Joseph Wright - Old High German Grammar

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(5) <.tarentom. wss. Smes. AN. OLD HIGH-GERMAN PRIMER 'WRIGHT.

(6) HENRY FROWDE. OXFORD UNIVERSITY. PRESS-. AMEN CORNER,. WAREHOUSE. E.G..

(7) Strtcs. AN. OLD HIGH-GERMAN PRIMER WITH. GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY. JOSEPH WRIGHT,. Pn.D.. AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1888 [All rights reserved^.

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(9) PREFACE. IN an elementary book like the present impossible even to peculiar to especially. state all the. it. of course,. is,. phenomena of sound-change. the Old. High-German language as a whole, when one attempts to make a discrimination. between the Upper German and Upper Franconian I have,. more important. small compass. all. language, and. fully believe that the beginner. tiously. the really. works through the book,. will. features of the. who. view.. whether from a In the. will. enable. little. diffi-. literary or a purely linguistic point of. MHG.. primer. many forms were. explained which beginners would, no doubt,. seen explained.. conscien-. have acquired such a. sound elementary knowledge of the language as him to pursue his further study of German with culty,. dialects.. however, endeavoured to bring within a comparatively. There. I. mentioned such. like. OHG.. left. un-. to have. forms only. as were absolutely necessary for the understanding of the. Accidence, intentionally reserving the rest for the present little. book.. In. fact,. MHG.. grammar. difficulty to a student possessing a. ledge of. OHG.. will. cause. little. or. no. mere elementary know-.

(10) PREFACE.. vi. two. I trust that these. plete as they are. will. little. imperfect and incom-. books. contribute something towards further-. ing the scientific study of. German. among our countrymen. a love. medieval literature of which the. in. England, and fostering. for. that. German. great. nation. store is. of. justly. proud.. In conclusion. I gratefully. acknowledge. my. obligations to. Braune's Althochdeutsche Grammatik, Halle, 1886, and to the. a. same. new. author's Althochdeutsches Lesebuch, Halle, 1881,. edition of which. is. to. appear. shortly.. J.. OXFORD: May,. 1888.. WRIGHT..

(11) CONTENTS. PAGE. GRAMMAR TEXTS. i. :. I.. Tatian. II.. Psalms. III. St.. 85. .. 108. Emmeramer Gebet. 109. in. IV. Otfrid. V. Das Ludwigslied VI. Christ and the. VII. Muspilli. woman. <. of Samaria. .. .. .. .. 127. .129 .. 131. NOTES. 135. GLOSSARY. 141.

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(13) GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTION. 1. By Old High German (OHG.) we mean the High German language from the beginning of its earliest monu-. ments. in the eighth century up to about the end of the eleventh century. This book treats principally the language as it obtained in the ninth century.. OHG.. 2.. division of the. member of the West Germanic Germanic (Teutonic) branch of the Indo-. forms one. Germanic family of languages. The Germanic branch consists. of:. Gothic.. I.. Old Norse (Scandinavian), which. II.. is. sub-divided into. two groups East Norse, including Swedish, Gutnish, and Danish. West Worse, including Norwegian and Icelandic. III. West Germanic, which is composed of Old English :. (OE.), Old Frisian, Old Saxon (OS.), sometimes called Old. Low German, Old Low. Franconian (Old Dutch), and Old. High German. In. 3.. OHG. we have to distinguish three dialect groups. Upper German. :. highlands of (UG.), spoken South Germany, and consisting of the Alemanic and Bavarian I.. in. the. dialects. II.. Upper Franeonian,. dialect. spoken. in the old. consisting of East Franconian (the. duchy of Franconia Orientalis) and.

(14) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 2. Rhenish Franconian. coma. (the dialect of the old province of. Fran-. Rhenensis).. Middle Franconian, the dialect spoken along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from Coblence to III.. Diisseldorf.. This book. and. is. confined to the dialect groups I. chiefly. II.. PHONOLOGY. CHAPTER. I.. ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.. The OHG. monuments were. 4.. written in the. Latin. alphabet.. Vowel length was either entirely omitted in writing, or was represented by doubling the respective vowelj but sometimes also. by using the accents. vowels,. is. here used to. A (. ').. ,. mark long. The sign vowels.. ~~,. placed over. A. THE VOWELS. The OHG. vowel-system was. 5.. elementary. letters a,. ia), io (eq),. iu,. ou. e,. i,. o, u,. and uo. (au),. represented by the five. and the digraphs. ei, ie (ea,. (ua), the latter having the. value of diphthongs.. For. NOTE.. i. the symbol. y was. occasionally employed, otherwise. y. occurred in loan-words only. 6. All the. simple vowels had both a short and a long. quantity.. The. short vowels a,. i,. o, u,. and the long vowels. a, e,. i,. 6, u, had nearly the same pronunciation as the corresponding OE. vowels, e had a twofold pronunciation,. and. which. is still. kept apart in. many New High German (NHG.).

(15) GRAMMAR. according as. dialects,. cp. e.g.. OE., OS.,. 3. represented a primitive Germanic e beside Greek fapw, or an e which arose from the i-umlaut it. OHG. beran (to bear),. Lat. fero (I bear) of a ( 20), as Nom. sg. gast (guest),. gesti. pi.. ;. nerien. (to. In the former case e had an open sound approaching that of a, and is generally written e in grammatical treatises, in order to distinguish it from the. save) from *na2yan.. umlaut-e, which had a close sound approaching that of i. The following key-words will be of use, as giving an. approximate pronunciation, to those unacquainted with Old English.. a a. as in. mnn. NHG.. e. h<zt. e. FR.. e'te'. e. NHG.. r*h. (OE.. (man).. hahan <z?). helfan. (to. gesti (guests). sela (sou!).. i. ENGL.. z't. NHG.. /1m. o. ENGL. not. got (God).. 6. NHG.. so. hoh. u u. ENGL.. full. gibuntan. food. hus. stam. stein. = e+ = ie +e. i. ,,. wizân. (high).. (bound).. (house). (stone).. riet (advised).. The remaining diphthongs ea (ua),. know\. (to. mm (my).. i. will present. hang),. (to help).. I. ei. uo. man. ENGL. father. no. (ia),. io (eo), iu,. difficulties to the. mastered the key-words to the short vowels. learner in the. ou. (au),. who has. above. table.. NOTE. The OE. e, which arose from the i-umlaut of a, is generally regarded as having been an open e-sound, but without sufficient basis. thorough investigation of all the living English dialects might possibly lead to a final settlement of this difficult point of OE. phonology.. A. B 2.

(16) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 4. B.. following letters p, q,. THE CONSONANTS.. The OHG. consonant-system was. 7.. r, s, t,. The. :. b, c, ch, d,. th (dh),. f,. g, h, *j. u (v), *w (uu,. letters b, d, k,. 1,. m,. and. n, p,. g), k,. u, uv, vu, t. The remaining. values as in English.. represented by the (i, e,. w),. 1,. m,. n,. x, z.. had nearly the same. letters require special. attention.. c. had a twofold pronunciation.. It. had the sound of our. k finally and before the guttural vowels a, o, u, and before consonants, as tac (dqy\ corn (corn), cund (known), cleini Before the palatal vowels i, e (except in the comit had the sound of ts, like NHG. z, as lueil. (pretty).. bination sc). ce. (little),. (to).. But,. on the other hand, sceidan. where sc was pronounced. (to sever),. English word. like the sch in the. school.. ch mostly represented a single (guttural spirant) sound ch in NHG. or in Scotch loch, as sprechan (to. like the. In Upper German monuments. speak).. express the affricata kh, as. khorn (chorn). i.e.. (corn).. k + the. See. it. was. also used to. ch sound in Scotch loch,. 60.. f had a twofold pronunciation according as it represented a Germanic f or p; cp. e.g. OHG. fater, OS. fadar, OE.. Gothic fadar (father) with OHG. slafan, OS. slapan, In the former case slfflpan, Gothic slepan (to sleep).. faeder,. OE. it. was. labio-dental,. and. f was often written vowels, as varan,. in the latter bilabial,. u. (v). initially,. OE. faran. (to go),. f. = prim. Germ.. and medially between zwival, Gothic tweifls. (doubt). g,. when. Germ,. g,. dag, OE.. it. represented prim. Germ, g, or rather prim. g in got, as OHG. tag, OS.. had the sound of our. dag. (day);. OHG.. guot,. OE. god. (good).. But.

(17) GRAMMAR. when. stood for prim. Germ,. it. it". j,. same sound as they. nearly the. (jener), Goth, jains. (file,. 5. was a spirant and had gener. in English j^/, as. yon)] herige (herie), Goth, harja,. Dat. sing, of heri (army).. and medially between vowels, had the soundof our h in hat] finally and medially before consonants it was the guttural spirant ch (see ch), as haben h, initially. value. (to. sehan. have},. (= NHG.. (to see). nacht). hoh (= NHG. hoch). ;. (high],. naht. (night).. (that is i in the function of a. consonant) did not occur but was It manuscripts, represented by i (e, g). had nearly the same sound-value as the in English yet, as nerien from *nazjan (to save) ; hirteo, Goth, hairdje, *j. in. OHG.. y. Gen.pl.ofhirti(^//zm/); gener (jener), Gothic jains. (file,. yon}.. q occurred only. in. combination with. r was a trilled sound in. all. u. as in English.. positions as in Scotch, as. beran. rent. (to bear), fart (way), fagar (beautiful). (right), s was a voiceless spirant in all positions like the s in. English. sit,. as. sunu. th (dh) seems. (son),. kiosan. kos (/ chose). have been a voiced. (to choose),. in the ninth century to. thenken. interdental spirant like the th in English then, as (to think).. u. u (v) was frequently written for Germanic as uaran, varan (to go). It was also employed, Single. (v).. f (see. f),. especially after consonants. press. u. (black),. in. consonant,. uurdun. for. i.e.. and before the vowel. u, to ex-. English w, as suarz for. uuurdun. suuarz. (they became).. *w (i.e. u in the function of a consonant) did not occur OHG. manuscripts, but was generally represented by uu. (uv, vu,. w), and had. the sound-value of English. w. in wit.. *. 1.

(18) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 8. CHAPTER THE 13.. The. vowel sounds. PRIMITIVE GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM. prim. Germanic language. had the following. :. Short vowels. Long. a,. e, ,. Diphthongs NOTE.. II.. i,. e,. ai,. I,. o(?),. u. 6,. u. au, eu.. Although pre-Germanic o uniformly became a in accented = Lat. hostis, syllables, e.g. OHG., OS. gast, Goth, gasts (guest} (enemy, stranger), yet it is not certain that o did not exist in unacI.. cented syllables, cp. e.g. such forms as OHG. tago-llh (daily), etc. Pre-Germanic a and 6 fell together in 6 already in prim. Germanic ; cp. e.g. Lat. frater, with OE. brottor, OS. broUar, Goth, bropar Lat. mater, with OE. modor, OS. modar (mother) Gr. (brother) :. ;. with OE., OS. fot, Gothic fotus (foot}. 2. had an open sound like that in English there, and corresponded in quality with OHG. e, while e had a close sound like e in NHG.. Doric. TTOJS. and corresponded in quality with OHG. e, see 6. In comparing Gothic forms with those of other Germanic languages, it must be observed (i) that Gothic changed every old e to i,. reh. (roe},. 3.. and then old i and the i which arose from e both became e (written 18), became ai) before r and h; (2) that the o, which arose from u ( u again, then this u along with the u which had remained unchanged, became an open o (written aii) before r and h. ; (3) that i was written ei in Gothic.. 14. This system. underwent various modifications during. prim. Germ, period, i.e. before the parent language became differentiated into the various separate Germanic The most important of these changes were languages. 15. a + E>x became ax, as OHG., OS., Gothic fahan. the. :. (/o seize). from *farDxanan,. prim. Germ, a. cp. Lat.. in accented syllables. pango, pax. Every was of this origin..

