01.01.Geology Manual

Geology

Geology

Tr

Training

aining Manual

Manual

MAPTEK Pty Ltd

MAPTEK Pty Ltd

VULCAN 4 – Training Manual

VULCAN 4 – Training Manual

Copyright

Copyright 2003 2003 Maptek Maptek Pty Pty LimitedLimited

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VULCAN 4 – Training Manual

VULCAN 4 – Training Manual

Copyright

Copyright 2003 2003 Maptek Maptek Pty Pty LimitedLimited

 A

 Alll l rriighghtts s rreesseerrvveedd. . No No ppaarrt t oof f tthhiis s mmaannuuaal l sshhaalll l bbe e rreepprroodduucceedd,, st

stored ored iin n a a rretetririeval eval systsystem, em, or or ttrraannsmsmiitttted ed bby y aanny y mmeaeanns s – – elelectectrrononiic,c, m

mechechananiicacall, , pphhototocoocoppyiyinng, g, rrecordecordiinng, g, or or otothherwerwiise se – – wwiitthhouout t wwririttttenen p

perermmiissission on ffrrom om MMapapttek ek PPtty y LLttdd. . NNo o patpatenent t lliiababiilliitty y iis s assuassummed ed wwiitthh r

respect espect tto o tthhe e uuse se of of tthhe e iinnfformormaattiion conon conttaiained ned hherereieinn. . AAlltthhououghgh ever

every y pprrecauecauttiion on hhas as bbeen een ttakaken en iin n tthhe e pprrepeparataratiion on of of tthhiis s mmananuualal,, t

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Conta"ting Maptek Conta"ting Maptek Corporate

Corporate

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 Weebb:: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..mmaptaptek.ek.comcom..auau

VULCAN produ"t VULCAN produ"t

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 Weebbssiittee:: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..vuvullcancan33dd..comcom

#ale #ale

Em

Emaaiill:: AusAusttrraalliiaa::iinnffo@[email protected]

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Norortth h AAmmereriica:ca:iinnffo@[email protected]

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Sououtth h AAmmereriica:ca:iinnffo@[email protected]

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Euurropope:e:iinnffo@[email protected]

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 Weebb:: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..mmapapttek.ek.comcom..auau/con/conttactact/con/conttactact..hhttmmll

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Euurrope: ope: 4444--11115-5-94947 7 20200000

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Emaaiill:: AusAusttrraalliiaa::supsupporportt@@mmaptaptek.ek.cocomm..auau

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Norortth h AAmmereriica:ca:susupppporortt@@mmaptaptek.ek.cocomm

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Sououtth h AAmmereriica:ca:susupporortte@[email protected]

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Euurropope:e:ttecechh@@mmapapttek.ek.co.co.uukk

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 Weebb:: hhttttp:p:////wwwwww..vuvullcancan33dd..comcom/su/supppporortt..hhttmmll

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 Teelleepphhoonnee::AAuussttrraalliiaa: : 6611--88--6622111 1 00009999 N

