Dionysius the Areopagite - Divine Names; Mystic Theology; Letters (James Parker & Co. 1897)

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THE

WORKS

OF

DIONYSIUS

THE

AREOPAGITE.

PART

I.

DIVINE

NAMES, MYSTIC

THEOLOGY,

LETTERS,

&c.

NO

IV

FIRST

TRANSLATED

INTO

ENGLISH,

FROM THE

ORIGINAL GREEK,

HY THE

REV.

_JOHN

PARKER,

M.A.

Authorof

"

Christianity Chronologically Confirmed." "Why

am

la

Christian?"

"

Dionysins the Areopagite"

How

charmingis_{Divine Philosophy}!

Notharshand crabbed,as dull fools _suppose,

Butmusicalas isApolloslute."

Sanies

Barker

auto

6

SOUTHAMPTON-STREET,

STRAND,

LONDON

AND

27 BROAD-STREKT, OXFORD. I8 97.

My

DEDICATED

TO

L

ABBE

J.

FABRE D

ENVIEU,

HON. CANON OF ST. DENIS,

IN

THANKFUL

RECOGNITION

OF

THE

CONFIRMATION

GIVEN

TO

THE

FAITH,

BY HIS

"LIVRE

DU

PROPHETE

DANIEL.

FelixesGallia!

quce,tantoset talesmeruisti suscipere

PREFACE

TO

THE

"DIVINE

NAMES."

THE

Treatise on "Divine Names" was written

by

Dionysius, at the request of Timothy, and atthe

instigation of Hierotheus, to express, in aform

more

easily understood, the

more

abstract Treatise of Hierotheus,

who

washis chief instructorafter St.Paul.

Its_purpose isto_{explainthe epithets in}

Holy

Scripture

applied alike to the whole

Godhead

Father, Son, ,

and

_Holy

Ghost. It does not pretend to describe

the unrevealed God,

Who

is

_beyond

_expression

and

conception, and can only be

known

through that

union with God, "by which

we

know, even as

we

are known."

_Holy

_Scripture is the sole _authority,

beyond

which

we

must neither think nor speak

of _{Almighty God.}

The

Treatise, being written by

one of the most learned Greeks, the phraseology

is, naturally, that of Plato

and

Aristotle; but Plato

and Aristotle are not authorities here.

When

Plato

treated his

Hebrew

instructor with such reverence,

and

was so versed in the Pentateuch,

we

need not

be sensitive as to the admission of Platos _authority.

But, as a matter of fact, on the question of

Ex

emplarsa and

some

otherpoints,the opinions of Plato are expressly refuted.

The

phrase of Luther,

"

Plato-nising, rather thanChristianising,"proves only a very

Dionysius.

language is

moulded

in a marvellous

manner

to

express the newly revealed Christian Faith in its

most exalted _form, in a_style which Daille confesses

to be _{always of the}

same

"

colour;

"

and _Pearson,

"always like itself." _Jahn has followed _Dionysius

step by step in order to trace the connection be

tween _{the language of Plato}

and

_Dionysius, for the

purpose of _exploding the _{puerile supposition} that

such _{complex writings} as these could have been

evolved from the _elementary treatises _of.Proclus

and

Plotinus.

Most

_probably,

some

of the lost

writings of Dionysius are in_{part preserved} in those

writers

and

in ClementofAlexandria; but Dionysius

is the _{Master, not Pupil}!

The

works are

very dis tinct and _precise

_upon

the _{Divinity of Christ,} and

the _Hypostatic Union. Like St. _{Paul, Dionysius}

affirms that _He,

Who

made

all _things, is

God

;

and further that _Jesus is _God,

_by

some

startling

phraseology.

He

speaks of _James, "the Lords

brotherb

," as

"

brother ofGod." _{David, from}

whom

was born Christ after the _flesh, is called "father

of

God

c

."

When

_speaking of the

entombment

of the Blessed _{Virgin, he speaks} of her

_body

as the

"Life-springing" and "God-receptive body;" thus

testifying that Jesus, born of a pure Virgin, is Life

and

God.

He

describes the miracles _{of Jesus} as being, as it_were, the

new

and God-incarnate _energy of

God

become

Man.

The

_newly coined words

indicate an original thinker moulding the

Greek

language to a newlyacquired faith. There are two

words, "Agnosia" and "Divine Gloom,"which illus

trate a _{principle running through} these _writings,

that _{the negative of abstraction denotes the super}

lative _positive. "

Divine

Gloom

"

is the darkness

fromexcessive _light;

"

Agnosia

"

is _{neither ignorance}

nor knowledge intensified: but a supra-knowledge

of

_Him,

Who

is above all _things known. It is

"

the

most Divine _knowledge of _Almighty

God,

within

the union

_beyond

mind,

when

the _{mind, having}

stood _apartfrom all_{existingthings,}

and

then, having dismisseditself,has been unitedtothesuperluminous

rays thence and there, being illuminated

by

the

unsearchable wisdom." In the _{Mystic Theology,}

Dionysius exhorts

Timothy

thus,

"

But, thou,

O

dear Timothy, leave behind both sensible _percep

tion, and intellectual efforts, and all_{objects of sense}

and

intelligence; and allthings being

and

notbeing,

and

be raised aloft as far as _attainable, ayi/oxrrcos

unknowinglyd, to the union with

Him

above every

essence

and

_knowledge. For

_by

the resistless and

absolute ecstacy from _{thyself, in} all _purity, thou wilt

be carried high to the _{super-essential ray} of the Divine darkness,

when

thou hast cast

_away

all, and

become

liberated from all." _Thus,

we

must _pass

beyond

all _things known,

and

all _{things being,}

and

lie _passive under the _{illuminating ray} of God, if

we

would attain the _{highest conception} of

Him,

d _As

"

Who

passethall_{understanding."}

God

"

unknown

is still the

God

of Dionysius, and

He

is still to be

worshipped unknowingly. There is atradition that

Dionysius erected the altar in Athens "

to

God

unknown," as author of the inexplicable darkness,

which he observed in _Egypt,

and

found afterwards

from St. Paul to have been _{contemporaneous} with

the Crucifixion.

Did

St. _{Paul adapt} his discourse

atAthensto the conversion of_Dionysius?