(19) GRAMMAR. became. 16. e. i. 9. under the following circumstances. :. (1) Before nasal + consonant, as OHG. wint, OE. wind, O. Icel. vindr, Goth, winds (wind), cp. Lat. ventus. This. became became a. under the same conditions as those by which a 15), as OHG. dihan, OS. thihan, OE. tSeon, ( Goth. J?eihan (to thrive), from *J>ir>xanan, older *)>er>xanan. i. I. ;. OS. ge-thungan, OE. ge-o\mgen. This explains OHG. bintan (to bind), and helfan (to help), belong to why the same ablaut-series. cp. the p.p.. (2). When. followed by an. next syllable, as *isti,. O.. Icel. stiga,. cp.. (earth)}. OHG.. sg.. through. the. *bfrid(i), see. (3). O.. same or the. in the. I. 1st,. m; OHG.,. OHG.. mitti,. (middle),. OE.. is. OS.,. (is),. OE.. from. stlgan,. OS. middi, OE. midd, O.Icel. from original *medhjos, cp.. OHG., OS. beran birit,. OS.. birid,. immediate. (to. bear), beside pres. 3.. from. stages. original. *bh<reti,. *t36redi,. *t3<ridi,. 43, 51.. In unaccented syllables,. Icel.. or. Goth, steigan (read stigan), (to ascend}, from Gk. oT'xa>; OHG. irdin (earthen), beside. mitSr, Goth, midjis. Lat. medius.. j,. i,. OS., Goth.. older *esti, cp. Gk.. *stiigan,. erda. OHG.,. fdetr (feet\. from. Nom.. pi.. OE.. fet,. older fost,. *fotiz, older *fotez, cp. Gr.. Tro'Ses,. Lat .pedes. The Nom. pi. OHG. fuozi, OS. foti, Gothic fotjus were new formations; OHG. iz, imper. 2. sg. (eat\ from *iti, cp. Lat. ede. 17. i, followed by a or o, in the next syllable, became e when not protected by an intervening i or j, as OHG., OS., OE. wer, O. Icel. verr (man), cp. Lat. vir. In historic times, however, this law has an exceedingly great number of. exceptions owing to the separate languages having levelled out in various directions, cp. e.g. OHG. quec, beside OE..

(20) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 10 cwic, O.. kvikr. Icel.. same word as Lat. OE. libban, O. Icel.. the. (quick, alive),. OHG.. vivos (vivus);. leben, beside. lifa (to live), etc.. u, followed. 18.. became. by an a or o. next. in the. syllable,. except when protected by a following nasal + con-. o,. sonant or an intervening. i. (j),. on the one hand,. cp.,. OHG.. giholfan, OS. giholpan, OE. geholpen, Gothic hulpans 13, note 3), the p.p. of helfan {to help), beside OHG. (. gibuntan, OS. gibundan, OE. gebunden, O. Icel. bundenn, Gothic bundans, the p.p. of bintan (to bind) and, on the ;. OHG.. other hand,. got,. OS,,. OE. god. original neuter form *ghutom, beside cp. further. OHG.. from an. (God),. OHG.. gutin (goddess) ; hucken, OS. huggian, Gothic hugjan. (to think).. Every prim. Germ, o. was of. in accented syllables. this. origin.. u became u. under the same circumstances as those by became a and I, as pret. sing, OHG, duhta, OS. thuhta, OE. Jmhta, Gothic Jmhta, OHG. inf. dunken. which a and. i. (to seem), related to. 19.. O. Lat. tongere. The diphthong eu became an. syllable contained. i. (j),. cp,. (to. know).. iu,. 16,. when. following syllable contained an a or o, cp. differences. rested,. ciest), beside infin.. e.g.. OHG.. pres,. the following. and eo when the. 2,. 3.. On. 18. sg.. these. kiusit (OE.. keosan (kiosan), OE. ceosan. (to. choose);. leoht (lioht) (light), beside liuhten, from *liuhtjan light) ; teof (tiof) (deep), beside tiufl (depth), etc.. From what that. the. following. has been said in. Germ,. prim.. shape before. parent language. ;. 15-19. vowel-system the. dissolution. it. will. be. had assumed of the. (to. seen the. Germanic.

(21) GRAMMAR. Short vowels. The. a,. e,. Long. a,. SB, e,. Diphthongs. ai,. au,. 1 1. u u. i,. o,. I,. 6,. iu,. eo.. further development of these sounds in. OHG.. will. be. briefly discussed in the following chapter.. CHAPTER THE OHG. DEVELOPMENT. III.. OF THE GENERAL GERMANIC. VOWEL-SYSTEM.. A.. THE SHOBT VOWELS OF ACCENTED SYLLABLES. Before entering upon the history of the various shall here define and illustrate umlaut (mutation),. 20.. vowels a. we. phenomenon By Umlaut. of frequent occurrence in OHG. meant the modification of an accented. is. vowel through the influence of an. i. in. (j). the following. syllable.. The. only vowel which underwent this modification in. OHG. (goes),. beside. was. a,. which became e. (. Examples:. 6).. ferit. faran; Nom. pi. kelbir (calves], gesti (guests), Nom. sg. kalb, gast; brennen (Gothic brannjan). inf.. burn) ; heri (Gothic beside lang (long), etc.. (to. harjis). (army). ;. lengi (length),. a. 21.. OHG., OS.. Germanic a as. gast,. band,. OHG.,. generally remained OS., OE., Goth, faran. Goth, gasts. pret. i. 3. sing, of. (guest)',. OHG.. bintan. (to bind).. unchanged (to. bant,. go}; OS.,. in. OHG., Goth,.

(22) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. $2. a became e when followed by an i (j) in the next examples see 20. This i-umlaut of a did not,. 22.. syllable, for. however, take place in the following cases 1. Before ht, hs, or consonant + w, as. mahti; wahsan (to grow), from *scatwjan (to shade).. pres. 3. sg.. :. maht. (power),. pi.. wahsit; bi-scatwen. 2. In Upper German before 1 + consonant, before hh, ch (= Germanic k), and often before r + consonant, as UG. haltit beside UFr. heltit (holds) UG. sachit besides UFr. ;. sehhit (he quarrels). jan. warmen. ;. warm). In words ending. wermen, from. beside. *. warm-. (to. 3.. in -nissi, -nissa, or -llh, as firstant-. nissi (unders landing], kraftlih (strong).. e. 23.. tinguish. Germanic e (usually written e in order to disfrom the e which arose from the i-umlaut of a). it. appears in. OHG.. as. e appears also as. i. phonetic reasons, cp.. pecus. (cattle). ;. sibun. i. under the conditions given in 16. forms without any apparently. in a few e.g.. fihu, but also fehu, beside Lat.. (seven) beside Lat.. septem, and a few. became i in OHG. before chew), bliuuan (to strike).. e also. others. kiuuan. (to. The. pres. indie,. helfan. (to. help),. probably due. to. i.. a. (to. levelling. (=ww),. as. gibu, beside the. infin.. bear),. geban. were. out. with the. sg. hilfu, biru,. beran. w. (to give), 2.. and. 3.. sg.. hilfis, hilfit, etc.. In fel,. all. OE.. neman. other cases old e was regularly retained in. OHG.,. as. Lat. pellis (skin), reht (right), Lat. rectus; (to take), related to Gr. fell,.

(23) GRAMMAR.. 13. i.. 24. Germanic. OE., Goth, witan fisk,. OE.. OS.,. remained in OHG., as wizzan, OS., know), cp. Lat. videre, Gk. Ifclv ; OHG. O. Icel. fiskr, Goth, fisks (fish\ cp. Lat. i. (to. fisc,. piscis.. On. forms. like. skef beside skif. U, 25.. The. 1 7.. O.. interchange between u, o described. obtained also in the. *wurkjan). (ship), see. OHG.. development. work), beside pret.. (to. beside p.p. gibotan,. biotan. inf.. cp.. ;. worhta. ;. in. 18. wurken. (from. pret. pi.. wolla. offer)',. (to. butun, (wool),. beside wrillin (wollen), etc.. B.. THE LONG VOWELS OP ACCENTED SYLLABLES. a. 26.. The. remained in. which arose from a according to. a,. OHG.. dahta; hahan. (to. cp.. ;. hang). denken beside. (to. pret.. 15,. beside. think). hiangum,. pi.. pret. p.p.. gihangan. 88.. 27. (to. sleep). as ;. became a. OHG.. OE. baeron (we. lazan, bore)',. OHG.. OHG.. in. OE.. Isatan. OHG.. slafan,. (to let). ;. OE. sleepan. OHG.. barun,. saûn, OE. sseton (we. sat),. etc.. e.. 28. e became developed to ie during the OHG. period through the intermediate stages ea, ia. ie (Otfrid ia, but beside this also ie) is the OHG. normal form from about the.

(24) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 14. middle of the ninth century.. All. four. occur at. stages. different period, as e.g. her, hear, hiar, hier (here]. reat,. riat,. riet,. pret.. ret,. ;. verb ratan. of the redupl.. sg.. (to. advise). 1.. 29. I remained in. bitan, O.. Icel. bita,. swin, O.. Icel.. (pertaining. to. OHG.,. as. Goth, beitan. svin, Goth,. OHG.. (to bite). ;. swein (pig\. biân, OS.,. OHG.,. OS.,. cp. Lat.. OE. OE.. su-inu-s. a pig).. 6.. 6 became developed to uo in stem syllables during. 30. the. OHG.. period through the intermediate stages oa, ua.. The. Otfrid regularly has ua, but Tatian uo.. stage oa does. not occur in Upper Franconian monuments. Examples OHG. fuo3, OS., OE. fot, O.Icel. fotr, Goth, fotus (foot), :. cp.Gk. Doric TTCOS; OHG. fuor, OS., OE., O. of faran (to go).. Icel.,. Goth, for,. pret. 3. sg.. U. 31.. u remained. (house),. Goth, hus. O.. Icel.. OHG., as OHG., OS., OE., O. Icel. hus OHG., OS., OE., gudhus (temple) rum, Goth, rums (room), related to Lat. ru-s (Gen. in. in. ru-ris) (open country). C.. ;. ;. for. duhta, see. 18.. THE DIPHTHONGS OF ACCENTED SYLLABLES. ai. 32.. became developed mero, Goth, maiza. ai. OHG.. to e before r, (old) h,. and w,. (greater] ; eht, Goth, aihts Goth, sdiwis, Gen. sg. of seo (sea) ; and (possession) ; sewes, Goth, wai, J?di (woe), (they). finally, we, de,. as.