Norortth h AAmmereriica: ca: 11--303033--77663 3 49491199 S

Sououtth h AAmmereriica: ca: 5656--2-2-23234 4 46460808

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Europe: 44-115-947 2000

Contents

TA$L% &' C&NT%NT#

Chapter1 :Introduction...1

Chapter2 :Database Management...2

Design Format...3

Library Dictionary...3

Headered Template...3

ODBC Design...4

Creatinga Design (Datasheet)...4

Importing Data...8

Chapter3 :Geology Drilling...9

Introduction...9

Loading Drillholes...9

Openingadrillholedatabase...9

Loading Drillholes By Name...10

LoadingDrillholesBySection...11

LoadingDrillholesByPolygon...11

LoadDrillholesBySelFile(selectionfile)...12

LoadDrillholesByExtent...12

LoadDrillholeCollarPositions...13

Modellinga structurelogged bydrilling...13

Onscreen DrillholeAnalysis...15

Identifying Drillholes...16

Labelling Drillholes...17

ChangingtheColourofDrillholes...17

InteractiveCompositeDisplay...18

Chapter4 :Legends...20

Creating a new Legend...20

Editinga Legend Schema...22

Deleting a Legend...22

Chapter5 :Features...23

Creating a Feature...24

Modifying a feature...25

Deleting Features...26

Chapter6 :Compositing...27

GeneratingCompositeParameterFiles...28 iv

Contents

Run Length Compositing Technique...28

Creating a CompositeFile...30

Displaying CompositeFiles...31

Chapter7 :GeologicalInterpretations...33

Creating theInterpretation...34

Chapter8 :Statistics...38

Settingup yourStatisticsSession...38

SelectingtheData forStatistics...39

ISIS Databases...39

Mapfiles...41

Graphing StatisticalData...43

Chapter9 :Appendix 1...46

Glossary ofTerms...46

Data file:...46

Database (DB):...46

Database Listing (dbl):...46

Datasheet and Datasheet name (dsn):...46

Design Database (dgd):...46

Drillhole Database:...46

Fields:... 46

Index File:...46

ISIS Database system:...47

ey:...47

!andatory (field):... 47

"#tional Dataset Identifier $odi%:...47

&ro'et ode $#ro'%:... 47

*eord:...47

Synonym:... 47

Chapter 1: Introduction

some of the skills required and tools available to complete

geological tasks in VULCAN.  These tasks include creating

databases, importing data into databases, generating

composited files from drillhole databases and producing

geological interpretations.  The training course uses a

public domain dataset of the Sin Quyen deposit in Vietnam. This is a large undeveloped

copper/gold deposit located  within the Da River Mobile Belt

of northern Vietnam.

Seventeen ore bodies occur in the form of veins or chains of lenses developed along shear fractures in metasomatised host rocks which include gneissic granites, mica schists and metasomatites.

 The dataset covers a small part of the deposit. It has been

altered to simulate structural and bleaching information not available from the original data.  The drillhole database contains

77 drillholes, with information

about lithology, bleaching, structure and assays. A simulated geological interpretation has been performed on some of the

available lenses. These lenses are labelled TQ1 through to TQ3. Refer to Appendix 1 for an

explanation of the files within the course directory.

Chapter 2: Database

Management 

Databases are managed using the Isis Database Editor. Isis replaces the previous database editor called Dbeute.

Data used in VULCAN is managed using the ISIS

-Database system. The following terms are used throughout:  VULCAN Databases

 VULCAN uses two broad types of databases, namely, those

containing data originating from a source external to VULCAN, and those generated by VULCAN.  An example of the first type of

database might be a Drillhole Database. The second type of database is typically a Design Database containing spatial information (<proj><name>.dgd and <proj><name>.dgx).

In the first case, the external source databases have a flexible database structure that is

defined by the user, and are flexible in how they are named.  The second type of database has

a rigid structure, with less

flexible naming routines. When  both of the above types of

databases are generated, a database index file is

automatically generated.

 The type of data contained in a database is denoted by the data type suffix i.e. <--->.suffix.  This is the Design Name

(referred to as Datasheet Name in previous versions) <dsn>. File prefixes are made up of the

Project Code <proj> and an

Optional Dataset Identifier <odi>.  As the name suggests, the

dataset identifier is optional, and is designed to allow the user to easily distinguish between

databases, particularly those containing the same types of data. Therefore database names take the form:

<proj> <odi>.<dsn>

For user-defined designs

(formerly datasheets) it is a good idea to use a set of standard design (datasheet) names depending on the type of information in the database.  These names are not mandatory  but provide for more convenient

usage. The names commonly used include:

· dhd - drillhole database · geo - lithological database

· asy - assay database · anl - analytical database · phy - geophysical database · srv - survey database

· tek - geotechnical database (N.B. All geotechnical databases must use tek as the datasheet name.)