The

only heresiarch,

whom

Dionysius mentions

by

name, is _Elymas, the _Sorcerer,

Simon

_Magus,

a

man

of _great intellectual attainments and a con

siderable author. Flavins Clemens

and

Eugenius,

Bishop of Toledo, were disciples of

Simon

before

their conversion to Christ.

The

tenets of

_Elymas

are described _{by Hippolytus.}

He

formed an eclec

tic _system fromthe Old Testament

and

the Christian Faith,

and

with Cerinthus and Carpocrates origi

nated

_many

heresies to which the _{apostolic epistles}

allude,and which in later times

became

prominent

in the Church. In _refuting these heresies, by

mani

festation of the truth, Dionysius anticipated

many

errors ancient

and

modern.

Jerome

informs us _{(Scr. Ecc. 46)}that Pantaenus6

,

one of the most celebrated Christian _philosophers of _Alexandria, was sent, A.D. 193, by Demetrius,

Bishop of that _city, to India, at the _request of a

e _Conversion

of India, p. 12. Pressense,TheEarlierYears

of Christianity, Vol. II. _p. 271. The History of Mathura

(Muttra), by F. S. Gix>wse,onthe glorification ofthe Divine

PREFACE

delegation from India for that purpose. Pantaenus discovered, on hisarrival, that St. Bartholomew _(one

of the _twelve) had _preached the _coming of _Jesus

Christ, in that country. Pantasnus found a copy of the

Hebrew

_Gospel of St.

Matthew

in India.

_Now,

by

the extract, containedin the Scholia of

_Maximus,

from the Scholia _{of Dionysius of Alexandria (250)}

upon

the Divine

_Names,

and also _by the extract

from a letter of the

same

Dionysius, recently dis

covered in the British

Museum

f

(Nos. 12151-2),

we

know

that the _writings of _Dionysius the

Areo-pagite were

known

and

treasured in Alexandria

a few _years after the death of Pantsenus.

Can we

reasonably doubt that Pantaenus took the _writings of Dionysius, and the

more

abstract works of

Hiero-theus, to India?

Have we

not here an explanation

ofthe remarkable similarity between the

Hindu

phi

losophy, as _expressed

_by

Sankaras inthe eighth,

and

Ramanuja

inthe thirteenth _century,

and

the "

Divine

Names

? "

Sankara treatsof the

_Supreme

as "

abso

lutely

One

;

"

Ramanuja

as "

non-dual, with quali fication." Both these truths are

combined and

ex pressed in _Dionysius.

I cannotbutbelieve that

_many

of the beautiful ex

pressionsabout Vishnu, the Redeemer, in the

Rama-yanaofTulsi-das are Christian Truthsundera

Hindu

dressh.

Many

learned

Hindus

affirmthatit is

need-Vidieu,p. 73.

^ankarasdoctrine, SirMonier Williams,

"

Brahmanism," p. 55. Ramanujas _explained, "Brahmanism," p. 119, &c.

J, Murray.

h _{At Council of}

less for

them

to

become

Christian, because theyhave

a

more

exalted conception of the

Supreme

God

than

Christians themselves. I submit that the "

Divine

Names

"

will beinstrumental in_{bringing India}tothe Christian Faith, in the bestand _only effectual

_way

by communities and not byindividuals _{through the}

most learned and _devout, and _{not through the} most

ignorant.

Dionysius was first _converted, and _{then, through}

him, those

who

naturally

and

properly followed his

lead.

Lucius

FLAVIUS

DEXTER.

Dexter was a friend _{of Jerome. Jerome even} ad

dresses

him

as "films _{amicus,"} and describes

him

as "

clarus

_apud

saeculumet Christi fidei deditus."

Dexter

became

Prefect of the Pretorian Oriental

Guards, and was one of the most illustrious states

men

of his time.

He

resided two _years in Toledo.

From

thearchives oftheChurch ofToledo and other

citieshe _compileda chroniclefrom A.D. i to A.D._430, giving abrief

_summary

of the Churcheventsin _Spain.

Thatchronicle he dedicatedto _Jerome,

who

enrolled

both Chronicle

and

_{Author amongst} his "

illustrious men." It was at_{the request of} Dexter that

_Jerome

wrote his

book

on Ecclesiastical Writers.

Among

theearliest _{Bishops of Toledo,} Dexter describes a re

markable man, Marcellus,

surnamed

Eugenius, on

accountofhis noblebirth.

ofPersia,signed also as "of_{the great} India." Merv was an

DIVINE XV

Bivarius _says he was of the house

and

_{family of}

Caesar, being uncle to the

_Emperor

Hadrian.

Mar-celluswas consecrated _{Bishopby Dionysius the}

Areo-pagite at _Aries,

and

sent to Toledo. _Respecting

him, Dexter records that _Dionysius dedicated the

booksof the Divine

Names

to _him, u.c. _{851, A.D. 98.}

Dexter further records that _Dionysius surnamed

Marcellus, Timothy, on account of his excellent

disposition. Polycrates, Bishop of Ephesus, relates

that _{Timothy, Bishop} of _Ephesus, to

whom

the

works of _Dionysius were _{originally dedicated,} was

martyred during the _reign of _Nerva, A.D.

96-97.

Upon

the return _{of Dionysius} to _Gaul, afterhis visit

to St._{John, released from Patmos,}

_we

_find

_him

calling

his friend _{Marcellus, Timothy,} and

presenting the

books of the "Divine Names" to _him, A.D. _98; in

orderthat _{he might} still havea

_Timothy

on_earth,

"

in vivis

"althoughhisfirst_Timothy, "

migravit ad

Christum," A.D. 97.

This touch of _{nature, preserved} in a

chronicle, written

more

than _{1400 years}

ago, by an illustrious

statesman,

who

was son of a _Bishop celebrated for

learning and sanctity,

may

fairly be deemed,

by

an

unprejudiced mind, reasonable proofthatthe"Divine

Names

"

were written previous to A.D. 98.

N.B.

As

the result of

some

research I affirm that

our Saviours last commission is the

_Key

to

Church

history in the first

century.

