Ethics and Values.

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LYCEUM OF ALABANG

KM 30 National Road, Tunasan Muntinlupa City

ETHICS AND VALUES (CRIMINOLOGY 3)

BY: Ricardo P. Aquino, Jr. RC, MSCJ

PART ONE -

GENERAL and SPECIAL ETHICS

ETHICS

- the science of the morality of human acts

- the study of the human motivation, and ultimately of human rational behaviour

- derived from the Greek word, ethos, which means characteristic way of acting and ethikos, which means customary

MORALITY

- the quality which makes an act good or bad, good or evil, right or wrong

MORAL DISTINCTIONS

1) moral - good, right 2) immoral - bad, wrong

3) amoral - neither good nor bad

HUMAN ACTS

- acts that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS

1) KNOWINGLY

- when the person fully understands what he is doing and has the ability to appreciate the consequences of his actions

2) DELIBERATELY

- when the person did his actions intentionally 3) FREELY

- when the person performed his actions voluntarily

TWO DIVISIONS OF ETHICS

1) GENERAL ETHICS

- the study of the general principles of morality ) SPECIAL ETHICS

- the study of the application of the general principles of morality; included in this division is the category of

professional ethics PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

- a set of moral code to which every profession must subscribe - guides the professional where the law is silent or inadequate

POLICE ETHICS

- an example of professional ethics

- a practical science that treats the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law enforcement

VALUES

- anything that a person considers important in life, such as material things, ideas and experiences

KINDS OF VALUES

1) BIOLOGICAL VALUES

- those that are necessary for survival, such as food, shelter, clothing, sex, water, sleep

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2) PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUES

- those are that are necessary for emotional fulfillment of man, such as relationships, companionship, family, friendships, love 3) INTELLECTUAL VALUES

- those that are necessary for the intellectual fulfillment of man, such as achievements, career, success

4) MORAL VALUES

- those that are necessary for the spiritual fulfillment of man

VIRTUE

- a habit that inclines the person to act in a way that harmonizes with his nature

- the habit of doing good

- the opposite is vice, the habit of doing bad

FOUR MORAL/CARDINAL VIRTUES 1) PRUDENCE

- the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means of reason and sound judgment

- the virtue that attracts the intellect to choose the most effective means for accomplishing what is morally good and avoiding what is evil

2) TEMPERANCE

- one’s ability to moderate or avoid something

- the virtue that regulates the carnal appetite for sensual pleasures

3) FORTITUDE

- firmness of mind

- the courage to endure without yielding - the virtue that incites courage

a) PATIENCE – calmness and composure in enduring situations b) PERSEVERANCE – the ability to go on despite the obstacles c) ENDURANCE – the ability to last

4) JUSTICE

- the virtue that inclines the will to give to each one of his rights

THREE DIVISIONS OF JUSTICE 1) COMMUTATIVE

- virtue that regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between one and another

2) DISTRIBUTIVE

- Regulates those actions that involve the rights that an individual may claim from society

3) LEGAL

- virtue that regulates those actions which society may justly require of the individual for the common good

RIGHT

- anything that is owed or due

- something to which a person has a just and lawful claim - anything that a person can lawfully demand

HUMAN RIGHTS

- rights pertaining to the rights of man

- rights inherent to man by virtue of being a human being

- are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and to self-development

supreme rights = highest form of rights

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be borrowed and cannot be taken away

BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS

1) RIGHT TO LIFE Exceptions: self-defense

death under exceptional circumstances death penalty

2) RIGHT TO LIBERTY Exceptions:

for reasons of public health and public safety penalty for commission of a crime

circumstances of warrantless arrests 3) RIGHT TO PROPERTY

Exceptions:

circumstances of warrantless search by virtue of court order

BILL OF RIGHTS

- a list of individual liberties, freedom and rights which are guaranteed and protected under Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

- protection of individuals against abuses of the state

- protection of the rights of an accused

DUTY

- anything we are obliged to do or to omit

- a moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing, omitting or avoiding

- for every right, there is a corresponding duty

PART TWO -

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CODE OF

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

BACKGROUND ON THE PNP CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

SECTION 37, RA 6975

“There shall be established a performance evaluation system which shall be administered in accordance with the rules, regulations and standards, and A CODE OF CONDUCT promulgated by the Commission for members of the PNP…”

NAPOLCOM RESOLUTION NO 92-4

- resolution issued by the NAPOLCOM approving the draft of the Philippine National Police Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards by the PNP

- approved on 12 March 1992

PURPOSES OF THE CODE

1) To foster individual efficiency, behavioral discipline and organizational effectiveness, as well as respect for constitutional and human rights of citizens, democratic principles and ideals and the supremacy of civilian authority over the military;

2) To set the moral tone and norms of professional conduct in the police service;

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4) To enlighten members of the police service of what behavior is really acceptable – to define what is permitted and what is prohibited.

