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(1)JC2 Examination Papers 2015 General Paper H1 1. ANGLO CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 2. ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 3. CATHOLIC JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 4. DUNMAN HIGH SCHOOL. P2. 5. HWA CHONG INSTITUTION. P2. 6. INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 7. JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 8. NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 9. PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 10. RAFFLES INSTITUTION. P2. 11. RIVER VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL. P2. 12. ST. ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 13. SERANGOON JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 14. TEMASEK JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 15. TAMPINES JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 16. VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. 17. YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE. P2. Click on the Exam Paper. trendyline.

(2) All Colleges 2015 Prelims P1 Questions ACJC Prelims 2015 1. ‘A career as an artist is more attractive now than ever before.’ Comment. 2. How important is it for people in your society to embrace uncertainty? 3. Consider the view that affluence poses more problems than it solves. 4. Is a world without borders a cause for celebration? 5. ‘Environmental conservation should be made compulsory.’ Do you agree? 6. To what extent can we rely on newspapers to keep us well-informed? 7. Is increasing the strength of the police force the best way to combat crime? 8. ‘Scientific advancement makes us less human.’ Do you agree? 9. Discuss the claim that education guarantees progress. 10. How far should the government interfere with personal decisions? 11. ‘Out of sight, out of mind.’ Is this an accurate description of your society’s attitude towards the less fortunate today? 12. ‘There is no room for the weak in competitive sport.’ Comment. AJC Prelims 2015 1. Consider the view that more could and should be done to ease the problems resulting from the relocation of people. 2. ‘Skills are more important than academic qualifications in today’s world.’ Discuss. 3. To what extent does the law ensure justice is served? 4. ‘Not enough has been done to address the global outbreak of diseases.’ Is this a fair assessment? 5. Does religion do more harm than good in today’s world? 6. How far does technology have an impact on the popularity of the arts? 7. ‘The ability to make difficult decisions is the key to success.’ How true is this? 8. Examine the extent to which alternative lifestyles should be encouraged in your society. 9. ‘People should help the poor in their own country rather than those elsewhere.’ How far do you agree? 10. Discuss the claim that too much faith is placed in democracy. 11. Is there any value in suffering for a cause? 12. Should we be concerned about the increasing use of artificial intelligence? CJC Prelims 2015 1. How far are we justified in making decisions for those who cannot? 2. ‘The more attention men give to their roles at home, the less problems there would be in the family.’ Discuss. 3. Discuss the view that it is increasingly difficult to engage in ethical business practices. 4. Is green technology the most effective solution to the environmental problems in cities? 5. Consider the view that it is more important for a leader to be a visionary than a realist. 6. ‘Money ultimately determines every success in sport.’ Do you agree? 7. ‘Real power lies with the one who controls the media.’ Comment. 8. How important is it for people in your society to possess a sense of belonging? 9. Do museums have a future? 10. ‘Society is obsessed with being the best.’ To what extent is this true of your society? 11. How far should Science be held accountable for perpetuating discrimination? 12. ‘A long life does not necessarily mean a good life.’ Do you agree? DHS Prelims 2015 1. ‘The roles of men and women should be complementary rather than equal.’ Discuss. 2. To what extent is cultural heritage really important in your society? 3. ‘The world would be a better place if we had a universal language.’ Comment. 4. ‘Technology has produced a generation unable to distinguish what is worth reading.’ Is this true? 5. ‘We cannot expect individuals to save the environment.’ Do you agree? 6. ‘Consumers are at the mercy of corporations.’ Discuss. 7. Does tragedy always unite a nation? 8. ‘Politicians today are too obsessed with the art of persuasion.’ Discuss. 9. ‘A little rebellion now and then is a good thing.’ Comment on the validity of this proposition. 10. ‘The truth should never be hidden from the public.’ Discuss. 11. ‘The harsher the punishment, the more effective it is.’ Discuss. 12. ‘Modern art is merely the expression of one’s imagination, and is of little significance.’ Do you agree? trendyline.

(3) HCI Prelims 2015 1. What valuable lessons do you think your country could learn from some of its neighbours? 2. ‘Do your duty!’ Explore both the possible merits and potential drawbacks of always obeying this directive. 3. Should we be extremely excited or seriously alarmed by the rapid progress being made in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence? 4. ‘Rather than broadening our minds, most foreign travel only serves to reinforce our prejudices!’ How far do you agree? 5. ‘The greatest happiness for the greatest number.’ Is this the best principle to adopt as the basis for good government? 6. Do you agree with the criticism that charities are ineffective organisations that usually do more harm than good? 7. ‘Mother Nature knows best.’ To what extent do you agree with this piece of traditional wisdom? 8. ‘Most non-conformists are merely attention-seekers.’ How true is this in your society? 9. ‘Nothing happens by chance – there is no such thing as luck.’ Discuss. 10. ‘Parents should decide for themselves how many children they want to have – governments have no business trying to influence their decision.’ What are your views? 11. ‘There is nothing special about our species – mankind is merely a slightly more intelligent chimpanzee.’ Discuss. 12. Do you agree with the view that art and politics should never mix? IJC Prelims 2015 1. ‘It is better to be a man than a woman.’ How far is this true in today's world? 2. Do written examinations serve any useful purpose? 3. To what extent should genetic research be supported? 4. ‘People are too pragmatic.’ How true is this of your society? 5. 'The mass media are to be blamed for perpetuating stereotypes.' Do you agree? 6. 'When it comes to the environment, we have failed to walk the talk.' How far is this true? 7. ‘The performing arts have little value beyond entertainment.’ Is this a fair comment? 8. Can freedom of expression be too much of a good thing? 9. ‘Parents know best.’ To what extent is this true in a world of rapid change? 10. Should developing the young be the main focus of your country? 11. ‘Medical science has extended life and prolonged suffering.’ Do you agree? 12. ‘Regress to progress.’ How far is this true? JJC Prelims 2015 1. Are certain languages superior to others? 2. ‘Population pressure is the root cause of conflict.’ How far do you agree? 3. How far should governments exercise control over scientific development? 4. ‘The Arts should play a significant role in your society.’ How far do you agree? 5. Discuss the view that, in an increasingly connected world, international issues must take precedence over national issues. 6. ‘Women will always be losers in the fight for equality.’ Comment. 7. Consider the view that social media undermines the truth and should be regulated. 8. ‘Politicians merely react to events.’ Is this a fair comment? 9. ‘Countries have far more urgent priorities than protecting the environment.’ Do you agree? 10. To what extent is the value of sport determined by its profitability? 11. How far is your country prepared for a serious outbreak of disease? 12. Discuss the value of music. MJC 2015 Prelims 1. ‘A good government is measured solely by the freedom of its people.’ Discuss. 2. Do you agree that we have less control over our health today? 3. How justifiable is it for poor countries to be concerned with the preservation of their historical monuments? 4. ‘People, not technology, must solve mankind’s problems.’ Is this a fair comment? 5. How far should migrants conform to the culture of their host country? 6. ‘Being a small country is as much a good thing as a bad thing.’ Discuss. 7. Is it ever justifiable to break the law? 8. Should an education in the arts be encouraged as much as the sciences in your society? 9. Is there any point in caring about environmental problems in countries other than your own? 10. ‘Research in the life sciences presents more dilemmas than solutions.’ Do you agree? 11. Consider the view that humility is unnecessary for one to succeed in life. 12. To what extent is the welfare of the elderly in your society the responsibility of the state?. trendyline.

