as waste foundry sand or used foundry sand which contains high amount of silica in it. Due to industrialization and development of foundries the surrounding agricultural activities of the surrounding area has been decreased. According to the recent reports, foundry market in India to expected grow at a compound annual growth rate of 10.08% during the period 2016-2020. With such a huge growth also comes the problem of waste disposal. Using this waste sand in the production of concrete as well as for soil stabilization is a more sustainable approach for development.
IV.OBJECTIVEOFTHESTUDY
The main objective of this study is to stabilize the soil by using foundry sand and marble dust and present a brief comparison among these two materials for the optimum of performance.
A. Scope of the Study
1) There are many waste products in India which are not utilized for any purpose. They are still getting disposed as waste without
knowing that they can be used for many researches so that the method will be eco friendly and may not harm any environmental conditions. Therefore, this research is made to use waste materials for the major problem that is instability of soil.
2) Stabilization of soil is done by the one of major waste product found in India marble dust and foundry sand. Using these
materials as soil stabilizing material is very beneficial as they do not harm any environmental conditions and lower the cost of construction as well.
3) Both the materials when mixed with virgin soil, makes it more strengthen and gives more durability. As a result of this study,
soil will become stable and can be able to take more load of sub structure for long time period. Foundation of structure will have strength to handle the load of sub structure above it.
4) The materials used in this investigation are able to make soil stable in very small content. They all are easily available in the
local markets or industries at very cheap rates or free of cost. Therefore, it is very beneficial to use these materials for soil stabilization process.
V. LITERATUREREVIEW
1) Yadu &Tripathi (2013) had studied the effects of granulated blast furnace slag in the engineering behaviour of stabilized soft
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2) Amrendra Kumar, Dr. Ravi Kumar and Babita Singh (2014) accomplished the study on the compaction and sub grade
characteristics of clayey soil by mixing it with foundry sand, fly ash and tile waste. These materials were taken in a ratio of 10% to 50% with an increment of 10%. Results showed an increase in the value of the CBR value from 2.43% to 7.35% when all the three materials were added into the soil. Thus they concluded that clayey soil mixed with foundry sand, fly ash and tile waste can be effectively used in the construction of sub-grade so roads with low traffic volume.
3) Jadhav & Kulkarni (2014) premeditated the feasibility Study of Improving Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using Industrial
Wastes. The studies revealed that stabilization using industrial wastes from 0 to 60% saves the natural materials. The Pavement thickness for stabilized road is reduced by 280 mm and cost saving is 21.91% with respect to flexible pavement of 1km road length. It is economical to construction as well as maintenance of road.
4) Parte Shyam Singh and R K Yadav (2014) carried out experiments to study the effect of marble dust on the index properties of
black cotton soil. Marble dust was taken in the ratio of 0% to 40% by the dry weight of the soil. Results concluded that the plasticity index of the black soil decreased gradually from 28.35% to 16.67%, while the shrinkage limit increased from 8.06% to 18.34% at 40% addition of marble dust. Apart from this the expansiveness of the soil reduced from being very high to low on addition of marble powder, thus making the soil suitable for construction.
5) Sachin N. Bhavsar, Hiral B. Joshi, et. al. (2014) had studied the impact of marble powder on engineering properties of black
cotton soil. The experiment involved determining the swelling potential of expansive soil in its natural state as well as when mixed with different proportion of marble dust from 30 to 50%. The test results showed a positive impact of marble powder on the black soil. The optimum moisture content of the soil decreased from 18.08% up to 12.2% while the maximum dry density increased from 1.71 g/cc up to 1.95 g/cc on addition of 40% marble powder.
6) Brajesh Mishra (2014) based on this study and experimental investigation It was observed that with the addition of foundry
sand in and y clayey soil the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Values of the soil foundry sand mixture initially increased up to a certain value but on further addition of foundry sand in sandy clayey soil the values of Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) showed a decreasing trend. Hence it can be concluded that there exists a optimum percentage of foundry sand which was responsible for increased strength of soil.
7) Kunal R. Pokale, Yogesh R .Borkar and Rahul R. Jichkar (2015) carried out an experimental investigation for Stabilization of
Black Cotton soil by using waste material - Brick Dust. On the basis of experimental test results, it is observed that the moisture content (MC) reduces after 7 days and 28 days results respectively. MC of 30% BD is reduces to 26.46%. Hence replacement of brick dust is more effective.