As

He

commanded

the Apostlesto _{preach the}

Gospel throughout the world,

Epistle to the Colossians, Chap. I. v. _{23 (rou}

tifvros evTrdo-r] Kricrei), and with such success amongst

the most learned and noble, that, but for the cruel

massacre of Flavius

Clemens

and _{his family}for the

Christian Faith, there would have been a Christian

Emperor

in the first _century.

As

_Jesus said,

"

Ye

shall be witnesses of

Me

unto the _{uttermost parts} ofthe earth"

(Acts Chap. I. v. _8), so the Apostles planted the

Church

of Christ in Gaul, Spain and

Britain, with its threefold ministry; and

by

the end

of the second century therewas an organised

Church

throughout each of those territories

k

.

Dr. Schneider informs

me

"

that in

_Germany

_they

now

admit that the external proofs are in favour

of genuineness of _{Dionysius, but they} confine

them

selves to the internal _proofs.

_They

_pretend that

the doctrine is too clear and _precise to have been

written in_{the apostolic} age."

How

could the chief Areopagite, the convert and

companion

of St. _Paul, and the familiar friend of

St._{John, Theologus,} have understoodtheology!!

i

Burton, Ecc. Hist.,Vol. I._p. 367.

k

Mansi I. _698, Jaffi. Regesta Rom. Pon. 2nd Ed., p. 10,

DIONYSIUS

THE

AREOPAGITE,

ON

DIVINE NAMES.

CAPUT

I.

To

MY FELLOW

PRESBYTER,

TIMOTHY,

DIONYSIUS

THE

PRESBYTER.

What

is the_{purpose of}the discourse,

and what

the tradition_concerningDivineNames.

SECTION I.

Now

then,

O

Blessed One, after the _Theological

Outlinesa, I will pass to the interpretation of the

Divine

_Names,

as best I can.

But, let the rule of the Oracles be here also

prescribed for us, viz., that

we

shall establish the

truth of the _{things spoken concerning} God, not

in the _persuasive words of

man

s _wisdom, but in

demonstration of the _{Spirit-moved power} of the

Theologians, by aid of which

we

are _brought into

contact with _things unutterable

and

unknown,

in

_a__manner unutterable

and

unknown,

in _propor

tion to the _superior union of the reasoning and

intuitive _faculty

and

operation within us./

_By

no

means

then is it _permitted to _speak, or even to think, anything, concerning the superessential

and

hidden _Deity,

_beyond

those _{things divinely}revealed

to us in the sacred Oraclesb

. For Agnosia

(supra-Cap. 3.Mystic Theology. b Ib. c. I.s. 3.

knowledge) of its

superessentialityabove reasonand

mind and

essence to itmust

we

attributethe

super-essential _science, so far _aspiring to the Highest, as

the _ray of the _supremely Divine Oracles _imparts

itself, whilst

we

restrain ourselves in ourapproach to

the higher glories by prudence and piety as regards

things Divine. For, if

we

must_{place any} confidence

in the All

Wise

and most _{trustworthy Theology,}

things Divine are revealedand contemplated in _pro

portion to the _{capacity of each of the minds,} since

the _supremely Divine Goodness distributes _Divinely

its immeasurableness _(as that which cannot be

contained) with a justice which preserves those

whose _capacityis limited. _{For, as things intelligible}

cannot be

_comprehended

and _{contemplated by}

things of sense, and things

uncompounded

and un

formed bythings

compounded

and formed; and the

intangible and unshaped formlessness of _things

without _{body, by} those formed _according to the

shapes of bodies; in accordance with the self-same

analogy of the truth, the superessential Illimitability

is _placedabove _things essential, and the Unity above

mind

above the

Minds

; and the

One

above con

ception isinconceivableto all _conceptions; andthe

Good

above

word

is unutterable _by word Unit

making

one every unit, and superessential essence

and

mind

inconceivable, and

Word

unutterable,

speechlessness

c

and _inconceptiond

, and

nameless-ness _being after the

manner

of no _{existing being,}

and Cause of _being to all, but Itself not being,

3

as _beyond every essence, and as It

_may

manifest

Itself_properlyandscientifically concerning Itself.

SECTION

II.

Concerning this _{then, as} has been said, the

super-essential

and

hidden _Deity, it is _{not permitted} to

speak or even to think

_beyond

the _{things divinely}

revealed to us in the sacred Oracles. For even as

Itself has _taught (as

becomes

Its goodness) in the

Oracles, the science

and

contemplation of Itself in Its essential Nature is

_beyond

the reach of all

created _things, as towering superessentially above

all.

And

_you will find

_many

of the Theologians,

who

have celebrated It, not only as invisible

and

incomprehensible, but also as inscrutable and

un-traceable, since there is no trace of those

who

have

penetrated to Its hidden infinitude.

The

Good

indeedis not _entirely

uncommunicated

to _{any single}

created_Jbeing, but _benignly sheds forth its

super-essential _ray, persistentlyfixed in Itself, by illumin ations analagous to each several being, andelevates to Its _{permitted contemplation} and

communion

and

likeness, those holy minds, who, as far as is lawful

and

reverent, strive after It,

and

who

are neither

im-potentlyboastful towards that which is higher than

the_{harmoniously imparted} Divine manifestation, nor,

in _regard to a lower _level,lapse

downward

through

their _inclining to _{the worse, but}

who

elevate

them

selves determinately and unwaveringly to the _ray shining

upon them

; and, bytheir proportioned love

of permitted illuminations, are elevated with a holy reverence, prudently and piously, ason

new

wings.

SECTION III.