Databases generated by VULCAN have the following datasheet names:

· dsr - downhole survey · dgd - spatial (design) · rsv - reserve inventory

Each database requires an index file of the form:

<proj> <odi>.<-->x

 where the file extension is

comprised of the first two letters of the <dsn> plus x, e.g. dhx, gex, asx, anx, phx, srx, tex, dsx, dgx and rsx.

In this course we will

concentrate on the types of databases containing data that originated from a source external to VULCAN, such as drillhole

databases.

(eign 'ormat

 Three design formats can be used in VULCAN:

• Library dictionary • Headered template • ODBC design

Library Dictionary

 The library dictionary design is a standard Isis design and

consists of the files:

<env><dsn>.ilb – Design library <env>dd.ilb – Index to library

 where

<env> = environment code <dsn> = design name

dd = design definition

 The design information includes tables and records. Synonyms are stored in a separate,

automatically created, design: <env><dsn>.syn - the synonym

design

<env>dd.syn - the index to the synonym sheet

Headered Template

 The headered template design is an optimised Isis design that can  be used for drillholes, samples,

geotechnical and compositing information (not for design data). It consists of a single file:

<name>.dsf – Design file that stores all the information on the design

 The design information includes tables, records, keys, synonyms, desurvey information, validation checks and the version of the headered data system used in the creation of the design. Once a database has been

created, the design information  becomes part of the database

(placed at the start of the database, hence the name

headered). Any future access to the database will be via the

database.

 VULCAN V4.0 and later uses, by default, the headered design

setup.

ODBC Design

 The ODBC design is identical to a headered design, except that

the design information includes a flag indicating the design is for use with external ODBC

compliant databases such as MS  Access or MS Excel. External

ODBC compliant databases are accessed within VULCAN

through a temporary database that contains a copy of all the  VULCAN data in the external

database. Work is performed on the copy and when finished is  written back to the external

database.

Headered and ODBC databases do not require desurveying.  These database types desurvey

on the fly.

 To create a new Headered

Database, first we must create a Database Design.

Creating a (eign )(ataheet*

 A design (referred to as a

datasheet in previous versions) specifies the structure of a

database. Within the design you can set the number of tables (formerly referred to as records), fields, field lengths, synonyms, default values etc.

 To check field contents and length specifications when creating the design, we

recommend that you open an existing database or the tables from which the data will be imported. In this case, open (in Excel) the four ASCII files,

Cscollar.asc, Csassay.asc, Cssurvey.asc and Csgeol.asc.

 Exercise 1-1 – Create database In this exercise you will create a standard drillhole database. 1. Left click on the VULCAN

 Workbench Start button and select ISIS.

2. Cancel the Open Database panel.

3. Select the File > New Design option.

4. Leave the default Headered template option checked and typeDHDin theDesign field then selectOK.

 An empty design will be displayed.

Tip!

Designs and databases are

displayed as either a Notebook or as multiple floating windows.  You can change the display

method by using the View >

Preferences option. However, the display of open designs and

databases is not affected.

5. In the Design Properties section of the design enter, or select from the drop-down lists,thefollowing

information. Bold text

indicates the field in which to enter the information.

a. Description– Exploration Holes  b. Type –Drilling

c. ODBC Link– No d. Desurvey Style–

 Tangent

6. Select the Table Insert menu to display the first table for  you to complete, Figure 1.1.

Figure 1-1 Design with one table

7. In the Table Properties

section of the panel enter, or select from the drop-down lists,thefollowing

information. Bold text indicates the field in which to enter the information. a. Name – Collar

 b. Description – borehole id’s and location

c. Synonyms– HoleId,Location

 You will need to enter manually theLocation

synonym. Be sure to place a comma (but no space) between the synonyms.