(4) NJC 2015 Prelims 1. ‘More than anything else, history instills a sense of belonging.’ Is this true? 2. ‘Parents are mainly responsible for their children’s success and failure in life.’ Comment. 3. ‘The most valuable commodity in modern life is time.’ Do you agree? 4. ‘Religion divides rather than unites in today’s world.’ Discuss. 5. Discuss the importance of understanding and appreciating the power of the written word. 6. How far is healthcare a matter of personal responsibility rather than the business of the government? 7. To what extent does your society celebrate diversity? 8. ‘Despite all the technological or medical advancements that we have made, we have not create a better world for mankind.’ Do you agree? 9. Consider the view that there is too much importance placed on freedom of expression. 10. To what extent do women in your society face discrimination? 11. ‘Experimentation on animals is necessary for scientific research.’ How far do you agree? 12. ‘Uncertainty may not necessarily be a bad thing.’ Discuss. NYJC Prelims 2015 1. Should rich countries help poor countries with scientific and technological advancement? 2. ‘Migration should be discouraged, not embraced.’ Discuss. 3. Assess the impact of the digital age on the way business is done today. 4. ‘Religion has no place in politics.’ Do you agree? 5. Should more emphasis be placed on traditions in your society? 6. ‘Let bygones be bygones.’ Is this good advice? 7. ‘There is nothing to fear about growing old when the government is paying increased attention to the needs of the elderly.’ Is this true in your society? 8. ‘People no longer read for pleasure.’ Discuss. 9. Consider the view that security is more important than democracy. 10. Assess the effectiveness of international efforts at addressing crises today. 11. Photography has little artistic value today. Is this a fair comment? 12. To what extent is it acceptable for science to be used in the pursuit of human perfection? PJC 2015 Prelims 1. Has technology brought about a highly disconnected world? 2. ‘Learning beyond grades.’ To what extent is this a realistic goal in your society? 3. ‘Kindness cannot be legislated.’ What is your view? 4. ‘Stand up for your rights.’ Is this sound advice? 5. Is singlehood an attractive option in today’s world? 6. Do you agree that scientific research should not be limited by ethical considerations? 7. ‘Language is the key to cultural identity.’ To what extent is this true in your society? 8. ‘The artist, not the government, should be regulating what is appropriate for the audience.’ Do you agree? 9. ‘The integrity of the game is everything.’ Is this true of sports today? 10. How important is it for people in your society to retain a sense of nostalgia? 11. In today’s world, has ethics taken a backseat where food is concerned? 12. ‘Security is far more important than liberty.’ Discuss. RI Prelims 2015 1. ‘Disease is the greatest threat facing mankind today.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? 2. In the digital age do newspapers still have a role in society? 3. To what extent can Mathematics be considered a form of art? 4. Is the study of History increasingly losing its relevance in today’s world? 5. ‘Unlimited scientific research is the only way to make real scientific progress.’ Do you agree? 6. ‘The State has no place in the private lives of its citizens.’ Do you agree? 7. ‘The developed world should bear the burden of climate change.’ Discuss. 8. How far is your society prepared for the challenges that diversity brings? 9. Consider the view that science serves mankind better than religion. 10. ‘There are enough opportunities in your society to improve one’s life.’ Do you agree? 11. ‘Tradition does more harm than good.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? 12. Should international aid only be given to others during times of economic prosperity?. trendyline.

(5) RVHS Prelims 2015 1. ‘Love for one’s country is always a good thing.’ Comment. 2. ‘Education produces a population able to read but unable to think. Discuss. 3. ‘One cannot have one’s cake and eat it too.’ Consider this statement in view of the issues faced by women today. 4. ‘Happiness is in your own hands.’ How far do you agree with this claim? 5. To what extent should the success of your society be measured by its economic growth? 6. Do you think the world will be a better place if everyone has a religion? 7. ‘The traditional roles of a father are no longer relevant today.’ Do you agree? 8. To what extent has the media advanced the cause of conservation? 9. Can the car as a form of private transport ever be eliminated? 10. ‘Science requires as much faith as it requires logic.’ Comment. 11. ‘There is no greater threat to countries today than terrorism.’ Do you agree? 12. How far is elitism a problem in your society? SAJC Prelims 2015 1. ‘Good character hinders success.’ Discuss. 2. Consider the importance of architecture and city planning. 3. Should the pursuit of environmental causes be embraced at all costs? 4. ‘Money is the only motivator for people today.’ Comment. 5. ‘Compassion has no place in a competitive society.’ Is this true? 6. Is it true that the more interconnected the world becomes, the more danger there is? 7. Does tourism impoverish us? 8. ‘A world without religion will be a better one.’ Do you agree? 9. Should we always accept opportunities that come our way? 10. ‘Parenting today is an impossible task.’ Do you agree? 11. Is it possible to forgive and forget? 12. Can your society do without the Arts? SRJC Prelims 2015 1. To what extent is it mankind's duty to save endangered species? 2. 'Democracy is not for every country.' Discuss. 3. ‘There has never been a better time than now to be a woman.’ Comment. 4. ‘We cannot eradicate poverty without first eliminating discrimination.’ Do you agree? 5. 'No one dares to be different.' Is this true of your society? 6. Should the press be completely free? 7. ‘There is no reason for society to spend on the Arts when people are still suffering in poverty.’ Do you agree? 8. To what extent is the development of a country affected by geographical factors? 9. ‘Technology has made learning easier, not harder.’ To what extent do you agree? 10. 'There is too much emphasis on economic development.' Is this true in your society? 11. 'Competitive sports bring out the best not worst in people.' Do you agree? 12. Should countries that are suffering from economic crises still try to save the environment? TJC 2015 Prelims 1. Do you agree that ethical considerations only get in the way of medical progress? 2. In your society, is there any point in learning a foreign language? 3. Examine the view that the Arts are only for the wealthy. 4. Do superheroes serve any useful purpose? 5. ‘Celebrities should stay out of politics.’ Comment. 6. Does the notion that big businesses do more harm than good still hold true today? 7. Do you agree that social media has given rise to a more divided world? 8. Is genetically modified food the answer to world hunger? 9. ‘Nothing ventured, nothing gained.’ How well does this describe the attitude of young people in your society today? 10. How tolerant is your society of alternative views and lifestyles? 11. Is lack of education the root cause of crime today? 12. ‘Age is no barrier to success.’ How far do you agree?. trendyline.