LAWS RELATED TO THE PNP CODE

1) RA 3019 – Anti-Graft and Corruption Practices Act

2) RA 6713 – Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees

3) RA 7080 – Anti-Plunder Act

4) RA 9485 – the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 5) PLEB Rules and Regulations

IMPORTANT TERMS NON-FEASANCE

- the failure to perform an act or duty that is part of one’s obligation without sufficient excuse

MALFEASANCE

- the commission of an act that one is prohibited to do

MISFEASANCE

- the improper or incorrect performance of an act that should be done or performed

INCOMPETENCY

- lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of police duties; could be due to physical or intellectual limitations or lack of skill

DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT

- abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the government of the Philippines

- advocating to overthrow the present administration

POLICE DISCRETION

- the act or the liberty to decide according to the principles of justice and the police officer’s ideas of what is right and proper under the circumstances

THE LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS

As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard life and property; to protect the innocent against deception; the weak against oppression or intimidation; and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional rights of all men, to liberty, equality and justice.

I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and regulations of my organization. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.

I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendship to influence my decision. With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of criminal, I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately, without fear or

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favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities in return.

I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service. I will never engage in acts of corruption or bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police officers. I will cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of justice.

I know that I alone am responsible for my own standard of professional performance and will take every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve my level of knowledge and competence. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen profession... law enforcement.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

CANONS OF POLICE ETHICS

1) Primordial Police Responsibility

- the primary responsibility of the police is crime prevention 2) Limitation of Police Authority

- laws set limits to the power of the police

- police officers are not exempted from obeying the laws they are enforcing

3) Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibilities

- police officers are expected to know and understand the laws they are enforcing

- police officers must fully understand their duties and responsibilities as police officers

- police officers must know and fully understand the relationship of the PNP organization with other law enforcement agencies and other government agencies

4) Use of Proper Means to Obtain Proper Ends

- police officers must only employ legal methods in the conduct of their work

5) Cooperation with Public Officials

- police officers must cooperate with other public officials and government agencies

6) Proper Conduct and Behavior

- police officers must always observe proper conduct and behavior both in their personal and official life

7) Conduct towards the Community

- police officers must never forget that they are public servants 8) Conduct in Arresting Law Violators

- police officers must always adhere to the prescribed rules when effecting arrests of suspects

9) Firmness in Refusing Gifts

- police officers must never ask for nor accept gifts or special favors

10) Impartial Presentation of Evidence

- police officers must be fair in presenting evidence 11) Attitude towards Police Profession

- police officers must have a high regard for the police profession and must be proud that they are police officers

- police officers must strive to improve their knowledge and skills in order be the best police officers that they can be

PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLE

1) Prevention of Crime and Disorder

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2) Cooperation of the Community

- the police is dependent upon community support 3) Unreasonable Force Reduces Community Cooperation

- the use of unreasonable force on the part of the police negatively affects the desire of the people to cooperate with the police

4) Use of Reasonable Force when Persuasion is not Sufficient

- the police may only use force when dialogue is no longer effective and the degree of force to be used must be reasonable 5) Impartial Enforcement of Laws

- the police must be fair in enforcing the laws 6) The Community are the Police

- the police and the community are dependent on each other and must work hand in hand to prevent crimes

7) Police should not Usurp Judicial Power

- the police has no power or authority to decide whether a suspect is guilty or innocent of a crime because only the court has this power

8) Rules of Engagement Impartially Observed

- the police must always adhere to the prescribed procedures in the performance of their duty

9) Reduction of Crime and Disorder

- the effectiveness of the police is measured through the ability of the police to prevent crime

10) Police Discretion

- the police must never abuse the police discretion granted to them

PNP CORE VALUES

1) Love of God

2) Respect for Authority

3) Selfless Love and Service to People

4) Sanctity of Marriage and Respect for Women

5) Responsible Dominion and Stewardship over Material Things 7) Truthfulness

POLICE OFFICER’S CREED

I believe in God, the Supreme Being, a Great Provider, and the Creator of all men and everything dear to me. In return, I cannot

less than love Him above all, seek His guidance in the performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.