Followingthen, these, the supremely Divine stand

ards, which also govern the whole _{holy ranks of the}

supercelestial orders, whilst _honouring the

unre-vealed of the

Godhead

which is

_{beyond mind}

and

matter, with inscrutable and _{holy reverence ofmind,} and _{things unutterable,} with _{a prudent silence,}

we

elevate ourselves to _{the glories} which illuminate us

in the sacred _Oracles, and are led _by their _light to

the _supremely Divine

_Hymns,

_by which

we

are

supermundanely enlightened

and

moulded

to the

sacred _Songs of Praise, so as both to see the su

premely Divine illuminations given to us _{by them,}

according to ourcapacities, and to _{praise the}

good-givingSourceof _{everyholy manifestation of light,} as

Itself has _{taught concerning} Itself in the sacred

Oracles. For instance, that It is cause and _origin and essenceandlifeof all_things

; and even of those

who

fall

_away

from _It, both recalling and resur rection; and of those

who

have lapsed to the per version of the Divinelikeness, renewal and reforma tion

; of those

who

are tossed about in a sort of ir religious unsteadiness, areligious stability; of those

who

have continued to_{stand, steadfastness}: of those

who

are _being conducted to _It, a _protecting

Con

ductor; of those beingilluminated, illumination ; of

those beingperfected, source ofperfection; of those

5

simplified, simplification; of those being unified,

unity; of every origin superessentially super-original

origin;

and

of the Hidden, as far as is right, bene ficent communication; and, in one word, the life of

the_living,andessence of_{things that}be; ofall life

and

essence, origin

and

cause; because Its goodnesspro

duces and _{sustains things that be, in theirbeing*.}

SECTION IV.

These _things

we

have learned from the Divine

Oracles, and youwill find allthe sacred

_Hymnology,

soto _{speak, of theTheologians arranging the}

Names

of

God

with a view to

make known

and

_praise the beneficent progressions of the Godhead. Hence,

we

see in_{almost every theological} treatise the

Godhead

religiously celebrated, both as

Monad

and unity, on

account of the _simplicity

and

oneness of Its _super

natural _{indivisibility} from which, as an _unifying

power,

we

are unified, and

when

our divided diver

sities have been folded _together, in a

manner

_super

mundane,

we

are collected into _{a godlike} unit

and

divinely-imitated union; but, also as Triad, on

account of the tri-personal manifestation of the superessential productiveness, from which all _pater

nityin heaven and on earth is, and is

named

; also,

as cause of _{things existing,} since all _things were

broughtinto being on account of Its creative _good ness, both wise and good, because all _{things, whilst}

preserving the properties of their

own

nature unim-e

Areopagitt^

paired, are filled with _{every inspired}

_harmony

and

holy comeliness, but pre-eminently, as _{loving towards}

man, becauseIt

trulyandwhollyshared,in one ofIts

Persons _{(subsistencies),} in _{things belonging} to _us, recalling to Itselfand _replacingthe

human

_extremity, out of which, in a

manner

unutterable, the simplex

Jesusf was composed, and the _Everlasting took

a _{temporal duration,} and He,

Who

is

superessen-tially exaltedabove every rank throughout all_nature,

became

within our _nature, whilst _retaining the

unchangeable and unconfused steadfastness of His

own

properties.

And

whatever other divinely-wrought illuminations, conformable to the _Oracles,the secret tradition ofourinspired leaders bequeathed tous for

our enlightenment, in these also

we

have been in itiated;

now

indeed, according to our capacity,

through the sacred veils of the loving-kindness towards man,

made

known

in the Oracles and hier archical traditions, which envelop things intellectual

in _{things sensible,} and_{things superessential} in _things

that are; and place forms and shapes around the

formless and _shapeless, and multiplyand fashion the supernatural and formless simplicity inthe variedness of the divided symbols; but, then,

when we

have

become

_{incorruptible}and immortal,and havereached the Christlikeand mostblessedrepose, according to

the Divine saying,

we

shallbe

"

ever with the Lord,"

fulfilled, through all-pure contemplations, with the

visible manifestation of

God

covering us with glory,

most Divine Transfiguration, and participating in

His gift of spiritual light, with unimpassioned and

immaterial

mind

; and, even in the union

beyond

conception, through the agnostic

and

most blessed

efforts after _rays of surpassing brilliancy, in a

more

Divine imitation of the supercelestial minds. For

we

shall be equal to _{the angels, as the truth of} the Oracles affirms, and sons of God, being sons of the resurrection. But _now, to the best of our _ability,

we

use _{symbols appropriate} to _things Divine,

and

from these _again

we

elevate ourselves, according to

our _degree, to the _simple and unified truth of the

spiritual visions; and after our every conception of

things godlike, laying aside our mental energies,

we

cast ourselves, to the best of our_ability, towards the superessential ray, in which all the terms of every kind of _{knowledge pre-existed} in a

_{manner beyond}

expression, which it is _{neither possible to} conceive

nor express, nor entirely in any

way

to _contemplate,

on account of Its _{being pre-eminently} above all

things,

and

super-unknown, and Its _{having pre}

viously contained within Itself, superessentially, the

whole _{perfections of} all kinds of essential _knowledge

and

power, and Its _beingfirmly fixed byIts absolute power, above all, even the supercelestial minds.

For, ifall kinds of _knowledge are of _{things existing,}

and are limited to _{things existing, that,}

_beyond

all

essence, is alsoelevatedabove all_knowledge.

SECTION V.

And

_yet, if It is _{superior toevery expression} and

mind

and _{essence, being} such as embraces

and

unites _{and comprehends and anticipates} all _things,

but Itself is _altogether incomprehensible to _all, and

of _It, there is _{neither perception nor imagination,}

nor surmise, nor name, nor expression, nor contact,

nor science; inwhat

way

can ourtreatisethoroughly

investigate the meaning of the Divine

_{Names, when}

the _{superessential} Deity is shewn to be without

Name,

and above

Name

?

But, as

we

said

when

we

put forth the _Theological

Outlines, it is not _possible either to _express or to

conceive what the One, the

_Unknown,

the

Super-essential _{self-existing}

Good

is, I

mean

the threefold

Unity, the alike God, and the alike Good. But even

the unions, such as befit angels, of the holy Powers,

whether

we must

call

them

efforts after, or recep

tions from, the

super-Unknown

and _surpassing

Goodness, are both unutterable and

_unknown,

and

exist in _{those angels alone} who, above angelic

know

ledge, are

deemed

worthy of them.

The

_godlike

minds _(men)

made

one _by these _{unions, through}

imitation of angels as far as attainable (since it is

during cessation of every mental energy that such

an union as this of the deified minds towards the

super-divine light takes place) celebrate It most ap

propriately through the abstraction of all created

things enlightened in this matter, truly and super-naturally from the most blessed union towards It

that It is Cause indeed of all

things existing, but Itselfnone _{of them,}as_{beingsuperessentially elevated}

above all.