8. Fill in the Collar table as shown in the table below. Use the Cscollar.asc file as a guide.

Name Type Description

BHID Text drillhole name EAST Double collar easting

location

NORTH Double collar northing location

RL Single collar elevation DEPTH Single total depth

 Table 2-1 Data required to complete Collar table.

Tip!

 There are four possible types: text, integer, single and double. Use Text for fields that contain any alphabet characters, Integer for fields that contain integer  values (i.e. the positive and

negative whole numbers), Single for fields that contain numeric data with fewer than seven (7) significant figures and Double for fields that contain numeric data with seven (7) or more significant figures.

9. To add theKey to the BHID field,rightclick on thecellto theleftoftheName field

and selectPrimary Key.  The Field Properties section of

the table panel (lower right hand corner) varies with each field. To access the properties for a

particularfield,leftclick in the Name cell. Steps 10 and 11  below set the field properties for

the BHID field.

10.Left click in theBHID cell. 11.In the Field Properties

section of the panel enter, or select from the drop-down lists,thefollowing

information. Bold text indicates the field in which to enter the information.

a. Length – Use your Cscollar.asc file to

determine the length of this field.

 b. Required –Yes

c. Synonyms – HoleId

Tip!

In the Field Properties panel, if  you select Yes in the Required

field, then data in the associated field in your relevant ASCII file must be complete. All key fields should be required. Also, only use a synonym if you can find the match for your field.

12.Complete steps 10 to 12 for the remaining fields.

13.Select the File > Save option.  This completes the design for the

first table. We will now create the Survey table.

14.Select the Table/Append option.

Tip!

 The Insert option places a table  before the currently selected

table, whereas the Append

option places the table after the currently selected table.

15.In the Table Properties section of the new table enter, or select from the drop-down lists, the

following information. Bold text indicates the field in  which to enter the

information.

a. Name – Survey

 b. Description – survey data

c. Synonyms –Survey

16.Enter the field properties for each field (follow steps 10 to 13).

 The Survey Table is displayed in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2 Survey Table

 You have now created two tables.  Try to create the remaining two

tables (Geol and Assay) yourself.  The Geol table is displayed in

Figure 1-3 and the Assay table in Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-3 Geol Table

Figure 1-4 Assay Table

Once you are sure that your database is correct, save the design and then exit Isis.

+mporting (ata

In this exercise you will use the Envisage > File > Import CSV option to import the data into a database created on the fly from  your design.

 Exercise 1-2- Importing Data 1. Select the File > Import

Export > Import CSV option. 2. Change the data file

extension to .asc.

3. Select the design (datasheet) nameDHD from the Data Sheet Name drop-down list.

4. Enter the Optional Dat a- base Identifier (ODI)

CSVLOAD.

5. Leave the remaining panel options set to their default and selectNext.

6. SelectCscollars.asc from theCollar drop-down list. 7. Select the Collarset field

connections radio button and selectNext.

8. Use the drop-down lists to match the appropriate data file to the database field, i.e. BHID to BHID, and select OK.

9. SelectCssurvey.asc from theSurvey drop-down list. 10.Select the Surveyset field

connections radio button and selectNext.

11.Select BHID from theIndex Field drop-down list.

12.Use the drop-down lists to match the appropriate data file to the database field, i.e.  AZIM to BRG, and selectOK. 13.Repeat steps 10 to 12 for the

remaining ASCII files (i.e. Csassay.asc and Csgeol.asc) and selectNext when the Data File to record

connections panel is redisplayed.

14.Save the specifications as  ASCIMPORT.

 The drillhole data will now be imported (the progress of the importing will be displayed on the screen) and the CSVLOAD database will be created.

 Exercise 1-3 – Displaying drillholes 1. Select the Geology > Drilling

> Open Database option. 2. SelectDHD from the

Datasheet name drop-down list.

3. SelectCSVLOAD from the Optional Database

Identifier drop-down list. 4. Select the Geology > Drilling

> Load By Name option. 5. Leave the Load Drillholes

panel set to its default

 values. This will ensure that allofthedrillholesare

loaded.