(25) GRAMMAR. In other cases ai became cp. Gr. cuSa. ei,. as weiz, Goth,. stein, Goth, stains. ;. 15. (stone). ;. wait (/ know),. steig, Goth, staig. (he ascended), pret. sg. of stigan.. au. 33.. before. au became 6 through dental consonants (d,. all. Examples. tod, Goth,. :. daujms. the. intermediate. t, 3, s,. (death). n, r, 1) ;. rot,. stage. and. ao. (old) h.. Goth. rauj>s. goz, Goth, gaut, pret. 1.3. sg. of gioân (to pour) ; (red) Goth, kaus, pret. i. 3. sg. of kiosan (to choose) ; Ion, Goth, kos, laun (reivard); horen, Goth, hausjan (to hear)', kol, Lat. ;. caulis (stalk) ; hoh, Goth, hauhs (high). Before other consonants and finally au became ou in the course of the ninth century ; as ouga, Goth, augo (eye) ;. houbit, Goth, haubif) (head)] loug, Goth, laug, pret. sg. of liogan (to lie); tou Gen. touwes (dew), LG.. I. 3.. dau. (dew).. eu. eu passed through eo into io (Otfrid mostly under the same conditions as those by in Franconian ia) which u became o ( 18, 25). This transition of original eu to eo, io took place in Upper German only when the diphthong was followed by a dental consonant or Germanic h. 34. Original. It. appears as iu in. syllable contained. UG. and Franconian when. an. i. (j) (. 16, 2) or. u; and. the following also in. UG.. Fr. and before labials and gutturals (except h). Examples UG. beotan, biotan (to offer), beside pres. indie, i. 3. sg. biutu, biutit Fr. and UG. leoht, lioht (light) beside liuhten :. ;. from *liuhtjan. (to. light);. Fr. leob, liob. (dear); Fr. leogan, liogan beside. beside. UG. liugan. UG.. liup. (to lie), etc..

(26) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 16. CHAPTER. IV.. THE OHG. DEVELOPMENT VOWELS. A. 35.. IN. OF THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC UNACCENTED SYLLABLES.. THE VOWELS OF FINAL SYLLABLES. Final. i.. long vowels,. Germanic, became shortened. German. inherited. already. from primitive primitive. High. :. >. biru (I bear) from *bero from dago. day) -I> -i, as riri from *rizi, imperf. -6. in. -u, as. ;. Instr. sg.. tagu (by. subj. 3. sg. of. risan. (tofalt).. After the completion of this process, then operated the law of to which final short vowels, or syncope, according short vowels followed by a single consonant, disappeared in 2.. the final syllable of disyllabic words (with the accent on the x first syllable was long first ; they likewise syllable), when the. disappeared in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms. when. the. The regular operation of penult had the secondary accent. this law was often disturbed by new formations made by levelling.. The. regular forms were. e. g.. Nom.. sg.. wolf from *wul-. Ace. sg. wolf from *wulfan ; irdin (earthly) from *ir)nnaz; then after the analogy of these were made faz (wolf). ;. like Nom., Ace. sg. tag (day), weg (way). Regular forms were also weiz (he knows) from *waiti, older *waite Gr. oiSe 1st (is) from *isti, older *esti=Gr. IWt;. forms. =. A. ;. 1 syllable is said to be long, if it contains a long vowel, or diphthong, or a short vowel followed by two consonants..

(27) GRAMMAR.. 17. Nom. sg. gast (guest), from *gastiz=Lat. wolf from *wulfi, older *wulfe=Gr. XiW ; from *kausi; bant (he bound) from *bandi; Lat. mari-a; wini (friend} from *winiz;. =. meri. (he chose) (sea), cp.. =. tod (death) Goth, nodus; fihu, fehu. Goth, daubus; fluot (flood) Goth, faihu, Lat. pecus (cattle). =. Voc.. hostis;. kos. sunu. ;. =. (son). =. Goth,. situ (custom) Goth, sidus ; biru (/ dear). Then after the analogy of these forms were made forms like was. sunus (he. Gr.. ;. was) for *wasi (f)cpf. ;. nim. ;. bir, imper. 2. sg. (bear) for *biri, cp.. (take) for. j/e'ê;. =. *nimi, older *nemi (neme). stat (place) for *stati;. sun. (son) beside. sunu. Gr.. hilfu. ;. (/ help) for *hilf, etc. Later than the shortening mentioned under i., oc3. curred the shortening which was experienced in polysyllabic. words by the long vowel, after which an -n or -z had been dropped, and by the -g and -6 from older -ai and -au, which were either already final in prim. Germanic, or had become so after the loss of. from older. High German. Gen.. pi.. -z,. as well as. by the. -I. which had arisen. This shortening also took place in prim.. -iji.. Examples. :. tago (of days) from dagon. ;. Nom.. sg.. hano. (cock). from *xanon Nom. sg. managi, menigi (multitude) from Goth, ahtau will (thou wilt) *managm ahto (eight) from *wiliz gesti (guests) from gasllz, older *gastijiz, cp. ;. =. ;. ;. ;. Gr.. Tro'Xei?. blindai OIKOI. (at. imper. (days). ;. from. *7rdXfj. Loc.. home). 2. sg.. ;. blinte,. Nom. pi.. masc. (&tind). =. (save). = Goth,. ;. = Golh.. (used as Dat.) tage from *dagai, cp. Gr. suno (of the son) Goth, sunaus neri,. sg.. from *nazi, older *naziji; Nom.. ;. pi.. taga. dagos, older dagoz.. NOTE. Forms like hoM (height] had their -I from the oblique cases. The regular Nom. form of geba (gift} would be *gebu or *gibu; C.

(28) 1. OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 8. geba. The Nom. pi. geba arose from the form taga (days] is still unexplained however, questionable whether the form taga did really exist in is. properly the Ace. form.. Ace. form *a;e^6nz. it. is,. The Nom.. pi.. ;. OHG. 36. If a nasal or a liquid, preceded by a mute consonant, to stand finally after the loss of a, it became vocalic. came. (sonantal) and then generated a new a befdre it, as Nom., Ace. eban (even) from *ebn, older *e bnaz, etsnan; Nom., Ace. fogal (bird, fowl) from *fogl, older *fuglaz, *fuglan ;. ;. Nom., Ace. acchar a,. thus generated,. cases also, at. first after. long syllables as well. B.. (acre, field). etc.. *akran;. The. from *akr, older *akraz,. ;. became. transferred to the oblique. short syllables, and then later after. e. g.. wrmtare.. fogales,. THE VOWELS IN OTHEK THAN FINAL SYLLABLES.. 37.. Here can merely be. phenomena. stated. for the rest the student. ;. more important. the. must be referred to the. various articles on the subject in Paul-Braune's Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, and in. Braune's Althochdeutsche Grammatik, Halle, 1886. 38. verbs,. The. syllables, as. i. in the preterite. and past. participle of. was regularly syncopated branta (I burnt), p.p. gibranter. Class. p.p. gihorter; beside nerita. (/ saved),. ;. p.p. gineriter; etc.. 39. Medial vowels were often assimilated to as keisar (emperor\ Gen. keiseres. ;. weak. long stem horta (I heard),. after. I,. wuntoron. final (to. vowels,. wonder)..

(29) GRAMMAR. beside. noun wuntar; sibun. 19. (seven) inflected. form sibini;. etc.. 40. In. all. High German. between medial rh and. dialects a. vowel was developed. Ih, as also before. W. in. com-. the. The vowel thus developed rw, Iw, and sw. appeared mostly as a or o, but it not unfrequently regulated binations. itself after the. quality of a neighbouring vowel, cp.. Examples: beraht. (c!ear). = Goih.. 36.. bairhts; furhten. (to. be. afraid), beside pret. forhta, forahta; wurken (to work), beside pret. worhta, worahta; felhan beside felahan (to hide)]. bifiluhu (/ hide), bifilihit (he hides) ; garo (ready), inflected form garwer beside garawer; melo (meal, flour), Gen.. melwes, beside melawes beside zesawa.. ;. Dat.. melewe. CHAPTER THE. FIRST. SOUND-SHIFTING,. ;. zeswa. (right hand). V.. VERNER'S. CONSONANT CHANGES WHICH TOOK PLACE GERMANIC LANGUAGE.. LAW, AND OTHER IN THE PRIMITIVE. The first sound-shifting refers to the changes which Indo-Germanic tenues, mediae, and mediae aspiratae underwent in the period of the Germanic primitive community, i. e. before the Germanic parent language became 41.. the. differentiated. into. the. separate. Germanic. languages:. Gothic, O. Norse, O. English, O. Frisian, O. Saxon. Low. German), O.. Low. (. = O.. Franconian (O. Dutch), and O.. High German. 42.. The Indo-Germanic,. lowing system of consonants. parent language had the. :. c 2. fol-.

(30) 20. OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER. LABIAL. DENTAL. PALATAL. GUTTURAL,. %. q &.

(31) GRAMMAR.. 21. (7 turn), Goth, wairjmn, OE. weorfan (to tecome); frater, Goth, brojmr, OE. brotfor, OS. broftar, O.. broker. Lat. Icel.. (brother).. k>x- Lat. canis, Gr. OE. hund (hound, dog]. ;. KVUV,. OHG.. Goth, hunds,. Lat. pecus, Goth, faihu,. hunt,. OHG.. OE. feoh {fee, money). Lat. capio (I take], Goth. hafjan, OE. hebban, heffen (to raise] ; Lat. vincere (to conquer], Goth,. fehu, fihu. (cattle),. q > X (Xw). OHG.. weihan (to fight); Lat. quis, Goth, hwas, OE. hwa, OHG. hwer (wer) (who ?) Lat. sequi (to follow], Goth, saihwan ;. (to see).. NOTE.. i.. The. Indg. tenues in the combination s. + tenuis remained. unshifted. st. Lat.. Lat. est, Gk. Ian, Goth.,. :. vestigium. (foot-step\. OHG.. ist (is). ;. Gk.. Goth, steigan, OE., OS.,. trrct'xcy. (/ go\. OHS. stigan. (to. ascend}, sp Lat. spuere, OE., OHG. spiwan (to vomit}. sk Gk. otto (shadow], Goth, skeinan, OE., OHG. scinan (to shine). sq Gk. QVO-GKOOS (sacrificing priest), OHG. scouw6n(/ look, mew). :. :. :. 2.. The. pt. > ft. t also. Gk.. :. remained unshifted in the Indg. combinations pt, kt, qt. /cAeTTTT^y, Goth, hliftus (thief), cp. English shop-lifter. ;. Lat. neptis (grand-daughter, niece), OE., OHG. nift (niece). kt xt : Gk. QK-rfa, Lat. octo, Goth, ahtau, OE. eahta, OHG., OS.. >. ahto qt. (eight).. >. xt. :. Gen. sing. Gk. VVKTOS, Lat. noctis,. Nom. Goth, nahts,. OE. neaht, OHG. naht 44. t,. k,. k. The. Indg. mediae b. d, g, g. became. the tenues p,. (kw).. b>p.. Lat.. lubricus for *slubricus. (slippery),. Goth,. sliupan, OE. slupan (to slip); Lithuanian dubus (deep), Goth, diups, OE. deop (deep). d>t. Lat. ducere (to lead), Goth, tiuhan, OE. teon (to draw) Lat. videre (to see), Goth., OE., OS. witan (to knoiv\ ;.