To

_{none, indeed,}

who

are lovers of the

9

the supremely-Divine Essentiality that which isthe

super-subsistence of the super-goodness, neither as

word

or power, neither as

mind

or life or essence,

butas _{pre-eminently separated} from every condition,

movement, life, imagination, surmise, name, word,

thought, conception, essence, position, stability,

union, boundary, infinitude, all _thingswhatever. But

since, as sustaining source of goodness, by the very

fact ofIts_being, It iscause ofall_{things that be,}from

all created_things must

we

celebrateg _{the benevolent}

Providence of the

Godhead

; forall things are both

around It and for _It, and It is beforeall _things,

and

all _things in It consist, and by Its beingis _{the pro}

duction and sustenance ofthewhole, and all _things

aspire to It the intellectual and rational,

by means

of _{knowledge things} inferior to these, through the

senses,

and

other things by living

movement,

or substantialand_{habitual aptitude.}

SECTION VI.

The

_{theologians, having} knowledge of this, cele

brate It, bothwithout

Name

and

from every

Name.

Without name, as

when

_{they say} that the

Godhead

Itself, in one of those mystical apparitions of the

symbolical Divine manifestation, rebuked

him

who

said, "What is _thy name?" and as _leading

him

away

from all _knowledge of the Divine

Name,

said

this,

"

and

_why

dost thou ask

_{my Name}

? "

and this

(Name)

"

is wonderful."

And

is not this in _reality the wonderful

Name,

Dionysiusthe Areopagite,

thatwhichisabove_every

Name

the Nameless that

fixed above _every

name

which is _named, whether in

this _age or in that which is to

come

? _Also, as

"many named," as

when

they again introduce It as saying,

"

I

am

_He,

Who

is the Life the _Light the

God

theTruth."

And

when

the wise of

God

them

selves celebrate

_Him,

as Author ofall _things, under

many

Names, from all created _things as

Good

as

Beautiful as Wise as Beloved as

God

of _gods

as Lord of lords as

_Holy

ofHolies as Eternal as

Being as Authorof _Ages as Provider of Life as

Wisdom

as

Mind

as

Word

as

_Knowing

as _pre

eminently possessing all the treasures of all

know

ledge as

Power

as Powerful as

_King

of _kings

asAncient of_days as never _growingold and

Un

changeable as Preservation as _{Righteousness} as

Sanctification as

_Redemption

as _surpassing all

things ingreatness andas in a_{gentle breeze.} Yea, theyalso _saythat

He

is in minds, and in souls, and

in _bodies, and in heaven and in earth, and at _once,

the

same

in the same in the world around the

world above the world _{supercelestial,}

superessen-tial, sun, star fire water spirit <dew cloud

self-hewn stone and rock all _{things existing} and

not oneof_{things existing.}

SECTION VII.

Thus, then, the "

Nameless"

befits the cause

of all, which is also above all, as do all the

names

of _{things existing, in} orderthat there

_may

be _strictly

may

be around It

and

_dependent

_upon

It, as cause,

as _beginning, as end.

And

Itself, according to the Divine saying,

may

be the

"

all in all,"

and

truly

sungasofall,producing, directingandperfectingand sustainingguard, and shrine,

and

turning towards It

self,andthat uniformly,irresistiblyand pre-eminently.

ForIt is _{not only cause of sustenance,} orlife, or per

fection, so that from this or thatforethought alone

the Goodness above

Name

should be named, butIt

previouslyembraced in Itselfallthingsexisting,abso

lutelyandwithoutlimit,bythe completebenefactions

of His one

and

all-creating forethought, and by all

created _things in joint accord It is celebrated and

n.amed.

SECTION VIII.

Further_also, the _{Theologians do} nothonouralone

the

Names

of

God

whichare _given fromuniversal or particular Providences, or objects ofHis forethought;

but also from certain occasional Divine _Visions, in

the sacred _temples or elsewhere, which enlightened

the initiated or the _{Prophets, they}

name

the surpas

sing bright Goodness whichis above

Name,

after one

or other causes and _powers, and clothe It in forms

and _{shapes of man,} or fire, or electron, and celebrate

Its _eyes and ears,and locks ofhair, and countenance,

and_hands,and _back, and _wings,and arms,and hinder

parts and feet. _{Also they assign to} It crownsh and

seats, and drinking vessels and bowls, and certain

other _{things mystical, concerning which,} in our

Sym

bolic _Theology,

we

will _speak as best

we

can. But

now, collecting from the Oracles so

much

as serves

the _purpose of our _{present treatise,} and _using the

things aforesaid, asakind ofCanon, andkeeping our eyes

upon

them, let us advance to _{the unfolding of}

the

Names

ofGod, which fall within the _{range of our}

understanding, and, what the hierarchical rule_always

teaches us throughout every phase oftheology, let us

become

initiated _{(to speak authoritatively)} in the godlike contemplations with a god-enlightened con

ception.

And

let us _{bring religious} ears to the unfoldings of the

Holy

Names

of _{God, implanting}

the

_Holy

in the Holy, according to the Divine

tradition, and removing it from the _laughter and

jeers of the uninitiated; yea, rather, if certain

men

really are such, purifying

them

from their fighting against

God

in this matter.

Be

it _{thine, then,} to

guard these things,

O

excellent Timothy, according

to the most _holy leading, and to

make

the things

Divineneither _spokennor

known

tothe uninitiated.

For myself,

may

Almighty

God

give

me

tocelebrate,

ina

manner

_{worthy of} God, the numerous beneficent

Names

of the uncalled and

unnamed

Deity; and

may

He

not take _away a word of truth from

_my

mouth.

CAPUT

II.

SECTION I.

Concerning

common and

distinctive theology,

and

what

istheDivine Union

and

distinction.

LET

then the self-existent _{Goodness be sung from}

3

supremely-Divine-Subsistence in its essential nature. For, what else is there to learn from the sacred

theology,

when

it affirms that the

Godhead

Itself,

leading the way, says, "Why dost thou ask

me

concerning the

Good

?

None

is

Good

_except

God

alone."