I believe that respect for authority is a duty. I respect and

uphold the Constitution, the laws of the land and the applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the leadership, and follow and obey legal orders of my superior officers.

I believe in selfless love and service to people. Towards this

end, I commit myself to the service of my fellowmen over and above my personal convenience.

I believe in the sanctity of marriage and respect for women. I

shall set the example of decency and morality and shall have high regard for family life and chastity.

I believe in responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I shall inhibit myself from ostentatious display of my

property. I shall protect the environment and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance. I shall respect private and public properties and prevent others from destroying them.

I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy

and I shall speak the truth at all times as required by the profession.

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1) PNP IMAGE

- the PNP shall live in accordance with the PNP Core Values and shall possess the following virtues:

a) HONOR b) INTEGRITY c) VALOR d) JUSTICE e) HONESTY f) HUMILITY g) CHARITY h) LOYALTY TO SERVICE 2) CAREER MANAGEMENT

- the PNP shall formulate and implement policies and human resources development system for all PNP personnel, from recruitment to retirement

3) POLICE MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP

- the primary basis for consideration in the selection of personnel for employment and deployment shall be the individual’s capabilities and competent leadership

4) EQUALITY IN THE SERVICE

- there shall be judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity to prove one’s worth in the PNP service;

- the PNP shall strictly adhere to the rule of merit and fitness system

5) DELICADEZA

- all members of the PNP must have moral courage to sacrifice self-interest

6) POLICE LIFESTYLE

- the PNP shall endeavor to promote a lifestyle that is acceptable and respectable in the eyes of the public because the public expects a police officer to live a simple, yet dignified life

7) POLITICAL PATRONAGE

- all PNP members must inhibit themselves from soliciting political patronage in matters pertaining to assignments, promotions, trainings and awards

8) HUMAN RIGHTS

- all PNP members shall respect and protect human dignity and man’s rights to life, liberty and property

POLICE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT

1) COMMITMENT TO DEMOCRACY

- police officers must commit themselves to a democratic way of life and values and maintain the principle of public accountability

- they shall at all times uphold the Constitution and be loyal to the legitimate government

2) COMMITMENT TO PUBLIC INTEREST

- police officers must always uphold public interest over and above personal interest

- they shall use public resources and properties economically and judiciously to avoid wastage of public funds

3) NON-PARTISANSHIP

- police officers shall provide services to everyone without discrimination regardless of political affiliation in accordance with existing laws and regulations

4) PHYSICAL FITNESS AND HEALTH

- police officers shall strive to be physically and mentally fit and in good health at all times

5) SECRECY DISCIPLINE

- police officers shall guard the confidentiality of official information against unauthorized access and disclosure

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6) SOCIAL AWARENESS

- police officers, as well as their immediate family members, shall be encouraged to actively get involved in religious, social and civic activities to enhance the image of the PNP organization 7) NON-SOLICITATION OF PATRONAGE

- police officers shall seek self-improvement through career development without directly or indirectly soliciting favors or recommendation from politicians, high-ranking government officials and the like

8) PROPER CARE AND USE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY

- police officers shall be responsible for the security, proper care and use of public authority issued to them for the performance of their duties

9) RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

- police officers shall respect and protect human rights in the performance of their duty

10) DEVOTION TO DUTY

- police officers shall perform their duties with dedication, thoroughness, efficiency, enthusiasm, determination and manifest concern for public welfare

11) CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

- police officers shall help in the development and conservation of our natural resources for ecological balance and posterity

12) DISCIPLINE

- police officers shall conduct themselves properly at all times in keeping with the rules and regulations of the organization

13) LOYALTY

- police officers must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service as manifested by their loyalty to their superiors, peers and subordinates as well

14) OBEDIENCE TO SUPERIORS

- police officers shall obey lawful orders and be courteous to superior officers and other appropriate authorities

15) COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY

- immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective supervision, control and direction of their personnel