(32) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRI&ER.. 22. g>k. cngo. Lat.. (knee). Gr.. genu, Lat.. ;. ego,. Goth.,. yo'w,. Gr.. eyw,. OHG.. kniu, OE.. Goth, ik, OS. ik,. OE.. ic (/).. g>k OHG. OE.. (kw). Lat. gelu (frost), Goth, kalds, OE. ceald, kalt (cold) ; Lat. augere, Goth, aukan (to increase),. eacen. part. adj.. Lat. vivos, Gr.. OHG.. quec. (great).. jSior,. (quick). Goth, qius (stem qiwa-), OE. cwic, Gr. epf/3os, Goth, riqis (stem ;. alive]. riqiza-), (darkness).. 45.. The. Indg. tenues aspiratae seem to have become Germanic, and thus to have fallen. voiceless spirants in prim.. together with the voiceless spirants which arose from Indg. tenues ; their occurrence, however, in prim. Indg. was so rare that they. of. all. may be. neglected here.. The. Indg. mediae aspiratae became probably first the voiced spirants b, d, g, g(w). For the further. 46.. 48-50.. development of these sounds see. The. remaining Indg. consonants suffered no further material changes which need be mentioned here. 47.. Summing up. system. following. language. the. results. for the. arrive. prim.. at. the. Germanic. :. T. LABIAL Explosives. :. Spirants: { (. Nasals. 43-46 we. of. of consonants. voiceless. p. voiceless. f. voiced.. :. "b. m. Liquids'.. Semi-vowels'.. -. PALATAL AND INTER- T^ DENTAI" GUTTURAL. DENTAL. t. k. z. g. *. J. a. n 1,. w. r j (palat.).

(33) GRAMMAR. d. 23. and b, d, g medially after became the voiced explosives b, corresponding nasals, in both Gothic, O. Norse, and West Germanic ( 2) 48.. 15,. initially,. their d,. g. :. Goth, bairan, O.. b.. (to bear), Skr.. Icel.. bera, OE., OS.,. OHG.. beran. bharami, Gr.. $<?/><, Lat. fero (/ bear). chamb (comb), Skr. jambhas (tooth],. OE. comb, OHG. yoôs (nail).. Gr.. Goth, dags, O.. d.. Icel.. dagr, OS. dag,. OE. dseg (day\. Skr.. ni-daghas older, *ni-dhaghas (hot season, summer) Goth., OE., OS. bindan, O. Icel. binda (to bind), Skr. bandhanan. ;. g. OS., OHG. engi, O. Icel. pngr (narrow) ; cp. Lat. ango, Gr. oyâ (I press tight). 49. b, d, g remained in other positions, as OS. ne'bal. Lat.. (mist),. O.. giest,. nebula, Gr.. rodra. Icel.. OS. gast. (blood), Skr. (still. i/eêA?;,. Skr.. cp.. nabhas. (cloud). rudhiras, Gr. cpvOpos (red). spirantal in the. Lat. hostis (sir anger, enemy). ;. modern. OE., OS.,. stigan), Goth, steigan (read stigan) (I go), Lat. vestigium (foot-step).. (to. ;. ;. OE.. dialects) (guest),. OHG.. stigan (read. ascend), Gr.. OTI';(&>. NOTE. 3 was dropped in the initial combination gw = Indg. gh, OE. wearm, OHG. warm (warm], Skr. gharmas, Gk. Ocppos, Lat. formus (warm}. 50.. The. further. development of b,. d,. and g belongs. to. the history of the separate languages.. Verner's Law. 51.. After the completion of the. first. sound-shifting,. and. while the principal accent was not yet confined to the rootsyllable, a uniform interchange took place between the voiceless and voiced spirants, which may be thus stated :. The. medial or. final voiceless spirants. f,. b, x,. xw,. s regularly.

(34) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 24. became To, d, g, gw, z when the vowel next preceding them did not, according to the original Indg. system of accentuaThis law manifests itself tion, bear the principal accent. most. clearly in verbal. and. tense,. pret. sg.. forms, where the infinitive, present. had the principal accent on the root-. but the indie, pret. plural, the imperf. subj. (properly optative), and past participle had the principal accent on the syllable,. ending, as prim. Germ. *wer]?o (/ turn], pret. pret. i. pi. *wurdumi, past part. *wtirdana-.. examples from noun-forms we have,. Germ. *fadr- (father]. ;. e.g.. Goth., OE.,. 3. sg. *war])i,. Or. to take. Gr. 7raTep-=prim.. OS. hund (hundred]. from *xundam, cp. Gk. CKOTOV, Lat. centum, Skr. catam. The combinations sk, sp, st, ss, ft, hs, and ht were not subject to this law.. NOTE. i. The primitive Germanic system of accentuation was like that of Sanskrit, Greek, etc., i.e. the principal accent could fall on any syllable; it was not until a later period of the primitive Germanic language that the principal accent was confined to the root-syllable. 2. Verner's law is unfortunately very often imperfectly or entirely wrongly stated in English books, which generally state it as follows The voiceless spirants became voiced if the principal accent followed them. But when the law is thus formulated, it leaves unexplained all such forms as OHG. wolf, beside O.Icel. ulfr from prim. Germ. *wulfaz (wolf), Gk. \VKOS from *^\VKOS OS. birid (he bears], Skr. bharati OHG., OS. Jung, Goth, juggs (jungs) (young) from prim. Germ, juioâs, besides Goth, comparative juhiza (younger) from :. ;. ;. *juK>xizo (k 53); Goth.. 2. sg._ indie,. pass,. bairaza (thou art borne],. beside Skr. bharase, etc.. The. following formulae. may. be of use to the student. :. asakapatam became prim.Germanic asaxafapam. Then we have asasabadam, azaxalaadam, azagafadam, azagaâpam, azagaIndg.. ftadam.. f. "b.. Goth. J>arf (/ need}}. pi.. J?aurbum, b=t5..

(35) GRAMMAR. Goth, frapgan. ft.. ]>. 25 frodei,. understand}',. (to. (d=S),. (iinderstanding).. s. Prim. Germ, pres, p.p. *kuzana-.. z.. i.. sg.. *keuso (/. test}. pret.. ;. i.. *kuzumi,. pi.. The West Germanic languages and Old Norse regularly thus e.g. *kuzumi became OE. curon, this z to r. developed. OHG. X. g-. Xw cp.. :. kurun, O.. kurom.. Icel.. Goth, aih (I have) (read aix) pi. aigum, g=g. gw. Goth, saihwan (to see) ; pret. i. pi. *Bgwumi, ;. OE. sjgon (we saw). became g before u;. in other cases. gw Goth,. magus. (boy},. beside. mawi. it. became w,. (from *ma[g]wl). as. (girl).. Other Consonant Changes.. + t became ft, as Goth, skapjan, OE. OHG. skephen scieppan, (to create}, beside Goth, gaskafts, OE. gesceaft, OHG. giscaft (creature} Goth, giban, OE. giefan (read Is), OHG. geban (to give}, beside OE., OHG. 52. Every labial. ;. gift (gift);. Goth, faurban,. beside pret. sg. Goth, baurfta,. Every. guttural. +t. magan (to be able), mahta (mohta).. became. pret. sg.. OE. Jmrfan OE. borfte.. ht,. (read*b). xt, as Goth.,. i.e.. (to need},. OE.,. Goth, mahta, OE. meahte,. OHG. OHG.. Every dental + t became either st or ss, as Goth., OE. witan (to know), 2 sg. Goth, waist, OE. wast, OHG. weist, pret. sg. Goth, wissa,. 53. Guttural. fahan. (to seize},. denchen Cp.. (to. n. OE. wisse, OHG. wissa.. (ID). disappeared before x^ as Goth.,. from *far>xa<nan. think),. pret.. sg.. ;. OE.. OE.. ]>enc(e)an,. polite,. OHG.. OHG. OHG. dahte.. 15. 16, 1.17.. 54.. x became. a spiritus asper (written h). initially. before.

(36) GERMAN PRIMER.. OLD HIGH. 26. Final -m became -n, vowels, and medially between vowels. and the consonants which arose from Indg. explosives were. dropped when originally final, e, g. Goth. J>an-a Lat. is-tum; Goth. hwa=Lat. quod.. CHAPTER SPECIAL. WEST GERMANIC. = Skr.. tarn,. VI.. MODIFICATIONS OF THE GENERAL. GERMANIC CONSONANT-SYSTEM. THE HIGH GERMAN SOUNDSHIFTING, ETC. 55. Prim.. Germ,. which arose from a. z,. r medially, and was dropped finally, as OE. mara (greater], Goth, maiza ; OS.,. hort. (treasure],. Goth,. huzd. ;. OE.. tag (day), from *dagaz; OE., OS., *sunuz. 56. In r,. (to. OS. dag,. (son). from. OE.. OHG.. sellan,. sellen. OS. fremmian, OE. fremman,. ;. sg.. j.. was generally dropped. perform), O.Icel. fremja. kunni (race), Goth. Gen.. OHG.. simple consonants, except. sellian,. give up), Goth, saljan, (to. da>g,. OHG. sunu. in OS., but. j. OHG. fremmen. all. OHG., OS. mero, OE. hord, OHG.. short vowel before a following. after a. was mostly retained OE. and OHG., as OS.. This in. West Germanic. were doubled. 51) became. (. kunjis; frauwa,. ;. OS.,. OHG.. frouwa (ivoman). from *frawjo- ( 66). OS. sibbia (retjj, dj and gj became bb, dd, and gg. biddan (to OE. OS. biddian, lationship), Goth, sibja (U) ;. request),. Goth, bidjan. (ft);. OS. huggian. (to. think),. Goth,. hugjan (g). OS. skeppian, OE. scieppan (to create), Goth, skapjan OS. settian, OE. settan (to set), Goth, satjan OS. rekkian, ;. ;. OE.. recc(e)an. (to relate),. Goth, rakjau..