(6) TPJC 2015 Prelims 1. Should wild animals be kept in captivity? 2. ‘Leaders must keep their eyes more on the present than the future.’ Comment. 3. Should fathers today stay at home and look after their children? 4. ‘Aging is not lost youth, but a new stage of opportunity.’ How far is this true of the elderly in your society? 5. ‘It is impossible to contain conflict within national borders in today’s world.’ Discuss. 6. Is it true that humour makes the world a better place? 7. Examine the claim that people in your society are too dependent on their government. 8. ‘Having designer babies is our right.’ Do you agree? 9. Consider the view that the arts will play a more significant role in your society. 10. ‘Live as if you were to die tomorrow.’ Is this good advice? 11. ‘Healthcare is the responsibility of the individual, not the government.’ Do you agree? 12. Is international cooperation the most effective way of reducing poverty? VJC Prelims 2015 1. ‘Political leaders should ignore public opinion.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 2. ‘The preservation of culture has been overlooked in the arts.’ Discuss. 3. Is the study of History increasingly irrelevant in today’s world? 4. Should science be the primary focus of education in your country? 5. Have children today lost their childhood? 6. Should developed countries be expected to do more to solve the water crisis? 7. Are we taking sport too seriously? 8. With the emphasis on technology, will the elderly in your country be left behind? 9. ‘We lack role models who can inspire our young to make change.’ Comment. 10. Do choices actually make our lives better? 11. How far is it acceptable for the public to mete out justice for wrongdoing? 12. Do museums still have a role to play in society? YJC Prelims 2015 1. Consider the view that the good of the society should not be sacrificed for that of the individual. 2. ‘Animals should have the same right to life as humans.’ Discuss. 3. Do you agree that only the rich can appreciate the Arts? 4. Examine the extent to which terrorism is a threat to global security today. 5. How far should individuals be blamed for global environmental problems? 6. ‘Free speech entails the right to offend or provoke.’ Is this a fair comment? 7. ‘The pursuit of money necessarily results in an ungracious society.’ Discuss. 8. Examine the extent to which the young in your society should be allowed to make their own decisions. 9. ‘Horrific events are the only catalysts for social or political change.’ Discuss. 10. Is there any point in trying to regulate social media? 11. ‘Historical records are questionable, being based as much on perception as on fact.’ Is this a fair comment? 12. To what extent do new technologies enhance the quality of education in your society?. trendyline.

(7) ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2015 CANDIDATE NAME INDEX NUMBER. GENERAL PAPER. 8807/02. Paper 2. 1 hour 30 minutes. Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: 1 insert READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your index number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. The insert contains the passage for comprehension. Note that up to 15 marks out of 50 will be awarded for your use of language. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.. For Examiner’s Use Content. /35. Language. /15. Total. /50. This document consists of 7 printed pages. GP 8807_2 ACJC 2015. Anglo-Chinese Junior College General Paper Department. [Turn over]. trendyline.

(8) For Examiner’s Use. Read the passage in the insert and then answer all the questions which follow below. Note that up to fifteen marks will be given for the quality and accuracy of your use of English throughout this Paper. Note: When a question asks for an answer IN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE and you select the appropriate material from the passage for your answer, you must still use your own words to express it. Little credit can be given to answers which only copy words or phrases from the passage. 1. What is the author implying by describing nostalgia as “at best a trait to avoid and at worst a root cause of depressive illness” in lines 3-4?. [1] 2. Explain the author’s use of the phrase “rose-tinted” to describe peace in line 6.. [1] 3. Explain what the author means by the “universality” (line 13) of nostalgia. Use your own words as far as possible.. [2] 4. Explain the two positive effects of nostalgia highlighted in paragraph 2. Use your own words as far as possible.. [2]. trendyline.

(9) 5. For Examiner’s Use. Why has the author placed brackets around the comment in lines 16-18?. [2] 6. Using material from paragraphs 3-5 only (lines 19-53), summarise how nostalgia benefits us. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. Nostalgia benefits us because. [8] [Number of words: ………….. ]. trendyline.

(10) 7. For Examiner’s Use. What is the author’s purpose in describing nostalgia as being “like choosing neural pathways” and an “inexhaustible bank account” (lines 64-65)? Use your own words as far as possible.. [3] 8. Why does the author describe storytellers as “professional nostalgics” (line 78)?. [2] 9. What does the author mean when he describes nostalgic memory as ‘bittersweet’ in line 79? Use your own words as far as possible.. [3] 10. What “danger” is the author referring to in line 90? possible.. Use your own words as far as. [1]. trendyline.

(11) 11. In this article, Tim Adams describes the functions of nostalgia. How far would you agree with Tim Adams’ observations? Relate your opinions to your own society. Justify your answer with ideas from the passage and your knowledge of your own society.. trendyline. For Examiner’s Use.

(12) For Examiner’s Use. trendyline.

(13) For Examiner’s Use. [10]. REEC Band Mark. End of Paper. trendyline.

(14) ACJC General Paper Department JC2 Preliminary Exam 2015 P2 Answer Scheme (with Examiners’ Notes) From Paragraph 1 1. What is the author implying by describing nostalgia as ‘at best a trait to avoid and at worst a root cause of depressive illness’ in lines 3-4? [1m] From Passage The habit of living in memory rather than the present, of comparing how things once were with how things are now, was for several centuries thought at best a trait to avoid and at worst a root cause of depressive illness. (lines 2-4). Inferred Nostalgia was deemed as completely negative, with no redeeming features at all. NB: must emphasise that there is nothing good about it. Question type: Inferential Examiners’ notes: • Many students merely wrote “negative”, which did not show that nostalgia was completely negative. • It is not sufficient to merely paraphrase the quote.. 2. Explain the author’s use of the phrase ‘rose-tinted’ to describe peace in line 6. From Passage Nostalgia was the soldiers’ malady – a state of mind that made life in the here and now a debilitating process of yearning for that which had been lost: rose-tinted peace, happiness, loved ones. (lines 4-6). [1m]. Inferred It suggests that the soldiers’ perceptions of peace are idealised/ overly positive. OR The soldiers only see the positive aspects of peace.. Question type: Vocab Examiners’ notes: • Many students wrongly interpreted ‘rose-tinted’ as a metaphor for beauty or romance and therefore provided wrong contextualisation of the phrase. • Many students did not capture the extent of the positivity.. From Paragraph 2 3. Explain what the author means by the ‘universality’ (line 13) of nostalgia. Use your own words as far as possible. [2m] From Passage Some of the research has proved the universality of the feeling itself - new study shows the commonality of nostalgia effects (lines 12-14). Paraphrased The impact of nostalgia/ feeling nostalgic is shared/ similar/ experienced by many Inferred. in 18 countries in five continents. (line 14). all around the world/ globally.. Question type: Paraphrase and inference Examiners’ notes: • This question was successfully attempted by most students.. Get PSJ Private Tutor to Guide you through Exams Now! Contact www.privatetutor.com.sg trendyline.