ETHICAL STANDARDS

- shall refer to established and generally accepted moral values and ethical acts

1) MORALITY

- police officers must adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set good example for others

2) JUDICIOUS USE OF AUTHORITY

- police officers shall exercise proper and legitimate use of authority and discretion in the performance of their duty

3) INTEGRITY

- police officers shall not allow themselves to be victims of corruption and dishonest practices

4) JUSTICE

- police officers shall strive constantly to respect the rights of others

5) HUMILITY

- police officers shall recognize the fact that they are public servants and not the masters of the people

- they should perform their duties without arrogance

- they should recognize their own inadequacies, inabilities and limitations as individuals

- they should perform their duties without attracting attention or expecting the applause of others

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- police officers shall follow logical procedures in accomplishing tasks assigned to them to minimize wasted time and resources 7) PERSEVERANCE

- police officers must exert all efforts to achieve their goal or mission even in the face of difficulties and obstacles

PNP CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS CUSTOMS

- Established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of law

PNP CUSTOMS ON COURTESY

- a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others

SALUTE

- the usual greeting rendered by uniformed personnel upon meeting and recognizing persons entitled to it

SALUTE TO NATIONAL COLOR AND STANDARD

- police officers must stand at attention and salute the national color and standard as it passes by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during ceremonies

ADDRESS/TITLE

- junior in rank must address senior members who are entitled to a salute with the “Sir” or “Ma’am”

COURTESY CALLS

1) COURTESY CALL OF NEWLY-ASSIGNED/APPOINTED MEMBER

- PNP members who are newly-assigned or appointed to a unit or command must call on the chief of the unit or command and to other key personnel for accounting, orientation and other purposes

2) CHRISTMAS CALL

- PNP members pay a Christmas call on their local executives in their respective area of responsibility

3) NEW YEAR’S CALL

- PNP members pay a New Year’s call on their commanders and/or key officials in their respective area of responsibility

4) PROMOTION CALL

- newly-promoted PNP members call on their unit head

5) EXIT CALL

- PNP members pay an exit call on their superiors in the unit or command when relieved or reassigned out of said unit or command

COURTESY OF THE POST

- the host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who pay respect to the command or unit

“RANK-HAS-ITS-OWN-PRIVILEGE”

- PNP members must acknowledge that different ranks carry with them corresponding privileges

CEREMONY

- a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special occasion

PNP CUSTOMS ON CEREMONIES FLAG-RAISING CEREMONY

- PNP members honor the flag by raising it and singing the National Anthem before the start of the official day’s work

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- PNP members salute the lowering of the flag at the end of the official day’s work

HALF-MAST

- the flag is raised at half-mast in deference to deceased uniformed members of the command

FUNERAL SERVICE AND HONORS

- departed uniformed members, retirees, war veterans or former PNP members are given vigil, necrological services and graveside honors

CEREMONY TENDERED TO RETIREES

- in recognition of their long, faithful and honorable service to the PNP, a testimonial activity shall be tendered in their honor

HONOR CEREMONIES

- arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to visiting dignitaries, VIPs, PNP officers with the rank of Chief

Superintendent and above and AFP officers of equivalent grade

TURN-OVER CEREMONY

- the relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is publicly announced by the outgoing and incoming officers

WEDDING CEREMONY

- during marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with participants in uniform and swords drawn

ANNIVERSARY

- the birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is commemorated in an anniversary ceremony

SOCIAL DECORUM

- a set of norms and standards practiced by members during social and other functions

PNP CUSTOMS ON SOCIAL DECORUM UNIFORM/APPEARANCE

- police officers must observe the following: a) wearing of prescribed uniform

b) wearing, as part of the uniform, awards and decorations earned in accordance with the prescribed rules and regulations

c) adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and regulations

MANNER OF WALKING

- every PNP officer is expected to walk with pride and dignity

OTHER POLICE CUSTOMS

1) Visiting the Sick

- immediate commanders or other available officers of the unit visit PNP members who are sick in the hospital, their residence or any place of confinement in order that their needs are

attended to

2) Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members

- a survivor officer is designated whenever PNP members die, to render maximum assistance to their bereaved family until all benefits due shall have been received

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3) Visiting Religious Leaders

- PNP officer visit religious leaders in their areas of assignment to establish or maintain rapport and cooperation between the different religious leaders and the PNP