(37) GRAMMAR. For pp,. OHG.. the. treatment of West Germanic bb, dd, gg ; 60-62.. and kk see. tt,. 57.. t,. p,. 27. and k were. before a following. r,. also doubled in. OHG.. as OS.,. West Germanic OE. snottor. snottar,. OHG. bittar, OE. bittor (bitter), OHG. wackar, OE. waeccer (watchful), O.Icel. OHG. kupfar (copper) from Lat. cuprum. These Goth, simtrs;. (wise),. O.Icel. bitr. vakr;. ;. consonants were also sometimes doubled before luttil,. OHG. lutzil. (little). OHG.. ;. 1,. aphul, OE. aappel. OS.. as. (apple),. O.Icel. epli.. The High German Sound-shifting. The most. 58.. striking feature in. which High German. from the other West Germanic languages is the This general shifting which certain consonants underwent. had its before the of the oldest process beginning period differs. HG. monuments, and was. practically. The. of the eighth century.. prim. following explosives and spirants. completed by the end language had the. HG.. :. LABIAL. T?. f. 7. -L. Explosives. \ (. Sfirant, I. NOTE.. bb 10,. (. voiced. p b. voiced. b. voiceless. b occurred. 48, 56).. d. initially,. occurred in. INTER " DENTAL. DENTAL. t. k. d. g. d:. medially after all positions,. GUTTURAL.. g. m,and. in the combination. g occurred medially. after. as also in the combination gg, and probably also already initially.. 59.. The. only consonants, which were shifted throughout. the whole of the. HG.. dialects,. were the voiceless explosives.

(38) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 28 p,. k.. t,. The. shifting of the voiced spirants. did not extend. of. to. }j. itself. d through. historic times;. over. all. the. HG.. The shifting d took place in Upper German about 750. the intermediate stage in. first. beginning. gradually extended itself over by the end of the eleventh century. 60. The voiceless explosives p, t, it. A.D.,. and explosives. dialects.. all. the. HG.. dialects. k underwent. a two-. fold treatment according to their position in the word: (i) medially or finally after vowels ; (2) initially, as also medially. consonants. after. Prim.. 1.. HG.. (1, r,. m, n) and when doubled.. single p,. t,. voiceless double spirants. written ch, h).. ff,. Examples. k were 35 (see. 7. OHG.. under. z),. to the. hh. (also. :. p>ff: OE. sl&pan, OHG.. OHG.. shifted in. slaffan. -. (to sleep). t. OE. open,. offan (open).. t>zz: OE.. etan,. OHG.. ezân. (to eat). ;. OE. hwset, OHG.. hwaz. (what?). k>hh: Goth, mikils,. The double NOTE.. p,. t,. micel, OHG. mihhil (great)] OHG. mahhon (to make) Goth.,. OE.. OS. makon, OE. macian, OS. ik, OE. ic, OHG. ih. ;. (/).. consonants were simplified according to. k remained. 11.. unshifted in the combinations st, sp, sk, as. also t in the combinations tr,. lit, ft.. .. t, and k, initially, as also medially, after consonants m, n) and when doubled, became shifted to the (1, affricatae pf (ph), tz (generally written zz and z), and kh (ch), Here' a distinction must be made between the see 9.. 2.. p,. r,. various dialects.. p became pf in Upper German and East Franconian, but remained unshifted in Rhenish Franconian, except after 1 and. r..

(39) GRAMMAR. t. became z. dialects. HG.. in all. k became kh. 29. dialects.. (ch) in. Upper German. only, in the other. remained unshifted.. it. Examples p>pf OS. plegan, UG. and E.Fr. pflegan (to care for), beside R.Fr. plegan OE. helpan, UG., E.Fr., R.Fr. helphan :. :. ;. OE. forp, UG., E.Fr., R.Fr. thorph (village]', Goth, skapjan, OS., OE. scieppan, UG., E.Fr. skephen (to. help)-,. (skepphen), beside R.Fr. skeppen. t>z: OE. herza. (heart). tlen, ;. (to create].. (ten);. OE.. heorte,. Goth, satjan, OS. settian, OE. settan,. setzen (sezzen) sitzen. OHG. zehan. (to. set);. OE.. sittan,. OS.. sittian,. OHG. OHG. OHG.. (to sit).. k>kh: OS. korn, OE. corn, UG. khorn (chorn) beside Franconian korn (corn) OS. werk, OE. weorc, UG. werch, ;. werk (work) .OS. weckian (from wakjaih), OE. weccan, UG. wechan (wecchan), beside Franconian wecken (to awake). 61. The voiced explosives and voiced spirants did not beside Franconian. ;. undergo the same universal plosives.. The. shifting. here concerning these consonants. 1. Upper Franconian retained. German. as. the voiceless ex-. following are the chief points to be noticed. shifted. them. to. b,. bb,. p, pp, as U.Fr.. while. beran. Upper. (to bear),. UG. peran, sippa. shifted "b to b, while in and Alemanic Franconian Upper Bavarian it appears as p, e.g. U.Fr. and Alem. sibun, Goth,. sibba, Goth, sibja (peace), but. sibun (read sirbun) (evil), 2.. =. (seven). ;. ubil, Goth, ubils (read. uMLs). but Bavarian sipun, upil. All. H.G.. dialects shifted. dd. to. tt,. as bitten. "(to. request). O.E. biddan, Goth, bidjan. Upper German and East Franconian shifted single d to. t,.

(40) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 30. while Rhenish Franconian retained shifted. bindan. d. (to. bind),. beodan. (to beg),. but frequently. initially,. OE. dohtor. to t in other positions, thus. it. appear in. (daughter),. UG. and. E.Fr.. as tohter, bintan biotan, and in R.Fr. as dohter, bindan,. biodan, beside bintan, biotan. 3. gg remained in Franconian, but was shifted to. Upper German,. UG.. k. g remained. UG.. and. in Fr., but in. lie. (to. kk. in. down),. UG.. it. was mostly shifted and finally),. guttural vowels. before. also c. (written. initially. in. OS. liggian. likken.. Single to. =. as Fr. liggen. thus Fr. gast (guest), tag (day) appear. finally,. as kast, tac.. g became g. in. Franconian and generally also in UG., in OE. stigan (read stigan) (to. the latter dialects rarely k, thus ascend)',. eage (read eage). stigan, ouga,. 62. shifting.. more. UG.. appear in Fr. and stican, ouca.. UG.. as. The table below gives a summary of the HG. soundThe shifted sounds are printed in italics. t. Goth.. p p. t. k k. OE.. p. t. c. R. Franc,. p (pf). Prim. Germ.. ,. (eye),. rarely in. E. Franc.. pf pf. U. German Prim. Germ.. z. z$. ff. z. ff. z. *& Z3. b, tJ(f). OE.. b, t>(f). b b. R. Franc. E. Franc.. /. (b). k k. hh. ch. hh. d:. 15. Goth.. UG.. ff. b. d,. g. ft(J>). g,. a. g,. d,. d. hh. g g. (/). b. t. bp. t. k g. g g.

(41) GRAMMAR.. 31. The East Franconian consonants. NOTE.. are usually taken as the. normal in this book, because they mostly agree with those of Middle and New High German. In the paradigms d has been substituted for Franconian th.. No OHG.. 63.. forms were given in the paragraph relat( 61) in order that they might be left. ing to Verner's law. HG.. until after the discussion of the. what has been said. 58-62. in. changing pairs of consonants. b (UG.. f. also p). will. From. sound-shifting.. be seen that the inter-. OHG.. in. d. j. it. (older th,. were. :. t. dh). ;. h (= prim. Germ, x) 8 (UG. also k, c) h (= prim. Germ, xw) w (prim. Germ, gw) h (prim. Germ. r>x) ng ;. ;. ',. s. f p.p.. r.. gihaban. d. t.. (to travel),. h. p.p.. urhab. (to raise),. (to go), pret. pi.. (to. lead),. *. from. beside senten. (ten),. ng. fahan. (to. =. send). ouwa from 15). (. huobun.. litun, p.p. gilitan, causative. laid j an. (to draw), pret. beside -zug (decade).. (water), beside. pret. pi.. (reason).. sind (way), sindon. zugun,. lend),. (to ;. ;. Goth, sandjan.. pi.. w. lihan, Goth, leihwan giliwan from *-li(g)wanas. aqua. h. :. Goth, hafjan. ziohan. g.. zehan. ;. Hdan. verb leiten. h. Examples. b. heffen,. p.p.. gizogan. pret. pi.,. ;. liwun,. aha, Goth, ahwa, Lat.. *a(g)\vjo (marshy land).. (to. seize),. choose),. beside. pret. pi. fiangun,. p.p.. kurun,. p.p.. gifangan. s. r.. gikoran. kiosan ;. (to. ginesan. (be saved), pret. pi.. pret.. pi.. ginarun,. p.p.. gineran,. beside the causative verb nerien from *nazjan.. NOTE. In OHG., and still more in MHG., this law was frequently disturbed through the effect of analogy arid levelling, thus e.g. farlihan.

(42) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 32. beside farliwan with. from the present forms and the pret. sg., so and p.p. of fliohan (to flee) gisehan. h.. also in fluhun, giflohan, pret. pi.. ;. beside regular gisewan, p.p. of sehan (to see) ; slahan (to slay}, pret. sg. sluog, beside the rare regular form sluoh, with g from the pret. pi.,. manner huob instead of huof, with b from the pret. pi., Tatian and Otfrid werban instead of werfan turn), with b from the forms where b was regular ( 51) etc. and. in like. heffen. (to raise). inf.. (to. ;. ;. CHAPTER. VII.. THE OHG. CONSONANTS. IN. GENERAL.. 64. Here will be given chiefly such remarks only as are. of importance for. OHG.. inflexions.. SIMPLIFICATION OF DOUBLE CONSONANTS.. OHG.. 65.. following cases 1.. When. (bult),. pi.. double consonants were simplified in the :. they became. farri;. swimman. form grimmer rinnan (to run),. pret. sg.. mannes. (to eat),. ;. ;. ezân. (kiss), Gen., kusses. sg.. sg.. ;. Nom.. sg.. (fierce), inflected. pret.. sg.. man. beside pret. sg. az. ;. swam. ;. (man), Gen.. Nom.. sg.. kus. sprehhan, sprechan. (to. speak), pret.. kunnan. (to. know), pret.. Before other consonants, as. konda. ;. burn), pret. 3.. ;. swim),. (to. ran. grim. etc.. sprah; 2.. as fel (hide), Gen. felles; far. final,. uninflected form. kussen (to sg. branta. ;. kiss), pret. sg.. kusta ; brennen. (to. etc.. Frequently medially after long vowels, as slafan beside lutar (to sleep) ; lazan beside laz^zan (to let, leave) ;. slaffan. beside luttar. (. pure). ;. etc..

(43) GRAMMAR.. 33. The Semi-vowels.. W. On. 66.. the. representation. manuscripts, see Single. 7,. under. of. w became vocalised to o,. end of a word or. this. sound. OHG.. in. u and w. if it. came. to stand at the. This o was then mostly dropped after long vowels, as seo, se (sea), Gen. sewes kneo, knio (knte\ Gen. knewes ; garwen (to prepare), pret. garota, syllable.. ;. beside the longer form gar(a)wita; treso (treasure}, Gen.. tresewes, etc. Final -aw>ao>6, as uninflected form rao. ro. (raw),. beside inflected form rawer, Gen. rawes.. ww. was treated. Germanic wj. (. 1.. it was general West Germanic ww from. differently according as. ww (= Gothic. or. ggw). 56).. General Germanic. ou when (exact,. OHG.. final, as. clear),. aww>auw>ouw inflected. uninflected form. which became. form glauwer, glouwer Gothic. glau, glou, beside. glaggwo (exactly) hauwan, houwan (to hew) Gothic *haggwan. General Germanic eww>iuw which became iu when triuwi = final, as bliuwan = Goth, bliggwan (to strike] adv.. ;. ;. Goth, triggws (chaff},. Nom.. (true, faithful), pi.. iu Dat.. pi. to ir. (ye). ;. spriu. spriuwir.. West Germanic wwfrom wj. In this case aww>auw > ouw, as frauwa, frouwa (woman) from *frawjo- frouwen 2.. ;. from *frawjan, beside pret. sg. frewita ( 20) from *frawita. The inf. form frewen was a new forma(to. rejoice). tion, sg.. made. after the. frewis, frewit. ;. analogy of the. pret.. and the. pres. 2. 3.. conversely the pret. form frouwita. D. was.