6. Select a colour scheme for thedrillholes.

Chapter 3: Geology

Drilling 

+ntrodu"tion

 The options under the Geology Drilling Menu allow you to:

• Load drillholes onscreen. • Model structures logged in

drillholes.

•  Analyse drillholes. • Change the displayed

colour schema of selected drillholes.

• Display/edit the downhole

survey data for drillholes.

•  Access the Full Screen

Editor.

• Load data into a VULCAN

database.

 We have already examined the last two options listed above in the section on Database

Manipulation. In this section we  will cover all of the other options,

and also explore the Feature Edit and Legend Edit options. Let’s first look at the different ways to load drillholes onscreen.

Loading (rillhole

Opening a drillhole database

Before loading drillholes

onscreen we must first open the drillhole database. Remember our database is called

thordemo.dhd.

 Exercise 2 - To open a drillhole database

1. Select

Geology>Drilling>Open.

Figure 3-1 Open Drillhole database

2. In the Open Geological Database panel select the Datasheet Name box and select the required

datasheet, i.e. select DHD, Figure 3-1.

3. Enter the Optional Database Identifier, i.e. enter DEMO. 4. Select OK.

Nothing will appear to have

happened but the database has  been opened.

 There are five different ways to load drillholes onscreen:

• By Name

• By Section • By Polygon

• By Sel File (selection file) • By Extent

Tip!

 To remove drillholes from the screen select

Geology>Drilling>Remove.

Loading Drillholes By Name

 This option allows you to load drillholesbytheirdrillhole identifiers. Wild cards may be used, either * for multiple

characters, or % for a single character.

Tip!

 This option will not work if the screen has been set to a view using

 Exercise 3 - Loading drillholes By  ame

1. Select Geology>Drilling>Load By Name.

2. In the panel enter the

drillhole name required or use wildcards, i.e. enter *, Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-2 Loading drillhole database by name

3. Select the colour schema to load holes by, i.e. select CU, Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-3 Drillhole colour schema

4. The drillholes will then be loaded onscreen. To remove the name panel select

Cancel.

Tip!

 To view the name of a drillhole onscreen hover the cursor over the drillhole trace.

Loading Drillholes By Section

 This option allows you to load drillholes by a distance from a given section line. A section line must be created before using this option. Only those

drillholes whose collars are

 within the bounds of the section line will be loaded.

Tip!

Drillholes may be loaded into a section view using this option.

 Exercise ! - Load drillholes By "ection

1. Select >Files>Design Files>List Layers. 2. Select OK.

3. Select the layer named SECTION. This will load a layerofdrillsection strings. 4. Cancel.

5. Select Geology>Drilling>Load By Section.

7. Enter the section width in the panel, i.e. enter 100, Figure 3-4.

Figure 3-4 Enter the section  width

8. Select the colour schema to load drillholesby,i.e.select LITH.

9. The drillholes whose collars fall within the designated area will then be loaded.

Tip!

 The width is divided equally to each side of the line. In this case the section will extend 50m either side of your section line.

Loading Drillholes By Polygon

 This option allows you to load drillholes whose collars lie inside a planar polygon. A polygon

must be created before using this option.

 Exercise # - Load drillholes By  $olygon

1. Select >Files>Design Files>List Layers. 2. Select OK.

3. Select the layer named

POLYGON. This will load a layerofdrillselection

polygons. 4. Cancel.

5. Select Geology>Drilling>Load By Polygon.

6. Select the polygon.

7. Select the colour schema to load drillholesby,i.e.select LITH.

8. The drillholes whose collars fall within the designated polygon will then be loaded.

Load Drillholes By Sel File (selection file)

 This option allows you to load drillholes using a selection file.  A selection file must be created  before using this option.

 Although a selection file may be created manually, it is generally the output of a database query.