(15) 4. Explain the two positive effects of nostalgia highlighted in paragraph 2. Use your own words as far as possible. [2m] From Passage …nostalgia is shown to be both a driver of empathy and social connectedness, (line 15). and a potent internal antidote for loneliness and alienation. (lines 15-16). Paraphrased Nostalgia motivates/ encourages/ spurs/ inspires people to understand/ relate to/ identify with each other at a deeper level and promote community cohesion/ bonds/ ties/ relationships NB: ‘driver’ is the main idea and MUST be paired with either ‘empathy’ or ‘social connectedness’ (or both) for 1m. as well as function as a solution/ answer/ cure for solitude/ isolation and marginalisation/ detachment. NB: ‘antidote’ is the main idea and MUST be paired with either ‘loneliness’ or ‘alienation’ (or both) for 1m.. Question type: Paraphrase Examiners’ notes: • Many students either missed out on the main idea of “driver” or explained it inaccurately. Words like “enables” and “allows” do not capture the meaning of pushing for something to happen.. 5. Why has the author placed brackets around the comment in lines 16-18? From Passage Among the measurable effects, nostalgia is shown to be both a driver of empathy and social connectedness, and a potent internal antidote for loneliness and alienation (a fact which has led to the beginnings of nostalgia-based therapies for illnesses that include clinical depression and perhaps even Alzheimer’s). (lines 14-18). [2m]. Inferred [Function] The comment in brackets is additional information [1m] [Context] to illustrate how nostalgia can be used for medical treatment/ to show that the benefits of nostalgia have been extended to medical treatments [1m]. Question type: Inference/punctuation Examiners’ notes: • Most students handled this question well, but some simply regurgitated the function of brackets from the skills package/past year A Level exam answer schemes without explaining the context of nostalgia being used for medical treatment.. [SUMMARY ANSWER SCHEME AFTER THE SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS]. trendyline.

(16) From Paragraph 6 7. What is the author’s purpose in describing nostalgia as being ‘like choosing neural pathways’ and an ‘inexhaustible bank account’ (lines 64-65)? Use your own words as far as possible. [3m] From the passage Nostalgia in this sense is like…. Inferred Purpose: The author wants to create an analogy/a comparison for the reader to recognise/understand that nostalgia functions like choosing a pathway and creating a bank account, NB: We accept answers that say “the author wants the reader to better understand the concept of nostalgia”.. Reinforcing some formative positive experiences over and over could be one way of attempting to manipulate that subconscious selection process. (lines 56-58). Paraphrased where nostalgia is a process of picking/deciding on specific memories that we want to revisit,. …choosing the neural pathways you want to tread most often (lines 64-65) …most people have at least one nostalgic memory that they cherish and that they can use repeatedly (lines 62-63). and also a process of building a collection of memories that can be used endlessly/without limit/ is always accessible.. …we can dwell on them and return to them forever. (lines 63-64) .…creating an inexhaustible bank account which is there for you if you want to withdraw from it. (lines 65-66) Reinforcing some formative positive experiences over and over could be one way of attempting to manipulate that subconscious selection process. (lines 5658) …choosing the neural pathways you want to tread most often (lines 64-65) Question type: Inference/ paraphrase Examiners’ notes: • Most students did not explain the author’s purpose of using the metaphor. • “Selection” and “Choosing” were common lifts.. trendyline.

(17) From Paragraph 7 8. Why does the author describe storytellers as ‘professional nostalgics’ (line 78)? From Passage The essays written in a nostalgic state were judged more imaginative and creative (storytellers, professional nostalgics, have long intuited this, not to mention poets). (lines 77-78). [2m]. Inferred As the livelihood/ work/ job of storytellers depends on their imagination and creativity, they are proficient/ skilled/ experts at using feelings of nostalgia.. Question type: Inference/ vocab Examiners’ notes: • Many students did not capture both characteristics of what it means to be “professional”.. From Paragraph 8 9. What does the author mean when he describes nostalgic memory as ‘bittersweet’ in line 79? Use your own words as far as possible. [3m] From Passage Nostalgic memory is a bittersweet combination of rumination, counterfactual thinking and nostalgia. (lines 79-80) Rumination and counterfactual thinking are related to despair and perhaps to depression… (lines 80-81) People want to remind themselves of the people who are no longer here and what they meant. (lines 84-85) OR It serves to remind them of what intimacy they have achieved and therefore what they are capable of. (lines 85-86). Paraphrased He describes nostalgic memory as both painful and pleasurable. While nostalgic memory is associated with grief/ affliction/ dejection/ melancholy, it also reminds us of the significance/ importance/ value of loved ones whom we have lost. OR the affection/ close relationships/ love they once had/enjoyed (and may enjoy again).. Question type: Paraphrase Examiners’ notes: • Many students did not explain the term “bittersweet” fully and accurately, and gave a vague explanation of the term “bittersweet” (e.g. “good and bad”, “positive and negative”).. From Paragraph 9 10. What ‘danger’ is the author referring to in line 90? Use your own words as far as possible. [1m] From Passage Of course advertisers and political speechwriters have long understood the power of collective nostalgia. Is it not the fact that such feelings can also manipulate us into doing things, buying things, voting for things that in more coldly rational states we might resist? (lines 87-89). Paraphrased Collective nostalgia can be exploited/ made used of by others to make people act in a way that they would usually/ normally not. NB: Holistic understanding must be shown.. Question type: Paraphrase Examiners’ notes: • Some students did not capture the irrationality of the behavior as a consequence of exploitation by advertisers and politicians.. trendyline.