_Now,

this,

we

have thoroughly

demon

strated _{elsewhere, that always,} all the

_God-becoming

Names

of _God, are celebrated _by the _Oracles, not

partitively, but as applied to the whole

and

entire

and complete and full _Godhead,

and

that all of

them

are referred _{impartitively, absolutely, unreservedly,}

entirely, to all the Entirety of the entirelycomplete and _{every Deity.}

And

_{verily as}

we

havementioned

in the _Theological Outlines, if _any one should _say

that this is not _{spoken concerning the} whole _Deity,

he blasphemes, and dares, without right, to cleave

asunder _{the super-unified Unity.}

We

must affirm, then, that this is to be received

respecting the whole Deity. For even the essen

tially

Good

Word

Himself said, "I

am

Good

1."

And

a certain one of the _{God-rapt Prophets} cele brates the _Spirit as "the GoodJ."

And

_{again this,}

"I

am

_He,

Who

isk." If

they shall say that this is

said, not of the whole Deity, but should violently limit it to one _part,

how

will _theyunderstand this?

"These _{things, saith He,}

Who

_is,

Who

_was,

Who

is

to _come,the_Almighty1

,"

and

"

Thou

artthe

same

m,"

andthis,

"

Spirit oftruth, which is, which proceedeth

from the Father ."

And

if _{they say} that the su

premely Divine Life is not coextensive with the

1 _Matt.xx.

15. J Neh. ix.20. k Ex. iii. _14. 1 _Rev.

whole,

how

is the sacred

Word

true which _said,

"

As

the Father raiseth the dead and

maketh

alive,

so also the Son

maketh

alive

whom

He

will ,"

and

that "

the _Spirit is He,

Who

maketh

alivep

? "

But,

that the whole _Deity holds the _Lordship over the

whole, one can scarcely say, as I think

_{how many}

times, in reference to the Paternal _Deity, or the

Filial, the word

"

Lord

"

is _repeated in the

Word

of _God, as _applied to Father and Sonq

. But the

Spirit also is Lordr.

And

"

the beautiful and the wise"

are also _{sung respecting} the whole _Deity.

And

the light, and the deifying, and the cause,

and whatever _pertains to the whole Godhead, the

Oracles introduce into all the _supremely Divine

hymnody

collectively,

when

they say

"

all _things

are _{from Almighty}

God

;

"

but, specifically,as

when

they say, "all

things were

made

through

Him

and

to Him,"

and

"all

things in

Him

consist," and

"

Thou

shalt send forth

_Thy

_Spirit, and they shall

be made." _And, that one

_may

_speak summarily,

the _supremely Divine

Word

Himself _said, "

I and

the Father are One,"

and

"all that the Father hath

are Mine," and, "All

Mine

are Thine, and Thine,

Mine."

And

_again, whatever _{pertains to the} Father

and Himself,

He

attributes to the _{supremely Divine}

Spirit, collectively and in

common

the works of

God

the _homage, the fontal and ceaseless cause

and the distribution of the _{goodly gifts.}

And

I

think, none of those,

who

have been nourished in

the Divine Oracles with _{unprejudiced conceptions,} Johnv. 21. p Ib.vi. _63. I Cor. i. 30.

r _{2 Cor.} iii. _17.

5

will _oppose this, that all _{things befitting}

God

_belong

to the whole Godhead, according to the _divinely

perfect Word. Since, then,

we

have demonstrated

and defined these _things from the _Oracles, here

indeed _partially, but elsewhere _sufficiently

we

will

undertake to _{unfold every Divine}

Name

_whatsoever,

which is to be received as _referring ta the whole

Deity.

SECTION II.

But if _any one should _say that

we

introduce

in so _doing a _confusion, in _{disparagement} of the distinction which befits _God,

we

do not think that

such a statement as this is itself sufficient to con

vince that it is true. For, if there is _{any one}

who

has _placed himself _entirely in _opposition to the

Oracles, he will be also _{entirely apart} from our

philosophy; and, if he has no care for the divine

Wisdom

of the _Oracles,

how

shall

we

care for his

guidance to the _theological science? _But, if he

regards the truth of the Oracles,

we

also, using this

canon and illumination, will _{advance unwaveringly}

to the _answer, as best

we

can,

by

affirming that

theology transmits

some

things as

common,

but

others as distinctive; and neitherisit meet to divide the

common,

nor to confuse the distinctive; but that following It _according to our _ability,

we

_ought

to rise to the Divine splendours; for, by taking thence the Divine revelations, as a most excellent

canon of truth,

we

strive to guard the _{things lying}

there, in their native simplicity and integrity and identity being ourselves guarded in our _guard of

the Oracles, and from these receiving strength to

guardthose

who

guard them.

SECTION III.

The

_(Names) then,

common

to the whole _Deity,

as

we

have demonstratedfrom the Oracles, by

many

instances in the _{Theological Outlines, are} the

Super-Good,the Super-God, the _{Superessential,} the

Super-Living, the Super-Wise, and whatever else belongs

to the superlative abstraction; with which also, all

those denoting Cause, the Good, the Beautiful, the

Being, the Life-producing, the Wise,

and

whatever

Names

are _given to the Cause of all _Good, from His _goodly gifts. But the distinctive

Names

are

the _{superessential}

name

and _property of Father

and

Son

and _Spirit, since no _interchange or

com

munityin these is in_any

_way

introduced. Butthere

is a further _{distinction, viz.,} the _complete

and

un

altered existence of _{Jesus amongst us,} and all the mysteries of love towards

man

actually existing within it.

SECTION IV.

But it is _{rather necessary,} I _suppose, to resume

and

to setforth the _complete fashion of the Divine union

and

distinction, in order that the whole dis

course

_may

be seen at _{a glanceto reject everything}

ambiguous and indistinct,

and

to define _critically

and

distinctly the proper Names, as far _{as possible.}

For, as I said _elsewhere, the sacred instructors of our _theological tradition call the "

Divine Unions"

super-7

unutterable

and

super-unknown Isolation; but the

"

distinctions," the goodly progressions

and

manifes

tations of the

Godhead

; and, following the sacred

Oracles, theymention also properties oftheaforesaid

"

Union

;

"

and

_again of the distinction, that there

are certain _specific unions and distinctions.