 Exercise % – Load drillholes By "el  &ile

1. Select Geology>Drilling>Load By Sel File.

2. Select the selection file from thepick list,i.e.select

thordemoa.sel, Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-5 Load by selection file panel

3. Select the colour schema to load drillholesby,i.e.select LITH.

4. The drillholes whose identifier exists in the selection file will then be loaded.

 A selection file can also be created using Geology>Drilling Utilities>CreateSelection File.  Try creating your own selection

file by using the VULCAN help.

Load Drillholes By Extent 

 This option allows you to load drillholes by specifying the

coordinate extent of the area of interest.

 Exercise ' – Load drillholes By  Extent 

1. Select Geology>Drilling>Load By Extent.

2. Enter the minimum and

maximum x, y, z coordinates in the Load Drillholes panel. Enter X min. 78000, X max. 78200, Y min. 4400, Y max. 4800, Z min. -1000, Z max. 1000, Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-6 Define the area for loading drillholes

3. Select the colour schema to load drillholesby,i.e.select LITH.

4. The drillholes whose collars lie within the coordinates entered will then be loaded.

Load Drillhole ollar Positions

 The Location option allows you to load the collar positions of all holes as points. These points may be labelled to show the

drillhole names and then plotted asadrillholecollarposition plot ifrequired.

 Exercise ( – Load drillholes by location

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 To o llooaad d tthhe e ccoollllar ar ppoossiittiioonns s oof f aa d

dririllllhholole e ddaattaabbaase:se: 1.

1. SelSeleecctt G

Geoeollogogy>y>DDririlllliinng>g>LLococaattiion.on. 2

2.. IIn n tthhe e dridrillllhholole e nnamame e papannelel,, en

entter er tthhe e ddririllllhholole e nnaammes es ttoo l

loaoadd, , FFiigurgure e 33--77..

F

Fiigugurre e 33--7 7 LLooad ad by by ddrriillllhhoollee na

namme e papanenell

3

3.. TThhe e ddrriillllhholole e llocaocattiionons s aarree t

thhen en lloaoadded ed oonnscrscreeneen,, F Fiigugurre e 33--88.. F Fiigugurre e 33--8 8 DDririllllhhoolle e ccoollllaarr l loocacattiioonnss 4. 4. CCaancnceell.. Tip! Tip! C

Cololllaar r ppososiittiions ons aarre e lloadoaded ed aass p

poioinntts s iin n tthhe e llayer ayer DDIIG$G$DDRRIILLLL.. I

If f you you wwiish sh tto o sasave ve tthhese ese ppoioinnttss t

trraannsfsfer er tthhem em tto o aannotothher er llayerayer..

Modelling a tru"ture logged Modelling a tru"ture logged ,y drilling

,y drilling

 V

 VUULLCCAAN N aalllloowws s yyoou u tto o mmooddeel l aa st

strruuctctuurre e wwhhiich ch hhas as bbeen een lloggedogged i

in tn the he dridrillllhhoolleses. . TThhe e ststruructctuurree m

may ay bbe e a a ffauaullt t or or tthhe e ttop op oror  b

 boottttoom m of of a a paparrttiiccuullaar r hohorriizzoonn..

 Exerc

 Exercise )-1 – *odel a ise )-1 – *odel a str+ct+restr+ct+re logged by drilling 

logged by drilling  1

1.. LoLoad ad tthhe e dridrillllhhololes es ononscrscreeneen  b

 by y tthhe e ccoolloouur r sscchheemmaa, , wwhhiicchh con

conttaaiinns s tthhe e ststructructuurre e tto o bbee m

mododelellleded. . FFor or exexaammpplle e iif f iitt i

is s aan n oore re iinntterceperceptt, , llooaadd h

hololes es by by LILITTHH.. 2.

2. SelSeleecctt G

Geoleologyogy>>DDrriilllliinng>g>MMododelel.. 3.