(18) SUMMARY 6. Using material from paragraphs 3-5 only (lines 19-53), summarise how nostalgia benefits us. Write your summary in no more than 120 words, not counting the opening words which are printed below. Use your own words as far as possible. [8m] No. 1. No. 1. Possible Paraphrase Nostalgia benefits us because it is an innate/ inherent/ inborn/ natural/ instinctive response/ tool that. 2. helps us guard against/ shields us/ fortifies us from…. 3 4. anxiety/ worry/ despair/ pessimism. Nostalgia neutralises/ lessens the impact/ harm. 5. posed by threatening/ unfavourable circumstances, OR during harsh/ painful/ intolerable/ unbearable times,. 6. momentarily change our perspectives of the current situation. 7. and allows us to hold out further during/ endure through/ stressful times.. 8. Nostalgia builds positivity/ helps (us) expect better prospects/ things to come,. 9 10 11. Possible Points Nostalgia seems to be a kind of inbuilt (line 19) OR Nostalgia spontaneously rushes in (and counteracts those things) (lines 22 - 23) neurological defence mechanism (line 19) OR which can be marshalled to protect us (lines 19-20) OR as a defence against the present (for children) (line 46) against negative thoughts (line 21) nostalgia compensates for… (line 21) OR counteracts those things (line 23) OR … posed in a redemption sequence… (line 42) (negative) situations. (line 20) OR Particularly in times of hardship and difficulty (lines 20-21) OR uncomfortable states (line 21) OR (helps children) through difficult periods (line 45) can temporarily affect your perceived body state (lines 26 - 27) OR to temporarily alter their perception of the state they were in (line 30) OR the temporary change in perception (line 31) allowed them to crucially persevere just a bit longer. (lines 31-32) OR which are correlated with mental fortitude (line 34) OR and in doing so it perhaps builds resilience (line 36) nostalgia helps build resources like optimism (line 34) OR and a hope for the future. (line 46) or inspiration (line 34) or creativity (line 34) nostalgia grounds us. 9 10 11. 12. … and gives us a base (line 35). 12. 13. on which to evaluate the present as a temporary state (line 36) … reminding them (children) to think of happier moments (lines 45-46). 13. 15. 16. The ability and encouragement to access nostalgia also builds gratitude (line 52) connectedness towards others (line 52). motivates / spurs us on, promotes resourcefulness/ inventiveness/ imagination. Nostalgia anchors us/ gives us a realistic perspective / sense of reality, gives us a yardstick / standard against which we compare our current situation, and helps us to realise/ consider that the present is short-lived/ will not last/ will be over soon. Nostalgia allows children to remember more joyful/ blissful times. NB: Comparative MUST be present. Nostalgia develops in children an appreciation for others / thankfulness, helps children to relate to others/ grow closer to others/ empathise with others,. 17. and tends to make children less selfish. (line 53). 17. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 14 15. No. of Points Marks. 14. 16. and makes them less self-centred/ inconsiderate.. 1-2. 3-4. 5-6. 7. 8-9. 10-11. 12-13. 14 & more. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. trendyline.

(19) 11. In this article, Tim Adams describes the functions of nostalgia. How far would you agree with Tim Adams’ observations? Relate your opinions to your own society. Requirement: Students should a) explain the functions nostalgia plays in their own society b) describe the benefits and problems of being nostalgic c) show understanding and engage with the ideas and views raised in the passage d) support their views with relevant examples from their own society Explanation: Discuss some of the following in relation to their own society a) nostalgia and its ability to forge social cohesion b) nostalgia and its ability to forge optimism c) nostalgia and its ability to encourage resilience and perseverance d) the changing perceptions of optimism and pessimism e) how people use nostalgia in different situations f) how nostalgia encourages creativity and imagination g) how nostalgia can be manipulated Evaluation: a) question/show reasons for subscribing/not subscribing to the author’s ideas b) provide insightful analysis of the changing perceptions towards and the reasons why people would want to adopt these mindsets c) critically evaluate the functions and benefits of nostalgia d) provide cogent development of arguments e) give examples from their own society to support their views Coherence: a) adopt a consistent viewpoint b) argue logically c) organise answers into cohesive, themed paragraphs d) link paragraphs to show continuity and direction of argument e) maintain relevance to the task in everything they write f) end with a summative or concluding paragraph/ sentence Examiners’notes: • Some students misinterpreted nostalgia as a bad memory, when it should refer to memories of a more pleasant past (e.g. the brutality of WWII is not an example of a nostalgic memory). • Some students launched into long descriptions of examples without sufficient analysis of how nostalgia is used in the context of the students’ society. • Several AQs were incomplete, lacked an introduction or had several lines left blank in the beginning. • Many students discuss nostalgia’s effect on Singaporean society in the past, without drawing a link to current times. • Many students hastily launch into describing the Singaporean context without making a link back to the reference/ main topic of nostalgia. • Students frequently misunderstood how nostalgia was a “nationalistic, chauvinistic tool” that could promote national identity and patriotism, whereas the author intended to show the exploitative effects of nostalgia. • Some students hijacked the AQ, for instance, instead of discussing how nostalgia can or cannot inspire altruism, they went on to describe how other factors inspired people to be more altruistic instead. • Some students selected quotes/ references that are not related to the functions of nostalgia. • Some students rephrased the author’s points too loosely and hence distorted the author’s intended meaning. • Many students provided examples that are trivial, generic, or/and insignificant.. trendyline.

(20) 11. In this article, Tim Adams describes the functions of nostalgia. How far would you agree with Tim Adams’ observations? Relate your opinions to your own society. From the Passage. 1. Nostalgia fosters social cohesion Claims: ‘…nostalgia is known to be both a driver of empathy and social connectedness, and a potent internal antidote for loneliness and alienation…’ (lines 1416) ‘In group situations those with induced nostalgia not only tend to feel more closely bonded with the group but also more willing to form intimate associations with strangers and to be freer in their thinking.’ (lines 66-67) ‘The ability and encouragement to access nostalgia also builds gratitude and connectedness towards others.’ (lines 48-50). Guiding Questions / Discussion Issues Does nostalgia create closer bonds amongst Singaporeans? Does nostalgia build gratitude and connectedness towards others?. Agree with author. •. Reminiscing about past experiences does create closer bonds, especially if the past experience is meaningful. For example, national service is a common experience for Singaporean males and many NS men recall their past experiences fondly and form lasting friendships with their ex-army mates.. •. Reminiscing about a past common experience that Singaporeans identify with also unites and bonds them. E.g. Most Singaporeans felt united in their sense of loss during the passing of Mr Lee Kuan Yew.. •. Singaporeans also feel a sense of identity and pride whenever Singapore’s remarkable development the past 50 years is mentioned. The sense of achievement is palpable and this common pride can be used to drive them to be more compassionate towards fellow Singaporeans. For example, as part of the SG50 celebrations, numerous clips of Singapore’s past were aired to highlight Singapore’s past to the effect of creating a common, shared history and identity.. Disagree with author. • Nostalgia may lead to the exclusivity of a group of people. Singaporeans may become all the more xenophobic since its history drives social connectedness that may leave foreigners out of the picture. It might be dangerous to falsely appropriate nostalgia for nationalistic agenda (E.g. A retelling of Singapore’s history may portray the British and the Japanese unfavourably). Taken out of context, this may lead to xenophobic, anti-foreigner sentiments. It may also lead to minority groups being marginalised and viewed negatively, being seen as riding on the coattails of their predecessors and enjoying the fruits of the labour of others.. trendyline.