4) Athletics

- PNP members indulge in physical fitness activities to ensure that their proper physical appearance and bearing are maintained with the waist line measurement always smaller than the size of his chest and in conformity with the standard set forth by the organization

5) Happy Hours

- usually on Friday, or any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP members gather together at their PNP Club for a light-hearted jesting or airing of minor gripes

TRADITION

- bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation with the effect of an unwritten law

POLICE TRADITIONS

1) SPIRITUAL BELIEFS

- PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving persons; they attend religious services together with the members of their family

2) VALOR

- police officers sacrifice their lives and limbs for the people they have pledged to serve

3) PATRIOTISM

- police officers manifest their love of country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the Constitution

4) DISCIPLINE

- police officers manifest discipline by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and through spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal norms

5) GENTLEMANLINESS

- police officers are upright in character, polite in manners, dignified in appearance and sincere in their concern for their fellowmen

6) WORD OF HONOR

- police officers stand by, and commit to uphold, their word

7) DUTY

- police officers are dedicated public servants who perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice

8) LOYALTY

- police officers are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and fellowmen

9) CAMARADERIE

- the binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police organization

POLICE OFFICER’S PLEDGE

1) I will love and serve God, my country and people;

2) I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders of the duly-constituted authorities

3) I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard of morality and professionalism

4) I will respect the customs and traditions of the police service; and

5) I will live a decent and virtuous life and to serve as an example to others.

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PART THREE

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POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS (PCR)

BACKGROUND ON POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS

Section 2 of Republic Act No 6975 reads:

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. — It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to promote peace and order, ensure public safety and further strengthen local government capability aimed towards the effective delivery of the basic services to the citizenry through the establishment of a highly efficient and competent police force that is national in scope and civilian in character. Towards this end, the State shall bolster a system of coordination and cooperation among the

citizenry, local executives and the integrated law enforcement and public safety agencies created under this Act.

Said provision was later amended by RA 8551, which reads:

Section 2. Declaration of Policy and Principles. — It is hereby declared the policy of the State to establish a highly efficient and competent police force which is national in scope and civilian in character administered and controlled by a national police commission.

The Philippine National Police (PNP) shall be a community and service oriented agency responsible for the maintenance of peace and order and

public safety. PNP VISION

The Men and Women of the PNP is committed to a vision of a professional, dynamic and highly motivated Philippine National Police

working in partnership with a responsive community towards the

attainment of a safe place to live, work, invest and do business with.

PNP MISSION

To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and order, and to ensure public safety and internal security

with the active support of the community IMPORTANT TERMS

POLICE

- a group of persons established, maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, protection of lives and property and for prevention and detection of crimes

COMMUNITY

- refers to the civilian populace or the public in general, and shall be used interchangeably with the terms, public, citizenry, society and private sector

- a body of people organized into political, municipal or social unity or a body of persons living in the same locality

- derived from the Latin words, communis, which means common, and

tatis which means fellowship POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS

- the sum total of the dealings between the police and the people it serves, and whose goodwill and cooperation it craves, for the greatest possible efficiency in the service

- refers to the reciprocal attitudes of the police and the community

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- the act of bringing about better understanding, confidence and acceptance for an individual or an organization

POLICE PUBLIC RELATIONS

- the continuing process by which endeavors are made to obtain the goodwill and cooperation of the public for effective enforcement of the law and accomplishment of the police purposes

HUMAN RELATIONS

- consist of the fundamental rules both moral and legal, which govern the relationship of men in all aspects of life

MEDIA/MASS MEDIA

- the channels through which information is disseminated to the public

- may be in the form of television, movies, radio or newspaper, and the like

PROPAGANDA

- the planned use of mass communication for public purpose

POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

- refers to how the people in the community perceive or regard the police

PRINCIPLES OF POLICING BY SIR ROBERT PEEL

1) The basic mission for which police exist is to prevent crime and disorder as an alternative to the repression of crime and

disorder by military force and severity of legal punishment. 2) The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent

upon public approval of police existence, actions, and behavior and the ability of the police to secure and maintain public respect.

3) The police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain public respect.

4) The degree of the cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity for the use of physical force and the compulsion in achieving police objectives.