(44) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 34. made. after the. analogy of the. and. inf.. i. sg.. and the. pres.. pres. pi.. iww (from original ewj) became iuw, as siuwen from *sewjan (to sew), cp. OE. seowian, Goth, siujan; niuwi from *ne-wja-, cp. Goth, niujis. j.. On. 67.. the. manuscripts, see j. seems. after r. yon). 7,. under. gehan. pres. sg.. iahim. e,. gener beside jener. i,. and. (that,. gihu, gihis, gihit,. nergen, nerigen, beside herige beside herie, Dat. sg. of heri. iah, pi.. nerien. ;. save]. OHG.. in. spirant (written g) before ig), as. (to confess),. beside pret. sg. (to. sound. g,j.. become a. to have. (sometimes written inf.. ;. of this. representation. ;. (army), cp. Goth, harja. j,. when. absolutely. became. final,. heri (army), cp. Goth, harjis. syllables, as. Nom.. pi.. sunte. (sins). vocalic. as. i,. Nom.. sg.. ja (ja) became e in final from *suntja- kennen (to ;. know] from *kannjan.. Liquids and Nasals. 68.. The West Germanic. material changes in element of inflexion,. i.. and nasals underwent no. except that final -m, when an became -n in the course of the ninth. century, as tagun, older. older halbem,. liquids. OHG.,. tagum, Dat.. sg. pres.. of. haben. pi.. of tag (day). (to have]',. ;. haben,. etc.. Labials. 69. For the fate of Germanic p, 62.. From what. will. be seen that. b (U) in OHG.. has been said there and in. OHG.. f. is. of twofold origin,. see. 60-. 43. 65, 3, i.. e. it. it. equals.

(45) GRAMMAR, Germanic f or Germanic. On. p.. pronunciation of these two f in. 35 the. OHG.,. representation and. see. 7 under. f.. Gutturals.. The OHG.. Germanic k and g (g) have The Germanic combination kw was represented in Franconian by qu, and in Upper German by chu, as queman, chueman (to come] = Goth, kwiman Germanic h was dropped in OHG. in the (written qiman). 70.. been given. shiftings of. 60-62.. in. combinations hi, hn, hr, hw, in the course of the In other cases Germanic h, hw (= prim.. initial. ninth century.. Germ.. \,. xw). tw fld development according to their Initial h before vowels and medial h,. na<^ a. position in the word.. hw, between vowels became the spiritus asper h (on h from x, 54), as haben (to have) sehan(= Goth, saihwan, read. see. ;. sexwan) (to see] in other positions they remained spirants, and thus had the same sound value as HG. h which arose from Germanic k cp., on the one hand, naht (night) = Goth, nahts sah (/ saw) = Goth, sahw and, on the other hand, OHG. ih (/) = OE. ic, Goth, ik sioh (sick) = OE. seoc, ;. ;. :. ;. ;. Goth, siuks. ;. OE.. sprah (/ spoke). spraec.. Dentals. 71.. For the. OHG.. development of Germanic. d, d, t see. became d through the intermediate J> stage d in the course of the OHG. period ( 59). The Upper German dialects had changed J> to d in all positions by the beginning of the ninth century. Tatian and Otfrid wrote th but UFr. ther (the) initially, but d medially, thus UG. der, UFr. UG. and UFr. erda (earth) quad, UG. chuad (quoth). 60-62.. Germanic. ;. ;. D. 2.

(46) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 36. ACCIDENCE. DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 72.. OHG. nouns. have two numbers, singular and plural and neuter, as in OE., ;. three genders, masculine, feminine,. from which the gender of nouns in differ; five cases,. not materially. Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, and Instr. case does not occur in all declen-. The. Instrumental.. The Voc.. sions.. OHG. does. the. is like. Nom.. OHG. nouns are. divided. two great divisions, according as the stem originally ended in a vowel or a consonant. Nouns whose stems origi-. into. nally. ended. in a. strong declension.. vowel belong to the vocalic or so-called Those whose stems originally ended in. All other consonantal -n, belong to the weak declension. stems will be put together under the general heading, Minor '. Declensions.'. A. THE VOCALIC OK STRONG DECLENSION.. The. 1.. 73. only,. The. a-declension.. a-declension comprises masc. and neut. nouns to the Latin and Greek o-declension. and corresponds. (Gr. masc.. -os,. neut.. Lat. -us, -um), for which reason it The a-declension o-declension.. -oi>,. sometimes called the. divided into pure a-stems, ja-stems, and wa-stems. a.. Pure a-stems.. Ace. tag (day). NEUTER. wort (word). Gen. tages. wortes. MASCULINE. Sing.. Nom.. (-as). (-as). Dat.. tage. (-a). worte. (-a). Instr.. tagu. (-o). wortu. (-o). is is.

(47) GRAMMAR.. 37. MASCULINE. Plur. Norn. Ace.. taga. NEUTER. wort worto. (-a). Gen. tago Dat. tagum, -un, -on. NOTE.. The endings. -om. wortum, -om. ;. -as, -a. of the Gen. and Dat. sg. do not occur. frequently until after the end of the ninth century, usual Dat. pi. endings of the ninth century ( 68).. 74. Like tag are declined e. g.. berg (mountain),. tiufal (devil),. most. weg (way),. timing. ;. -un, -on.. OHG.. geist. -un, -on are the. masculine nouns,. (spirit),. himil (heaven),. (king), etc.. 75. Dissyllables ending in -al, -ar, -an with long stems sometimes drop the a before a vocalic ending, as Nom. ackar (acre, field), Gen. ackres, etc. See 36. 76. Proper names of this declension take the pronominal ending -an in the Ace., as also truhtin (God, Lord), e. g. Nom. Petrus, Ace. Petrusan ; Ace. truhtinan. 77. Like. swert. wort are declined barn. (child),. ser (pain),. (honey), zwifal (cp.. 36) (doubt) ; here belong also the diminutives in -In and -Hn, as magatln (little (sivord),. honag. maid), fingarlin. Nom., Ace.. pi.. except that the Upper German -n in the Gen. and Dat. only, and that the. (little finger),. dialects retain the. end. in -iu in Alemanic.. 78. Sing.. b.. Nom. Ace.. ja-stems.. kunni (race) kunnes. hirti (herdsman). Gen. hirtes Dat. (hirtie). ;. Instr. hirtiu;. hirte hirtu,. (kunnie); -o. kunne. kunniu; kunnu,. -o.

(48) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 38. NEUTER.. MASCULINE. Plur.. Nom. Ace.. hirte. ;. kunni hirto kunneo. hirta, -a. Gen. hirteo,. -io. ;. hirtim, -in. NOTE.. The forms. in. ;. -io;. kunno. -in. kunnim,. Dat. hirtum, -un, -on. kunmun, un,. -on.. spaced type are the usual ones of the ninth. The neuter nouns of this declension frequently end in -iu or century. -u in the Nona., Ace. pi. in Tatian. 79. Like hirti are declined the. nomina agentis ending. in. -ari (-ari, -eri), as wahtari (wahtari, wahteri) (watchman), lerari (teacher), scribari (writer, scribe]; as also karkari (prison), altari (altar),. and a few others, rucki. puzzi (well), kasi (cheese). 80. Like kunni are declined very richi. betti. many. (back),. phuzzi. neuters, as enti. gizungi. (language), finstarnessi (darkness), heri (army), (Gen. heries, Dat. sg. (end),. (kingdom),. (bed),. herie, herige). c.. wa-stems.. NEUTER. kneo (knee) knewes. MASCULINE. Sing.. Nom. Ace.. sneo, sne (snow). Gen. snewes Dat. Plur.. Nom. Ace. snewa, Gen. snewo Dat.. knewe. snewe. kneo. -a. snewum,. knewo knewum,. -un, -on. -un, -on.. w. NOTE. On the forms of the Nom. sg. see 66. When the is preceded by a consonant an a (sometimes o, e) is developed in the oblique cases, thus Nom. neut. treso (treasure), Gen. tresawes; Nom. masc. scato (shadow), Gen. scatawes, see. 40..

(49) GRAMMAR. 81.. To. this declension. 39. belong the masculines leo (grave), the neuters reo. (sea), bu (Gen. buwes) (dwelling), and (corpse), zeso (right side), smero (grease).. seo. The. 2.. 82.. The. 6-declension contains feminine nouns only, and. corresponds to the Latin reason. it. is. 6-declension.. and Greek a-declension,. sometimes called the a-declension.. for. which. The weThe jo-. pure 6-stems. stems have also the same inflections as the pure 6-stems after the middle of the ninth century. sterns are declined exactly like the. 83.. a.. Pure 6-stems.. SING.. PLUR.. Nom. Ace. geba. geba gebono. Gen. geba. (gift) (-u, -o). Dat. gebu, -o. gebom,. -on, -on.. Like geba are declined a very large number of erda (earth), era (honour), zala (number), triuwa miltida (fidelity), corunga (temptation), hertida (hardness), 84.. nouns, as. (compassion),. gi-nada (favour), losunga. (deliverance),. stunta. (time), etc.. 85.. b.. jo-stems. SING.. N.. sunte. (sin). ;. suntea, -ia;. sunta. A.. (queen). kuninginna;(-in). G. D.. kuningin. suntiu. suntu. kuninginna kuninginnu.

(50) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 40. PLUR. N. A. sunte; G.. sunteono. D.. sunteom. suntea, -ia; ;. ;. sunta kuninginna sun to no kuninginnono sun torn, kuninginnom, -on. The. NOTE.. -on.. forms in spaced type are the ordinary ones of the ninth. century and do not differ from those of geba.. 86. Like sunta are declined hella. minna. sibba, sippa. (hell),. krippa (manger), etc. 87. Like kuningin are declined forasagin friuntin (friend), burdin (burden], etc. (peace],. (love),. :. c.. 88.. Feminine Abstract Nouns in. (prophetess),. -I.. This declension comprises two classes of stems different, but which have entirely. which were originally. OHG.. fallen together in their inflection in. (i) adjectival. nouns the stems of which originally ended in -in, Nom. -i; (2) verbal abstract nouns with stems ending in abstract. -ini.. Cp.,. on. from mikils. the one hand, Gothic mikilei (greatness) formed (great),. diupei (depth) from diups. (deep),. Gen.. mikileins diupeins (weak declension); and, on the other hand, daupeins (a dipping) formed from daupjan (to dip),. naseins (a rescuing) from nasjan peinais, naseinais (i-declension). Sing. Plur.. Nom. Ace. Gen. Nom. Ace.. 89. Like. Dat.. (to. rescue),. hohi (hohin). Gen.. hohi (hohin) hohino. Dat.. hohim,. hohi are declined sconi. ness), snelli (quickness), tiufi (depth),. Gen.. dau-. (height).. -in.. (beauty),. suozî (sweet-. menigi, managi (mul-.