(21) 2. Nostalgia provides us with a sense of optimism and hope for the future. Claims: ‘Nostalgia seems to be a kind of in built neurological defence mechanism, which can be marshalled to protect us against negative thoughts and situations.’ (lines 18-20) ‘…nostalgia compensates for uncomfortable states such as feelings of meaninglessness or a discontinuity between past and present.’ (lines 20-21) ‘…nostalgia helps build resources like optimism…’ (lines 31-32) ‘…reminding them to think of happier moments as a defence against the present and a hope for the future.’(lines 42-43). Do Singaporeans use nostalgic thoughts as a form of defence against pessimism? Does nostalgia provide Singaporeans with a sense of hope for the future?. • Thinking about the past glory days calms any anxiety we may have about the uncertain and volatile future as we feel that if we could cope with more tumultuous times in the past, when Singapore was in a much less prepared state, then what the future holds cannot be that bad and we can handle and cope with whatever new challenges come our way. • Common unpleasant experiences such the Hotel New World disaster, WWII, the split with the Malayan Federation, the early struggle post-independence and SARS remind Singaporeans of our tenacity and fortitude, inspiring us to be stronger and to ride out whatever current crisis we may face. Negative past experiences and the positive lessons learnt from tackling them teach us to build resources to combat potential crises.. • The more people dwell on the past, the more dissatisfied or uncomfortable they may become. For example, in sport, comparisons with the victorious Malaysia Cup teams of the past cast the current football teams in Singapore in a bad light – where the team used to be regional powerhouses, one cannot help but feel that the national team has somehow lost its way. For older Singaporeans, it could be a longing for the days when life in Singapore was simpler, less competitive and less crowded, leading to more bitterness directed towards the government today. • Nostalgia can evoke a sense of pessimism – it is easy to see the past as ‘the good old days’ while the present as a pale imitation of the past and for us to worry about our society in the future. For example, in the past, education was certainly a lot less competitive and stressful for children. The frequent complaints and pessimism about our hyper-competitive education system and its bleak future have prompted government leaders to take action to reduce the stress placed on our students (E.g. Minister of Education Heng Swee Keat’s repeated calls for our education to move away from the emphasis on grades, PM Lee Hsien Loong’s exhortation to parents to let children play and learn through play).. trendyline.

(22) • We may get trapped in a never-ending loop wherein we dwell upon these idealised forms of the past so much so that we feel pessimistic about the future. Like a broken record, nostalgia may instead remind one of the past, that we cannot help but feel apprehensive about the future. For example, the sense of a kampung spirit has been replaced by unease over immigration and uncertainty over rising costs of living. 3. Nostalgia helps us build perseverance and resilience. Claims: ‘…an “as if” loop – a mechanism by which your mind can temporarily affect your perceived body state.’ (lines 25-26) ‘It was not a solution, but the temporary change in perception allowed them to crucially persevere just a bit longer.’ (lines 29-30) ‘nostalgia grounds us and gives us a base on which to evaluate the present as a temporary state, and in doing so it perhaps builds resilience.’ (lines 33-34). Does thinking about the past help Singaporeans build resilience? Does nostalgia help Singaporeans ride out tough times?. • Thinking about the past hardships Singapore endured as a nation – as well as learning from them (e.g. SARS, 2008 economic crisis, race riots, haze) - has indeed driven Singaporeans to be more resilient in the face of hardship. For example, plans for recurrent problems such as the haze and MERS have been put in place by the government to ensure Singapore continues to run smoothly in case we face the same problems again. • On a personal level, there are many stories of successful people who use their past experiences to fuel their resilience and determination to succeed that have inspired Singaporeans to endure hardship and to thrive in difficult circumstances. E.g. Lim Hock Chee experienced being a pig farmer and a failed business to become the owner of the Sheng Siong group of supermarkets. Navy regular Jason Chee, who lost three limbs in an. • In Singapore, the past was definitely a much tougher and tumultuous era as compared with the present – as such, we do not think about the good moments we had in the past as much as we think about the bad ones – we constantly draw on instances like the racial riots we experienced in the 1960s and the preindependence communist insurgency as warnings that our current situation is one that is fraught with potential missteps. We are constantly worried that issues that plagued us in the past will crop up again and we compensate for this pessimism by passing heavy-handed laws and policies (for example our libel and sedition laws). • We are not necessarily more resilient when we think about happier times in the past – instead, Singapore’s economic success through the decades and relatively good governance have bred a generation of complainers whose sense of entitlement is a worrisome trait. In fact, some worry that Singaporeans are more. trendyline.

(23) accident in 2012, is back with the Navy because of his love for his past career.. 4. Nostalgia drives creativity and imagination. Claim: ‘…inspiration or creativity, which are correlated with mental fortitude.’ (line 32). Does nostalgia drive creativity and innovation in Singapore?. content to take the foot off the pedal and demand a less competitive society, with more social welfare benefits and safety nets provided by the government.. •. Nostalgia can be marketed to the younger generation in novel ways – such as retro-themed cafes like The Coastal Settlement, Carpenter & Cook and Tian Lee & Co. Nostalgia can be repackaged for it to be relevant to the younger generation.. •. Nostalgia may only fuel fleeting frivolous fads. What the youth in particular are experiencing is a “hipster heritage impulse”, a form of nostalgia that appeals specifically to young middle-class, urban professionals who pick certain aspects to reminisce about.. •. Nostalgia can be an inspiration for creative works of art. For example, 50 Years of Theatre Memories presents the memories of 50 significant theatre practitioners in an exhibition that not only shares their diverse, enlightening and personal moments with the audience but also creates an informative, stimulating and playful experience to enrich a wider appreciation and understanding of the theatre scene in Singapore. Films like 1965, Old Romances, and most recently, Seven Letters, are also made with nostalgia as the main backdrop.. •. Nostalgia may encourage people to just do what worked in the past and not take risks, resulting in an unwillingness to adapt to the changing times.. •. Nostalgia can inspire authentic artistic expression. The book, ‘Balik Kampung’, is a collection of eight new tales written by Singaporean authors who have lived in their neighbourhoods for 10 years or more.. ‘The essays written in a nostalgic state were judged more imaginative and creative…’ (lines 7274). trendyline.