8) Jaglan & Mital (2015) performed the study on the review of stabilization of soil by steel industry waste. According to study, it
shows that due to the addition of steel waste the maximum dry density increases and the optimum moisture content decreases. In geotechnical engineering applications steel waste may be feasible. By the addition of steel waste in the poorly graded soil may improve the bearing capacity of soil.
9) M. Adams Joe and A. Maria Rajesh (2015) had studied from the study, it is observed that there is an appreciable improvement
in the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the soil treated with industrial waste. In terms of material cost, the use of less costly Admixtures can reduce the required amount of industrial waste. Soils had the greatest improvement with all soils becoming non-plastic with the addition of sufficient amounts of industrial waste. The study after conducting several experiments revealed the following significances in using lime and industrial waste as a stabilizing agent
10) California Bearing Ratio Test The CBR test is carried out on the parent soil sample in unsoaked and soaked soil conditions.
Further Marble Dust and Foundry Sand are added in proportion of 10%, 14%, 18% and 22% in the parent soil sample, to test the CBR Value. The CBR values are studied at penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm respectively. The CBR Value at penetration of 2.5 mm is 8.78% for virgin soil in unsoaked condition
CBR Value for soil sample on addition of various percentages of Marble Dust (Unsoaked condition)
S. No. Soil (%) + Marble Dust (%) CBR Value (%)
1 Soil 100% + Marble Dust 0% 8.78
2 Soil 90% + Marble Dust 10% 10.46
3 Soil 86% + Marble Dust 14% 12.38
4 Soil 82% + Marble Dust 18% 11.97
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CBR Value for soil sample on addition of various percentages of Foundry Sand (Unsoaked condition)
S. No. Soil (%) + Foundry Sand (%) CBR Value (%)
1 Soil 100% + Foundry Sand 0% 8.78
2 Soil 90% + Foundry Sand 10% 11.65
3 Soil 86% + Foundry Sand 14% 13.26
4 Soil 82% + Foundry Sand 18% 15.87
5 Soil 78% + Foundry Sand 22% 18.68
Experiment determines CBR percentage of soil sample on addition of Foundry Sand. On addition of Foundry Sand, the CBR value goes on increasing which signifies that the strength goes on increasing.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
C
B
R
V
a
lue
(
%
)
Additive Material (%)
Marble Dust (%)
Foundry Sand (%)
The study concludes the CBR percentage of soil with addition of Foundry Sand. On addition of Foundry Sand, the CBR value goes on increasing which signifies that the strength goes on increasing.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
C
B
R
V
a
lue
(
%
)
Additive Materials (%)
Marble Dust (%)
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VI.CONCLUSIONS
From the test results we concluded that
A. The maximum Dry Density achieved was 1.85 g/cc at on addition of 10% Marble Dust, while 1.99 g/cc at on addition of 22%
Foundry sand.
B. CBR value achieved was 12.38% on addition of 14% of marble dust in the parent soil, whereas the maximum CBR value
achieved on addition of foundry sand was 18.68% at 22% addition in un-soaked condition.
C. There was a continuous increase in the optimum moisture content value of the parent soil on addition of marble dust and
foundry sand. The maximum value for optimum moisture content obtained was 20% at 22% addition of marble dust. While there was a decrease in the optimum moisture content on addition of foundry sand.
D. CBR value achieved was 10.56% on addition of 14% of marble dust in the parent soil, whereas the maximum CBR value
achieved on addition of foundry sand was 15.03% at 22% addition in soaked condition.
E. Thus all the above test results concluded that foundry sand is a better stabilizing material when compared to marble dust.
VII. SCOPEFORFUTUREWORK
This study is concentrated on a comparative study of waste Foundry Sand and Marble Dust for stabilization of sub grade soil.
A. Stabilization can be done with the help of different wastes material like rice husk ash, waste plastic, waste stone powder etc.
Utilizing of waste materials in a better way will help to reduce the pollution caused in the environment due to their disposal.
B. Lime and Marble Dust can be used together as an additive material for the better result.
C. The above materials can be used in construction field on large scale to minimize the construction cost and bad environmental
effect as well.
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