For

example, with regard to the Divine Union, that

is, the _{Superessentiality,} there is kindred

and

com

mon

to _{the One-springing Triad, the superessential} sustaining Source, the super-Divine Deity, the

super-good

Goodness, the _{supreme identity} of the whole

supreme Idiosyncrasy, the Oneness above source

of one; the Unspeakable; the Much-speaking, the

Agnosia, the

_Comprehended

_by

_all, the _Placing

of all, the Abstraction of all, that which is above all affirmation

and

abstraction, the abiding

and

steadfastness in each other, if I

_may

so _speak,

wholly super-united

and

in

no

_part

_commingled

of the _{One-springing Persons, just} as _lights of

lamps (to use sensible illustrations familiar to our

capacity),

when

in one house, are both _wholly dis

tinct in _{each other throughout, and keep}the distinc tion from each other _specifically and _perfectly

main

tained, being one in distinction and distinct in

union; and then, indeed,

we may

see in a house,

in which are

_many

_lamps, the _lights of all united

to form one certain _light

and

lighting up one

com

bineds

radiance; and, as I suppose, no one would

be able to _distinguish in the air _containing all the

and to see one without the other, since whole in

whole are

mixed

together without being mingled.

But,if _{any one were} to take out from the

chamber

one _particular burner, the whole _light belonging

to it will depart with it; no particle of the other

lights being drawn along with it, nor anyof its

own

light left with the other. For there was, as I _said,

the _{complete union}ofallwithall,unmingled through

out, and in no _part confused, and this _{actually in}

a body, the air, the lighteven itself_{being dependent}

on the material fire.

Whence

we

affirm that the

superessential

Union

is fixed above not _only the

unions in_bodies, butalso abovethose in souls

them

selves, andin minds themselves, which, in a

manner

unmingled

and

supermundane,theGodlike and

super-celestial _{Illuminations,}whole _{through whole, possess,}

as beseems a _{participation analagous} to those

who

participate in the

Union

elevatedabove all.

SECTION V.

But there is a distinction in the _{superessential}

nomenclature of _God, not _only that which I have

mentioned, namely, that each of the One-springing

Persons is fixed in the union itself, unmingled

and

unconfused; but also that the properties of the

superessential Divine Production are not conver

tible in _regard to one another.

The

Father is sole

Fountain of the _{superessential Deity,} since the

Father is _{not Son, nor} the Son, Father; since the

hymns

reverently guard their

own

characteristics for

19

aretheunions

and

distinctionswithin the unutterable

Union

and _sustaining Source. _But, if the _goodly progression of the Divine Union, multiplying itself

super-uniquely through Goodness, and taking to

itself

_many

_forms, is also a Divine distinction, yet,

common

within the Divine distinction, are the re

sistless distributions, the substance-giving, the

life-giving, the wise-making,

and

the other gifts of the

Goodness, Cause of _all, after which from the _par

ticipations

and

those participating are celebrated

the _{things imparticipatively participated.}

And

this

is kindred and

_common,

and

one, to the whole

Divinity, that it is all _{entire, participated}

_by

each

of the _{Participants,} and _by

none

_{partially. Just}

as a point in a circles centre _participates in all

the _circumjacentl

straight lines in the circle,

and

as

_many

_impressions of a seal _participate in the

archetypal seal,

and

in each of the impressions

the seal is whole

and

_{the same,} and in

none

partial

in _any respect. But superior to these is the

im-partibility ofthe Deity Cause of all from the fact

that there is

no

contact with it.

Nor

has it _any

commingled

communion

with the _{things partici}

pating.

SECTION VI.

And

yet

some

one might say the sealisnot whole

and the

same

in the _images throughout. But of

this the seal is not the _cause, for it _imparts itself

all and the

same

to each; but the difference of the

recipients

makes

the figures dissimilar, since the

Dionysius

archetype is one

and

_{complete and} the same. For

instance, if the

wax

were soft

and

impressionable,

and

_{smooth and unstamped, and} neither _unimpres

sionable

and

hard, nor running

and

dissolving, it

will have thefigure clear

and

sharp and fixed. But

ifit should lack _any of the aforesaid _aptitudes, this will be the cause of the _{non-participative}

and

un-figured

and

indistinct,

and

whatever else arises from

inaptitude for _reception. Further, there is a dis tinction from the _{goodly work} of

God

towards us,

in that the _{superessential}

Word

was invested with

being amongst us from us _wholly

and

truly,

and

did

and

suffered whatever things are choice

and

pre-eminent in His

human

work

of

God

u

. For in

these, the Father

and

the Spirit in no respect

com

municated, except perhaps, one might say, asregards

the _{benign and philanthropicpurpose,}andas _regards

all the _pre-eminent and unutterable work of

God

which _{the unchangeable, qua}

God

and

Word

of_God,

did

when

He

had been

bom

amongst us.

Thus

we, too, strive to unite

and

distinguish in the

Word

the _{things Divine,} as the _things Divine themselves

areunited and _{distinguished.}

SECTION VII.

Now

we

have setforth in the _{Theological Outlines}

whatever Divine Causes

we

have found in the

Oracles, of these unions, and distinctions, by treat

ing each separately, according to our _ability;

by

explaining

some

things,

by

the infallible Word, and

unfolding

them

;

and

by conducting the religious

and

unpolluted

mind

to the bright visions of the Oracles; but others, as beingfull of mystery,

by

ap

proaching

them

according to the Divine tradition,

which is _superior to mental _energy. For all the

Divine properties, even those revealed to us, are

known

_by

the _{participations} alone;

and

themselves,

such as _they are in their

own

source

and

abode, are

above

mind

and all essence

and

_knowledge. For

instance, if

we

have

named

the _{superessential}

Hid-denness, God, orLife, or Essence, or Light, or

Word

(XJyos),

we

have no other thought than that the

powers brought to us from It are deifying, or

essentiating, or life-bearing, or wisdom-imparting;

butto Itself

we

_{approach during the cessation of} all

the _{intellectual energies, seeing}no deification, or life,

or_{essence whatever, such} asis_{strictly like} the Cause

pre-eminently elevated above all. _Again, that the Father is fontal _Deity, but the

Lord

Jesus

and

the

Spirit are, if one

_may

so_{speak, God-planted} shoots,

and as it were Flowers and _{superessential Lights} of

the _{God-bearing Deity,}

we

have received from the

holy Oracles; but

how

these things are, it is neither

possible to say, norto conceive.