(24) 5. Nostalgia has longevity in its use and can be easily adapted across various forms and over time.. Is it always true that nostalgia entails positive memories or experiences?. Claim: ‘…most people have at least one nostalgic memory that they cherish and that they can use repeatedly.’ (lines 57-58). How might a person’s inherent temperament colour or undermine the use of nostalgia for more beneficial purposes?. ‘Nostalgia in this sense is like choosing the neural pathways you want to tread most often, like creating an inexhaustible bank account…’ (lines 60-62) ‘…nostalgia stands out as adaptive - it is distinct from these negative memories in that it is always related to intimacy maintenance.’ (lines 79-81). •. Can everyone tap into or meaningfully • harness nostalgia to seek hope and purpose in their lives? Are there exceptional circumstances?. Nostalgia has been very often applied in national celebrations, such as the short clip of how Singapore’s first Prime Minister teared in his announcement of Singapore’s separation from Malaysia in 1965, describing it as a moment of anguish. That moment also marked Singapore’s independence and the revisiting of this memory has been used in many circumstances – in schools, as part of the National Education Curriculum, during National Day celebrations and a key video clip in MM Lee’s remembrance documentaries.. •. Nostalgia would not be relevant or as relevant to individuals who are suffering from any form of mental incapacities e.g. children born with severe autism, geriatric patients with degenerative Alzheimer’s disease etc. In the case of the latter, memories and nostalgia of the elderly’s better, healthier days may actually bring more hurt and grief to the immediate family or caregivers as they witness the withering of their loved ones’ former selves.. Nostalgia can be encapsulated in various art forms such as movies and songs. National Day songs such as “We are Singapore” allow us to revisit the days where Singapore was struggling to build its economy and infrastructure, and striving to maintain peace and stability within its community. It reminds us of the past with the lyrics, “There was a time when people said that Singapore won’t make it, but we did. There was a time when troubles seem too much for us to take, but we did.” This popular National Day song takes the community through Singapore’s history and though some might view it as propaganda material, most Singaporeans young and old resonate with the ideas presented as it revisits this nostalgia of Singapore’s growth and development.. trendyline.

(25) 6. Nostalgia can inspire acts of charity. Claims: ‘…nostalgia is known to be both a driver of empathy…’ (lines 14-15). Is nostalgia a compelling reason or motivation for acts of grace, charity or compassion?. ‘The ability and encouragement to access nostalgia also builds gratitude… tends to make children less selfish.’ (lines 48-50). 7. Collective nostalgia can be manipulated. Claim: ‘...the power of collective nostalgia. Is it not the fact that such feelings. Is collective nostalgia similarly manipulated in our context?. •. Nostalgia can inspire acts of altruism. As part of the campaign of “50 ACtS” in celebration of SG50, the ACS schools participated in an event to give mandarin oranges as an act of gratitude and thanks to those who have contributed to Singapore society (they include healthcare workers, lawyers, the Singapore Civil Defence Force and cleaning staff at various locations) during Chinese New Year Eve earlier this year.. •. Singaporeans also feel a sense of identity and pride whenever Singapore’s remarkable development the past 50 years is mentioned. The sense of achievement is palpable and this common pride can be used to drive them to be more compassionate towards fellow Singaporeans. For example, as part of the SG50 celebrations, ComfortDelgro sold little ‘red dots’, where the profits went to the Lions Befrienders Service Association (Singapore), the Handicaps Welfare Association, the Cerebral Palsy Alliance Singapore, and the Singapore Association of the Visually Handicapped.. •. The ruling PAP may be leveraging on Singapore’s nostalgic jubilee celebrations to create a sense of goodwill and connectedness with Singaporeans, in order to gain the upper hand in the General Elections to. •. One’s sense of compassion or altruism and less due to nostalgia and memories nor personal experience that inspire acts of charity. For example, when Singaporeans donated to causes supporting disasters like the recent Nepal earthquake, many did it for the sheer empathy for the plight of the Nepalese and less due to having experienced the devastation of a disaster.. • Collective nostalgia may be challenging to muster/rally, and may also encounter resistance especially in a multi-ethnic society like Singapore with a people of diverse aspirations and goals. As the income gap widens with economic. trendyline.

(26) can also manipulate us into doing things, buying things, voting for things, that in more coldly rational states we might resist?’ (lines 84-86) ‘Nostalgia can certainly be a nationalistic, chauvinistic tool.’ (line 87). •. be held by the end of the year. Advertisers/Businesses make use of nostalgia as a marketing strategy to encourage mindless consumption during festive seasons like Christmas and Chinese New Year, and major sale seasons like the Great Singapore Sale.. development, the Singapore government has been finding it an uphill task to appeal to Singaporean’s shared sense of national identity, despite the inclusion of National Education into the school curriculum and the commemoration of various ethnic festivities and national celebrations. It can thus be said that even as a “nationalistic tool”, nostalgia merely enjoys fleeting appeal or short-term indulgence as more practical bread-and-butter issues take precedence for most Singaporeans. • Over-emphasis on nostalgia may lead to the “museumification of heritage and history”, which is reflective of a country with token heritages. In Singapore, the new wave of nostalgia has resulted in the setting up of numerous retro-themed cafes, such as Sinpopo, Chye Seng Huat and Dong Po Colonial café. However, these places are products of commercialised nostalgia and may not be true representations of the past, providing an ostentatious – as opposed to truly meaningful - display of heritage instead. Similarly, the miserable attempts by Breadtalk to market a bun based on Mr Lee Kuan Yew is similarly thoughtless and predatory.. trendyline.

(27) ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2015. GENERAL PAPER. 8807/02. Paper 2 1 hour 30 minutes. INSERT. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST This insert contains the passage for Paper 2.. This document consists of 3 printed pages. GP 8807_2 ACJC 2015. Anglo-Chinese Junior College General Paper Department. [Turn over]. trendyline.