5) The police seek and preserve public favor, not by catering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolutely

impartial service to the law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws; by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of society without regard to their race or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humor, and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life.

6) The police should use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be

insufficient to achieve police objectives; and police should use only the minimum degree of physical force that is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving police objectives.

7) The police at all times should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police are only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties that are incumbent on every citizen in the intent of community welfare.

8) The police should always direct their actions toward their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary

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by avenging individuals or the state, or authoritatively judging guilt or punishing the guilty.

9) The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.

FOUNDATION OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS

The foundation of community relations is EFFICIENT SERVICE.

REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD COMMUNITY RELATIONS

1) Sincerity in serving the public 2) Full knowledge of the job

3) Deep conviction in the mobility of his work as a necessary service to promote individual or national welfare

4) Sound police ethics

5)

THREE (3) ASPECTS OF POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS 1) COMMUNITY SERVICE

- activities that provide service to the community may be in the form of medical-dental mission, sports clinic, feeding programs, seminars, etc

2) COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

- involvement of the community in the various social projects, particularly, in the area of crime prevention - awareness of the community of their role in crime

prevention

3) PUBLIC RELATIONS

- activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable impressions to the public

- projection of the police public image to the people to gain their support and cooperation

OBJECTIVES OF POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS

1) To maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence of the community for the police;

2) To obtain cooperation and assistance;

3) To develop public understanding and support and appreciation for the service of the police;

4) To create broader understanding and sympathy with the problems and needs of the police;

5) To facilitate law enforcement and compliance; 6) To build public opinion in favor of the police;

7) To achieve the police purpose of preserving the peace, protection of life and property, and the prevention of crime.

PRINCIPLES OF POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS

1) Community support must be maintained. 2) Community resentment must be avoided.

3)

FOUR (4) GENERAL APPROACHES IN POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS 1) Externally-Oriented Approach

- directed towards the general public or various enclaves within the society

2) Youth-Oriented Approach

- directed the majority of police efforts towards the youth of the community

3) Service-Oriented Approach

- emphasis is given to the alleviation of social problems as the basic objective of the program

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- essential characteristics is the realization that the officer on beat creates community relations because “Every officer of the organization is a police-community relations officer

TYPES OF POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS 1) Public Information Program

- designed to bridge the communication gap between the police and the public

Forms of Media Used: a) Personal Media

- consists of face-to-face communication, such as meetings, rallies, delivering speeches and

house-to-house visitation b) Mass Media

- include printed matter and audio-visual communications

2) Public Relations Program

- designed to maintain harmony and mutual support between the police and the community

- designed to “sell” the police to the public

3) Civic Action Program

- designed to maintain and encourage community development

4) Psychological Program

- designed to condition both friendly and hostile public, ensuring the facilitation of the attainment of police

objectives

DUTIES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER

1) He shall issue press releases from time to time regarding police activities which are of public concern;

2) He shall build good image through actual commendable performance, without inefficiency and corruption; and

3) He shall evaluate public opinion and attitude with respect to policies, methods and personnel of the police station.

DUTIES OF CIVIC ACTION OFFICER

1) He shall encourage and actively participate in athletic

competitions to promote youth development by wisely coordinating with the social elements of the populace;

2) He shall initiate fund-raising campaigns for juvenile delinquents who are being rehabilitated;

3) He shall be alert to safeguard the community against loss and damages to properties and possible death, in the events of calamity;

4) He shall render possible assistance, especially to the men folk in enabling them to obtain the means of productive endeavors and discourage them from loitering in the street or engaging uneconomic activities, such as illegal gambling and others

MEASURES TO ENHANCE POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE

1) increased police visibility through the dispersal of personnel from the headquarters to the field offices;

2) efficient and optimized delivery of police services to the communities;

3) constant dialogue and meetings with the barangay officials in their respective territorial jurisdictions;

4) Community service-oriented policing by conducting seminars for the traffic aides, police aides and the barangay tanod; and 5) Coordination with the media for image-enhancing projects.

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-REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS:

Ethics and the Filipino, 2nd _{Edition, by Ramon B Agapay}

Notes on Values and Ethics by Zethsayo Par

Philippine National Police Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards Manual (red handbook)

Philippine National Police Ethical Doctrine Manual (blue handbook) Police Ethics and Police-Community Relations by Adelene M FLorendo