(51) GRAMMAR. irstantani (resurrection),. titude),. 41. toufi. (a. dipping),. well. (choice), leitl (a leading), etc.. The. 3.. The OHG.. 90.. i-declension.. i-declension. contains. masculine. and. feminine nouns only. The -i was dropped regularly in the Nom. and Ace. sg. of nouns with long stems after the. analogy of which. was. it. also. those with short stems.. dropped. for the. most part. in. Cp. the corresponding distinction. inOE. a.. Masculines. PLUR.. SING.. Nom.. Ace.. gast (guest). gesti. Gen. gastes Dat.. gesteo, -io. gesto gestim, -in; -en. gaste. Instr. gastiu,. gestiu. ;. ;. gastu.. On. NOTE.. the consonantal combinations which prevent umlaut from 22. taking place where it might be expected, see. 91.. Like gast are declined liut. (people),. wurm. (worm),. slag (blow), scrit (step), wini (friend), quiti (saying) and a few others retain the -i in the Nom., Ace. sg., but follow gast in the other cases. Many u- and con-. aphul. (apple),. sonant stems have passed over into. u-stems were skilt (manner),. zand. sun. (tooth),. (son). nagal. declension. :. original. ;. (nail).. b.. Feminines.. SING.. Nom.. this. wirt (master of the house), heit consonant stems, fuoz, (foot), zan,. (shield),. PLUR.. Ace. anst (favour) Gen. ensti. ensti. Dat. ensti. enstim, -in. ensteo, io. ;. ensto ;. -en..

(52) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 42. On. NOTE. see. the. consonantal combinations which prevent umlaut,. 22.. 92. Like anst are declined stat (place), jugund (youth), fart (journey), gift (gift], giburt (birth], etc., kuri (choice] and turi (door] retain the i in the Nom., Ace. sg., but follow. anst in the other cases.. Like anst are also declined the. old u-stems fluot (flood), lust (desire), and the consonant stems gans (goose), miluh (milk), magad (virgin), and a few others.. The. 4.. 93.. The. independent. u-declension.. u-declension no longer existed in OHG. as an declension ; the nouns originally belonging. it having been for the most part transferred to the i-declension and also a few to the a-declension. Below will be. to. found a summary of the more frequent traces of clension. still. existing in. this de-. OHG. Masculines.. a.. 94. Situ (custom}, fridu (peace],. sigu. u. (victory],. in the. witu. (wood),. Nom., Ace.. sg. (. hugu (understanding], (beside sun) retained their 35, 2) ; in the other cases they. sunu. followed the i-declension. b.. 95.. Fihu. (cattle). (. 35, 2), in the. as. wort. Gen. and Dat.. u it. in the Nom., Ace. sg. had the same endings. (ivord). c.. it. sg.. Feminine.. Hant was. declined like anst, except that in the Dat. retained the old u-endings hantum, -un, -on ; cp.. 96. pi.. Neuter.. retained the. NHG. abhanden,. vorhanden..

(53) GRAMMAR. B.. WEAK DECLENSION. The weak. 97.. 43. declension contains a.. PLUR.. .. hanon, hanun Gen. hanen, hanin. hanon, hanun. hanono. hanen, hanin b.. hanom,. PLUR. herzun, -on. (heart}. Gen. herzen, herzin herzen, herzin. herzono. Dat.. c.. herzom, on.. Feminines. PLUR.. SING.. Nom. zunga (tongue] Ace. zungun Gen. zungun Dat. zungun 98. Like. wahsmo. hano. (fruit],. -on.. Neuters.. SING.. Nom. Ace. herza. three genders.. hanon, hanun. (cock). Ace.. Dat.. all. Masculines.. SING.. Nom. hano. (N-STEMS).. ohso. are. zungun zungun zungono zungom,. declined. (ox), sterno. herro,. (star),. hero. gomo. -on.. (master),. (man),. namo. (name), willo (will), forasago (prophet), etc. 99. Like herza are declined ouga (eye), ora (ear). 100. Like zunga are declined quena (woman), diorna (maiden),. sunna. (sun), etc..

(54) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 44. C.. MINOR DECLENSIONS.. Monosyllabic Consonant Stems.. 1.. 101.. a.. Masculines. PLUR.. SING.. Nom. Ace. man (man) Gen. mannes Dat. man, manne NOTE. the. man manno mannum, -un. ;. -om,. on.. eoman, ioman. (some one), neoman, nioman (no one}, have pronominal ending -an in the Ace., thus eomannan, neomannan.. zan, zand (tooth} and fuoz (foof] have passed over into the i-declension, the latter, however, retained the consonantal endings -um, -un, -on in the Dat. plural.. No. 102.. traces of neuters of this class. there be such a trace in the. Dat. sg.. hus. now (/o. remain, unless a house] beside. huse. b.. 103.. Feminines.. The nouns. originally belonging here have also mostly passed over into the i-declension.. PLUR.. SING.. Nom. Ace. naht Gen. naht. naht nahto. Dat. naht. nahtum,. (night). -un, -on.. NOTE. buoch (book} was mostly neut. in the sg. Gen. buoches, Dat. buoche in the pi. it was fern, and followed naht. burg (borough, city] and brust [breast] sometimes followed naht, ;. sometimes anst. 2.. 104. \brother), tsister).. To. muoter. Stems in. -r.. belonged fater (father], bruoder (mother], tohter (daughter), and sweater. this class. :.

(55) GRAMMAR. 105.. PLUR.. SING.. Nom. Ace.. fater. fatera, -a. Gen. fater; fateres ;. fatere. fateres, fatere. and the. Dat. fater. NOTE.. 45. fatero. faterum, -un pi.. ;. -on.. forms have been made. after the. analogy of the a-stems.. 106. Sing. Plur.. Nom.. Ace. Gen. Dat. muoter. Nom. Ace. muoter Gen. muoter o Dat.. muoterum,. -un, -on.. 107. Like muoter were also declined bruoder, tohter,. and swester. 3.. -nt.. To. this class belonged present participles used as inflection of the participles themselves, see the (for. 108.. nouns. Stems in. 123).. PLUR.. SING.. Nom.. NOTE. (enemy'],. friunta, -a. Ace. friunt (friend) Gen. friuntes. friunt. Dat. friunte. friuntum, -un, -on.. ;. friunto. Here belonged originally a large number of nouns, wigant (warrior), etc., all of which have passed. as f lant into the. a-declension.. 4.. Stems in. -os,. -es.. 109. This class corresponded to the Greek neuters -or,. Latin -us, -eris.. in.

(56) OLD HIGH. '46. 110.. GERMAN PRIMER. PLUR.. SING.. Nom.. Ace.. lamb. lembir. (lamb). Gen. lambes. 111.. grab. Dat.. lambe. Instr.. lambu,. lembiro. lembirum, -om; -un, -on.. -o.. Like lamb were declined kalb. (grave),. and a few. (calf), blat (leaf),. others.. DECLENSION OP ADJECTIVES. 112. Adjectives are declined as strong or weak.. They. have three genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal (the latter are given in italics). The nominal. The strong divided into pure a-, 6-stems, ja-, jo-stems, and wa-, wo-stems, like the corresponding nouns. endings are those of the a- and 6-declension.. declension. is. A. STBONG DECLENSION. 1.. 113. Sing.. Plur.. Pure. Masc.. a-,. a-stems. Fern.. Neut.. Nom.. blint^r (blind). Ace.. blinta;*. Gen.. blintes. blintes. Dat.. "blintemu, -emo. blirLtemu, -emo. Instr.. blintu, -o. blintu, -o. blintzw. Nom.. blinte. Ace.. blintu. Gen.. blinter0. Dat.. blintm,. blintzw. blinta. blint^rw, -ero. blintu blintu blint^r<?. -en. blintm,. -en. blintm,. -en..

(57) GRAMMAR. NOTE.. i.. The Nom.. case sg.. and. The Nom.. has often an tminflected form,. pi.. This remark applies to. so also the Ace. sg. neut, asblint. of the strong declension. 2.. 47. and the Nom., Ace.. sg. fern,. all adjectives. pi. neut. frequently. end. in. -u (blintu) in Upper Franconian. 3. Adjectives ending in -al, -ar, -an with long stems sometimes drop the a before a vocalic ending, as bittar (bitter], Gen. bittres. See. 36.. 114. Like blint are declined inflected. form ends. all. in a consonant, as. jung (young), guldm. mahtig. (golden),. whose un-. adjectives. guot. (good), alt (old),. erdllh. (mighty),. (earthly), etc. 2. ja-,. The. 115.. jo-stems.. jo-stems differ from the pure a-, 6-stems form only which regularly ends in -i.. ja-,. in the uninflected. 116.. SING.. Masc.. Nom. sconer Ace.. (fast),. Bconan. scona^ scomzz. etc.. etc.. Like sconi are declined. 117. inflected. Neut. (beautiful). form ends in. mari. -i,. also. all. all. Fern.. scom scona etc.. adjectives. whose un-. present participles. ;. as festi. (renowned), tiuri (dear), biderbi (useful), beranti. (bearing), etc. 3.. 118.. This class. uninflected form only.. form ends. in -o. an a (seldom. e,. inflected forms.. wa-, wo-stems. differs. from the pure a-, 6-class in the adjectives whose uninflected. Those. preceded by a consonant, usually develop in the between the consonant and the. w. o). See. 40..

(58) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 48. SING.. 119.. Masc.. Nom. ar ( a). {. Neut.. w^r. ( rea(ty). garwr. I. Nom.. faw<Fr. f. gar(a)w#f. I. garw#| fawaq. I. (little]. To. 120.. this class. (right, dexter). garwz'w fawt'u etc.. B.. belong garo (ready). fao, fo. ;. (glad, joyful)] rao,. 121.. garawm. etc.. etc.. zeso. Fern. (. (/#//<?). ro (raw).. WEAK. The weak. ;. ;. gelo (yellow),. sleo, ale (^//). See. ;. frao, fro. 66.. DECLENSION.. declension of adjectives agrees exactly. with that of the nouns. SING.. Masc.. Neut.. Fern.. Nom.. blinto. blinta. Ace.. blinton, -un. blinta. blintun. Gen. Dat.. blinten, -in. blinten, -in. blintun.. blinta. PLUR.. Nom. Ace. blinton,-un. blintun. Gen. blintono. blintun,-on blintono. blintono. Dat.. blintom,-6n. blintom,-6n.. 122.. blint6m,-6n. In the same manner are declined the weak forms. of the ja-, jo- and wa-, wo-stems, thus. :. SING.. Masc. >r. (. scono. (. gar(a)wo etc.. Neut.. / scona ( gar(a)wa etc.. Fern.. / scona ( gar(a)wa etc..