(28) 2 Tim Adams writes about nostalgia. 1. Is it healthy to dwell in the past? Up until about 15 years ago most psychologists would have suggested probably not. The habit of living in memory rather than the present, of comparing how things once were with how things are now, was for several centuries thought at best a trait to avoid and at worst a root cause of depressive illness. Nostalgia was the soldiers’ malady – a state of mind that made life in the here and now a debilitating process of 5 yearning for that which had been lost: rose-tinted peace, happiness, loved ones. It had been considered a psychological disorder ever since the term was coined by a 17th-century Swiss army physician who attributed the fragile mental and physical health of some troops to their longing to return home – nostos in Greek, and algos, the pain that attended thoughts of it.. 2. Since the turn of this century, however, things have been looking up for nostalgia. It has 10 become a focus of enquiry in university departments across the globe, a whole new field of academic study that takes in sociology and political science as well as psychology. Some of the research has proved the universality of the feeling itself – a new study shows the commonality of nostalgia effects in 18 countries in five continents. Among the measurable effects, nostalgia is shown to be both a driver of empathy and social connectedness, and a 15 potent internal antidote for loneliness and alienation (a fact which has led to the beginnings of nostalgia-based therapies for illnesses that include clinical depression and perhaps even Alzheimer’s).. 3. Nostalgia seems to be a kind of inbuilt neurological defence mechanism, which can be marshalled to protect us against negative thoughts and situations. Particularly in times of 20 hardship and difficulty, nostalgia compensates for uncomfortable states such as feelings of meaninglessness or a discontinuity between past and present. Nostalgia spontaneously rushes in and counteracts those things. Strong anecdotal evidence exists of women in concentration camps during the Holocaust who responded to starvation by waxing nostalgic about shared meals with their families and arguing about recipes. Scientists describe this 25 effect as being an “as if” loop – a mechanism by which your mind can temporarily affect your perceived body state – linking it to research which showed that people were significantly more likely to generate nostalgic emotions in a cold room than a warm one – and that those emotions had the effect of making the room seem warmer. Concentration camp survivors describe using their memories to temporarily alter their perception of the state they were in. 30 It was not a solution, but the temporary change in perception allowed them to crucially persevere just a bit longer.. 4. In community experiments, research suggests that nostalgia helps build resources like optimism or inspiration or creativity, which are correlated with mental fortitude. In difficult situations and at life’s major transitions, nostalgia grounds us and gives us a base on which to evaluate the present as a temporary state, and in doing so it perhaps builds resilience. Leaving home for the first time, increasingly to study abroad, is among the most powerful of these types of situations. By getting homesick students to describe one particularly meaningful or positive memory, scientists have found that these memories are mostly nostalgic narratives – whether collective or personal – and are predominantly positive experiences. They do have elements of loss, maybe even trauma and sadness. But that is posed in a redemption sequence: for example, “I lost my grandmother, but we went to the funeral and realised how close we are as a family.”. 5. It seems that as parents, people habitually and subconsciously invoke nostalgia as one technique of helping children through difficult periods – reminding them to think of happier moments as a defence against the present and a hope for the future. Does part of successful parenting lie in trying to lay down experiences that children can refer back to and use in this way – is that the impulse behind memorable birthdays and holidays? One of the strongest predictors is the parents’ use of mental time travel. Parents who had encouraged their children to think about past things that had been fun (and also future things that their. trendyline. 35. 40. 45. 50.

(29) 3 children would do) had children who were always the highest nostalgia-prones. The ability and encouragement to access nostalgia also builds gratitude and connectedness towards others and tends to make children less selfish. 6. One problem parents face is that however hard parents might try to engender such feelings, we have little control over what childhood experiences children will actually return to and what memories they will use to create their sense of identity. Reinforcing some formative positive experiences over and over could be one way of attempting to manipulate that subconscious selection process. If there were to be therapeutic uses of nostalgia, they would have to include methods to direct victims of one kind of trauma or another to positive memories. One of the strengths of nostalgia is that even if they have not had a good childhood, most people have at least one nostalgic memory that they cherish and that they can use repeatedly. Once positive memories are instantiated they might have only represented half an hour of one’s entire childhood, but we can dwell on them and return to them forever. Nostalgia in this sense is like choosing the neural pathways you want to tread most often, like creating an inexhaustible bank account which is there for you if you want to withdraw from it.. 55. 60. 65. 7. In strongly nostalgic states, individuals are shown to be more likely to commit to volunteering or other expressions of altruism. Their sense of the value of money is weakened, leading them to make wilful purchases. Couples use shared nostalgia narratives to create and strengthen bonds between them. In group situations those with induced nostalgia not only 70 tend to feel more closely bonded with the group but also more willing to form intimate associations with strangers and to be freer in their thinking. In one experiment, subjects in whom nostalgia had been induced were asked to set up a room for a meeting – those in a nostalgic frame of mind consistently set up the chairs closer than those in the control. In another experiment, those in nostalgic moods were asked to write essays, which were 75 compared in a blind judging process with those of peers, who had no induced feelings of nostalgia. The essays written in a nostalgic state were judged more imaginative and creative (storytellers, professional nostalgics, have long intuited this, not to mention poets).. 8. Nostalgic memory is a bittersweet combination of rumination, counterfactual thinking and nostalgia. Rumination and counterfactual thinking are related to despair and perhaps to 80 depression – for instance, using memories to remind oneself of how poorly one has been treated or to reinforce regret. In the grouping of past-oriented thought, nostalgia stands out as adaptive – it is distinct from these negative memories in that it is always related to intimacy maintenance. People want to remind themselves of the people who are no longer here and what they meant. It serves to remind them of what intimacy they have achieved 85 and therefore what they are capable of.. 9. Of course advertisers and political speechwriters have long understood the power of collective nostalgia. Is it not the fact that such feelings can also manipulate us into doing things, buying things, voting for things, that in more coldly rational states we might resist? The nostalgists concede this danger certainly exists, particularly in group situations. 90 Nostalgia can certainly be a nationalistic, chauvinistic tool. We have to tread carefully if we use nostalgia as a group therapy. Anything that increases the bonds within the group also has the power to increase the negativity towards other groups.. Adapted from ‘Look back in joy’ by Tim Adams. trendyline.

(30) Candidate’s Name. PDG. GP Tutor’s Name. /14. ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination 2015. GENERAL PAPER. 8807/02. Paper 2. 31 August 2015 1 hour 30 minutes. Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials:. Insert. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, PDG and GP tutor’s name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. The Insert contains the passage for comprehension. Note that up to 15 marks out of 50 will be awarded for your use of language. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.. For Examiner’s Use. Content. /35. Language. /15. Total. /50. This document consists of 6 printed pages and 1 Insert. [Turn over. trendyline.

(31) Read the passage in the Insert and then answer all the questions. Note that up to fifteen marks will be given for the quality and accuracy of your use of English throughout this Paper. NOTE: When a question asks for an answer IN YOUR OWN WORDS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE and you select the appropriate material from the passage for your answer, you must still use your own words to express it. Little credit can be given to answers which only copy words and phrases from the passage.. 1. For Examiner’s Use. What does the title “First Lady of Food” (lines 8-9) suggest about the perception Americans had of Betty Crocker? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………...[1]. 2. Explain what the author means by using “seduce” (line 20) to describe the efforts of the companies. Use your own words as far as possible. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]. 3. Explain the paradox in “this illusion becomes their reality” (lines 27-28). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]. 4. Why does the author describe people’s attempts to take an immaculate Instagramworthy selfie as “hopeless” (line 42)? Use your own words as far as possible. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]. 5. What do you understand by “won the gene pool lottery” in line 45? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]. 6. Why is the word “lesser” (line 46) in inverted commas? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]. trendyline.

(32) 7. Explain how the author illustrates his view that “image has a stranglehold on society” (line 56) in paragraph 5. Use your own words as far as possible. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. For Examiner’s Use. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[3] 8. In paragraph 6, what explanations does the author offer for some companies’ profits remaining unscathed despite their “less than scrupulous practices” (line 73)? Use your own words as far as possible. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]. 9. Using your own words as far as possible, explain the irony in lines 77 to 79. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]. 10 Suggest why the evolution of Betty Crocker’s image over the years has helped the brand to “stay relevant” (line 88). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….......[1]. trendyline.

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