SECTION VIII.

But.

_up

to this point, our utmost power ofmental

energy carries _{us, namely,} that all divine _paternity

and

_{sonshiphave been bequeathed from} the Source

of _paternity and Source of _{sonship pre-eminent}

Dionysiusthe Areopagite,

powers, from which the godlike

become

both gods,

and

sons of _gods, and fathers of _gods,

and

are

named

_Minds, such a _paternity and _{sonship being}

ofcourse _{accomplished spiritually,} i.e. _{incorporeally,}

immaterially, intellectually, since the supremely

Divine Spirit is seated above all intellectual

imma

teriality, and deification, and the Father and the

Sonarepre-eminently elevatedaboveall_{divine pater}

nity

and

sonship. For there is no strict _likeness,

between the caused and the causes.

The

caused

indeedpossess theaccepted likenessesof the causes,

but the causes themselves are elevated and estab lished above the _{caused, according} to the ratio of

their _{proper origin.} And, to use illustrations suit

able to ourselves, pleasuresand painsare said to be productive of pleasure

and

pain, but these them selves feel neither _pleasure nor _pain.

And

fire,

whilst _heating and _burning, is not said to be burnt

and heated. And,if_{any oneshould say}that the

self-existent Life lives, or that the self-existent Light is

enlightened, in

my

view he will _{not speak correctly,}

unless, perhaps, he should say this after another

fashion, that the properties of the caused are

abun

dantly

and

essentiallypre-existentin the causes.

SECTION IX.

Further _also, the most _conspicuous fact of all

theology the God-formation of Jesus amongst us

isbothunutterable

by

every expression and

unknown

to _{everymind, even} to_{the very foremost of} themost

sub-23

stance as man,

we

have received as _{a mystery,} but

we

do not

know

in what _manner, from _virginal

bloods, by a different law,

beyond

nature,

He

was

formed, and how, with dry feet, havinga bodily bulk and_weight of matter,

He

marched upon

the _liquid

and

unstable substancex

; and so, with regardto all

the other features _{of the super-physical physiology of} Jesus.

/Now,

we

have elsewhere sufficiently spoken

of these things, and they have been celebrated

by

our illustrious leader, in his _TheologicalElements,in

a

manner

far

_beyond

natural ability things which

that illustrious

man

_acquired, eitherfrom the sacred

theologians, or

comprehended

from the scientific

search of the _Oracles, from manifold struggles and investigations respecting the same, orwas instructed

from a sort of

more

Divine Inspiration, not only

having learnt, but having felt the _pangs of _things

Divine, and from his sympathy with them, if I

_may

so _{speak, having} been _perfected to their _untaught

and

mystic union and acceptance.

/And

that

we

may

display, in fewest words, the

many

and blessed visions ofhis most excellent intelligence, the follow ing are the things he says, concerning the

Lord

Jesus, inthe TheologicalElements compiled byhim.

SECTION

X.

From

the _TheologicalElements_ofthe most_holy

Hierotheus.

Deity of the

Lord

Jesus, the Cause

and

Com

pleting of all, which preserves the parts concordant

with the whole, and is neither _part nor whole,

and

whole

and

part, as embracing in Itself _everything

both _part and_whole, and _being above

and

before

is _perfect indeed in _{the imperfect, assource of per} fection, but imperfectinthe _{perfect, as superperfect,}

and _pre-perfect

Form

_producing form, in _things

without _form, as Source of form formless in the

forms, as above form, Essence, penetrating without

stain the essences _throughout, and _{superessential,}

exalted above _{every essence setting} bounds to the

whole principalities

and

orders, and established

above _{every principality}

and

order. It is measure

also of _{things existing,}

and

age,

and

aboveage, and

before _{age full,} in _things that _{need, superfull} in

things full, unutterable, unspeakable, above mind,

above _life, above essence. It has _{the supernatural,}

supernaturally, the superessential, superessentially.

Hence, since through love towards man,

He

has

come

even to nature,

and

really

became

substantial,

and the _Super-God lived as

Man

y

(may

He

be

mer

ciful with _regard to the _things

we

are _celebrating,

which are

_{beyond mind}

and _expression), and in these

He

has _{the supernatural} and _{super-substantial,} not onlyin sofar as

He

communicated

with us without

alteration

and

without _{confusion, suffering}

no

loss

as _regards His _{superfulness,} from His unutterable

emptying of Himself but also, because the newest

of all

new

_things,

He

was in _{our physical condition}

super-physical in things substantial, super-substan

tial, excelling all the _things of us from us

above us.

SECTION

XL

Thisthenis sufficient

on

these matters, letus

now

advancetothe_purposeof the discourse _byunfolding,

to the best of our _ability, the kindred and

common

Names

of the Divine distinction. And, in order

that

we

_may

first _distinctly define _everything, in order,

we

call Divine distinction, as

we

have said,

the _{goodly progressions} of the Godhead. _{For, by}

being given to all _{things existing,}and _pouringforth

the whole _imparted goods in abundance, It is dis

tinguished uniformly,

and

multiplied uniquely,

and

is

moulded

into

_many

from the _One, whilst _being self-centred. For _example, since _Almighty

God

is

superessentially Being, but the Being is _bequeathed

to _{things being, and produces} the whole Essences;

that

One

Beingis said tobefashioned in

_many

forms,

by the production from Itself of the

_many

_beings,

whilst Itremains _{undiminished,}

and

One

in the

mul

tiplicity, and Unified during the progression, and

complete in the distinction, both

by

being super

essentially exalted above all beings,

and

by the

unique production of the whole;

and

by the

un-lessened stream of His undiminished distributions-Further, being One, and having distributed the One, both to _{every part}

and

whole, both to one and to

multitude,

He

is One, as it _{were, superessentially,}

being neither a _part of the multitude, nor whole

from _parts; and thus is neither one, nor partakes of

one, nor has the one. But,

beyond

these,

He

is

One, above the _one, to _{things existing One,}

and