(59) GRAMMAR. C.. weak. DECLENSION OF PABTICIPLES.. The. 123. the. 49. present participle has both the strong and In the former case it is declined like. declension.. a ja-, jo-stem, and in the latter case like blinto. inflected. form nemanti (taking), salbonti. Thus un-. (anointing),. habenti. (having).. Strong. SING.. Masc.. m. Newt.. Fern.. nemant#2. nemantzz*. (salbont/r. salbonta?. salbontzw. etc.. etc.. Jnemant/r. '. etc.. .. Weak. SING,. Masc.. Neut.. sallbSnto. salbonta. salbonta. etc.. etc.. etc.. The. 124.. Fern.. nemanta. Jnemanto (. .. nemanta. past participle, like the present, has both the. The uninflected form of strong and the weak declension. verbs ends as in ginoman (taken), giritan (ridden] -an, strong ;. that of the. weak verbs ends. in. as gihabet (had), gisalbot. -t,. (anointed).. Strong. SING.. Masc.. Neut.. (ginoman/r gihabetr. ginomantfjs. ginoman*. gihabeta^. gihabetz'fc. etc.. etc.. (. NOTE.. In Franconian. monuments. Fern.. etc.. the suffix -an occasionally appears as -on, -en, or -in in the inflected forms..

(60) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 50. Masc.. Nom. \. ginomano. '. /gihabeto etc..

(61) GRAMMAR.. 51. then added the endings of weak adjectives. which have -iro in the comparative have -isto in Adjectives the superlative, and those which have -oro in the comp. have. which are. -osto in the superlative, thus saligosto, tiurllhhosto, engisto,. suoîsto, lengisto, hohisto, hohosto.. Irregular Comparison. following adjectives form their comparatives and superlatives from a different root than the positive 3.. The. 127.. :. guot (good). comp. bezîro. superl. bezîsto. ubil (bad\. wirsiro. mihhil. mero. meisto. minniro. minnisto. luzzil. (great). (little). wirsisto. NOTE. i. Beside the regular form mero ( = Gothic maiza) occur in Alemanic the forms meriro, meroro, which are double comparatives like 2.. Mod. Eng. nearer. lezzisto. (last] is defective.. 128. In a few cases the comparative and superlative are formed from an adverb or preposition, as in Latin.. COMP.. Pos.. SUPERL. f. aftrosto. after (after). aftro, aftaro, -ero < afterosto. er {formerly). eriro. eristo. fora, furi (before). furiro. furisto. I. aftristo. '. furdir (forwards). fordarosto. \ I. fordaro, -oro. hintar (behind). hintaro. hintarosto. inne (within). innaro. innarosto. oba. obaro, oboro. obarosto. (above). untar (down). untaro. untarosto. u^j uzfar (outside). uzaro. uârosto.. 2.

(62) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER. '. 52. NOTE. Beside the regular forms abaro, etc., the Alemanic dialect frequently has forms with double comparative endings, as abaroro, etc., cp.. meriro, meroro.. APPENDIX. FOBMATION OF ADVEBBS FBOM ADJECTIVES. 129.. By. i.. adj.. simply adding -o to the uninflected form of it ends in a consonant, thus. when. the adjective. :. mahtig. (mighty). adv.. Adjectives ending in-i. 2.. the adverbial ending -o. vowel change adj.. it. back. ;. to. mahtigo ubilo. ubil(&z</) tiurllh (dear). tiurliho. (ja-,. jo-stems) drop the. -i. before. and those containing a mutated stem the unmutated one, thus. sconi (beautifut). :. adv.. tiuri (dear). scono tiuro. festi (fast). fasto. semfti. samfto.. (soft). COMPABISON OP ADVEBBS. 130. The comparative degree of adverbs ends in -or (never -ir) ; the superlative mostly ends in -ost, but sometimes also in -1st, thus :. Adj. lang. (lortg). ;. festi (fast)', .. jung (young). adv. comp. langor fastdr. superl. langost. fastest. jungist..

(63) GRAMMAR. 131.. The. wola. following are irregular. comp.. (well). 53 :. baz,. -superl.. wirs (worse). mer min. (more) (less). NOTE.. Beside mer, meist occur the meista) as adverbs.. weak. NUMEKALS. I.. Cardinal and. be^zist wirsist. meist. minnist neuter adj. forms (mera,.

(64) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 54. ORDINAL.. CARDINAL. drizzug, drizug (thirty). driz.ugosto. fiorzug (forty). fiorzugosto. finfzug (fifty). finfzugosto. sehszug. sehszugosto. (sixty). sibunzug. sibunzugosto. (seventy). ahtozug. (eighty). ahtozugosto. niunzug. (ninety). niunzugosto. (hundred) v. >. hunt. zehanzugosto. J. zwei hunt (two hundred) thusunt ) ,j n } (thousand). dusunt J v t. all. 132.. The. cases. and genders.. first. three cardinal numerals are declinable in. ein follows the strong declension, when used as a When ein is used in the sense of -alone, it 113. numeral, i.. follows the 2.. Nom,. Ace.. weak declension. Masc.. NeuL. zwene. zwei zweio. zwa (zwo). zweim, zwein. zweim, zwein. Gen. zweio Dat. 3.. Nom.. zweim, zwein Masc.. Neut.. Fern.. zweio Fern.. Ace. dri. driu. drio. Gen. drio. drio. drio. Dat. drim, drin. drim, drin. drim, drin.. 133.. The. cardinal. numerals 4-12 remain uninflected. when they stand before a noun, while, if they stand after a noun or are used as nouns, they are declined according to the i-declension. The neut., Nom. and Ace. has the adjectival ending..

(65) GRAMMAR.. 55. Masc. Fern.. Nom,. 134.. =. OE.. Genitive, stantive,. 135.. The -tig,. Neut.. Ace.. -i. -iu; -u. Gen.. -eo, -p. -eo, -o. Dat.. -im, -in. -im, -in.. numerals 20-100 ending in -zug. cardinal. Gothic tigus (decade] are followed by the fern, sub-. dusunt, thusunt is mostly treated as a but sometimes also as a neuter.. ander. inflected. (second),. form anderer,. -az, -iu,. follows the strong declension, the remaining ordinal numerals. follow the. weak. declension.. 2.. 136.. i.. zwiske (two by 2.. Other Numerals.. Distributive numerals, as einluzze (one by one], two].. Multiplicatives,. einfalt. as. (fait. =. OE.. -fealde),. zwifalt, etc. 3. Numeral adverbs, zwiron (twice] driror ;. also. as eines, Gen. sg. (once); zwiror, The higher numbers, as (thrice).. sometimes those given above, are formed by means of numbers to stunt (time), thus, sibun-. prefixing the cardinal. stunt (seven. times).. PRONOUNS. 137.. 1.. SING.. Nom.. ih (/). mih Gen. mln. Ace.. Dat.. mir. Personal. PLUR.. wir unsih unser uns..

(66) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER.. 56. PLUR.. SING.. Nom.. du,. Ace.. din. du. (thou). Ir. Gen.. din. iuwih iuwer. Dat,. dir. iu.. SING.. Masc.. Nom. Ace.. Neut.. er (he) inan, in. i^. (//,. there]. ig. Gen. (sin). is,. imo. es. inm, imo. Fern.. aiu;. si, si (she]. sia (sie) ira (iru, -o). Dat.. iniu,. Nom.. sie. siti. sio. Ace.. sie. siu. sio. Gen. iro. iro. iro. iru (-o). PLUR.. im, in. Dat.. NOTE.. i.. im, in. ih and. du were. im, in.. often attached enclitically to the verb,. = gibu ih, findistu findis du. The forms iuwih, iuwer were mostly written iuuih, iuuer, sometimes also iuih, iuer. 2. Beside er ( = Latin and Gothic is [he~) appear in some Franconian monuments the forms her, he ( = OE. he, he, and Lat. ce in especially in poetry, as gibuh.. *ho-i-ce. > hie).. Beside the accented forms inan, imo, iro, sia, sie, sio occur the unaccented forms nan, mo, ro, sa, se, so. 3.. 4. er, iz, es,. in were sometimes attached enclitically to a preceding. word, as giloubt-er = giloubta er; imos = imo es,. 138.. etc.. 2. Reflexive.. SING.. PLUR.. Ace. sih (oneself) Gen. sin (ira). (i ro ). Dat. (imu, iru). (im).. sin.

(67) GRAMMAR. 3.. The. 139.. 57. Possessive.. possessive pronouns of the. and second. first. persons were formed from the Gen. case of the corresponding. mln (my), din (thy), unser (our), The masc. and neut. sg. were expressed by. personal pronouns, thus,. iuwer. (your).. the reflexive form sin (his, lit.. of her),. and the. plural. its). all. ;. the fern. sg.. by ira. genders by iro (their,. (her, lit.. of. them).. They were. declined according to the strong declension,. 113.. Masc.. Nom. miner unserer NOTE.. Neut.. Fern.. minaz. miniu. unserag. unseriu.. Beside unserer, iuwerer the forms unsarer, iuwarer some-. times occur.. 140. unser and iuwer have also shortened inflected forms in Franconian. :. Masc. Sing.. Fern.. unsasj. unsan. unsasf. unsu unsa. Ace.. Plur.. Neut.. Nom. unser Gen.. unses. unses. unsera. Dat.. unsemo. unsemo. unseru. unsu. unso. etc.. etc.. Nom. unse etc.. 4.. Demonstrative.. 141. The simple demonstrative ther, der was employed both as definite article and relative pronoun..

(68) OLD HIGH GERMAN PRIMER. SING.. Masc.. Nom.. der. Ace.. den. Gen.. des. Dat.. demu, demo. Instr..

(69) GRAMMAR.. 59. PLUR. de'siu,. disiu (thisu). deso. Gen.. desero. desero. desero. Dat.. desem, -en. desem, -en. desem,. -en.. The Nom. sg. masc. is therer in Otfrid. The Gen. therera in Otfrid and therra (therro) in Tatian Dat. fern thereru in Otfrid, and therru (therro, therra) in Tatian; Gen. therero in Otfrid, and therero (therro) in Tatian. NOTE.. fern, is. ;. 143. jener (that, yon], mostly written gener, 113.. is. sg. sg. pi.. declined. like a strong adjective,. selb. (self, ipse). follow either the strong or the. may. Combined with the def. art., and always follows the weak declension. declension.. 5.. 144. its. A. relative. pronoun proper did not. 6.. The OHG.. independent form. weak. signifies same,. Relative.. place was supplied by the demonstrative. 145.. it. exist in. de'r,. OHG.,. dag, diu.. Interrogative.. simple interrogative pronoun had no and was declined in the. for the feminine,. singular only. SING.. Masc. Fern.. Nom. hwer, wer Ace.. hwe'nan we'nan,. Gen. hwes, we's Dat. Instr.. Neut.. (who). hwemUj we'mo. wen. hwag, wag (what) hwag, wag hwe's, we's. hwe'mu, we'mo hwiu, wiu..

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