3. IIn n tthhe e MModel odel HorHoriizzon on papannelel,, en

entter er tthhe e fielfield d nnamame e wwhhereree t

the he ssttruructctuure re iis s recrecoordrdeded, , ii..e.e. L

F

Fiigugurre e 33--9 9 TThhe e mmododel el hhororiizonzon panel

panel

4.

4. WWe e sshhalall l model model a a sisinnglglee h

horiorizonzon. . EEnntter er tthhe e codcodee u

used sed ffor or tthe he ststruructctuurre e iin n tthhee d

daattaabbaase, se, ii..e. e. ententer er TTQQ11.. 5

5.. SSelelecect t tthhe e Save Save hhororiizzonon p

poioinntts s bbox ox aannd d enentter er a a llayerayer n

namame e anand d descrdescriiptptiion. on. FForor e

examxamplple e llayayeer r nnamame e POPOIINNTTSS,, an

and d ddesescrcriiptptiion on TTQQ11 I

INNTERTERCCEEPTS.PTS. 6.

6. SeSelleecct t OOKK.. 7.

7. IIn n tthhe e MModel odel CCrreeatate e panpaneell a

alltter er tthhe e grigrid d mmesh esh sisize ze anandd

ot

other her paparraammeteters ers iif f rreqequuiirreded,, F

Fiigugurre e 33--1100.. 7.

7. SelSeleecct t OOK K wwhen hen finifinisshed.hed.

F

Fiigugurre e 33--110 0 MMododel el crcreateate e ppananelel

9

9.. IInnddiicatcate e tthe he oriorigigin n ppoioinnt t fforor t

thhe e mmododelel: : selselect ect aann a

arrbbiittrary rary ppoioinnt t iin n tthhe e llowowerer l

lefeft t oof f tthhe e mmooddel el aarrea.ea. 10.

10.IInndidiccatate e tthhe e mmaxiaximmuumm ext

extent ent of of tthhe e mmododel el aarreaea:: sel

select ect an an aarbrbiittrary rary ppooiinnt t iinn t

thhe e uupppper er rriighght t of of tthhe e mmododelel area.

area. 11

11..CConfionfirrm m tthhe e mmodelodellliinngg op

opereraattiionon: : selselect ect mmododel el ffrromom t

thhe e ccononfirm firm box,box, F

F

Fiigurgure e 3-3-11 11 CCononfifirrm m crcreateatee m

mooddeell 1

122..A A ppaannel el ffor or tthhe e ttririanangugullaattiionon n

namame e anand d prpropopererttiies es wwiillll t

thhen en bbe e ddiisplsplayedayed. . SSelelectect t

the he SSololiid d shadshaded ed susurrffaceace  b  buuttttoon n aannd d cchhoooosse e a a ccoolloouurr f foor r tthhe e ttririanangguullaattiioonn,, F Fiigugurre e 33--1122.. F

Fiigurgure e 33--12 12 NNamamiinng g tthhee t

trriianangugullatiation on anand d setsetttiinngg properties

properties

1

133..TThhe e ststrruuctctuurre e wwiilll l tthhen en bbee d

diispspllayed ayed as as a a grigrid d anand d aa t

tririaanngugullaattiioonn..

E

Exaxammiinne e tthhese ese sursurffaces aces clcloseloselyy t

to o ddeteterermmiinne e tthhe e ddiiffffererenencece  b

 beettwweeeen n tthhe e grgriid d aannd d tthhee t

trriianangugullatatiion. on. YYou ou shshououlld d fifinndd t

thhaat t tthhe e ttririanangugullaattiioon n ppaassessses t

thhrrouough gh tthhe e iintnterercepcept t ppoioinnttss exa

exactctlly y aannd d tthhaat t tthhe e ggririd d iiss sm

smootoothhed ed so so tthhat at iit t ddoes oes nnotot h

hononouour r tthhe e iinntterercepcept t ppoioinntts.s.

 Exerc

 Exercise )-2 – *odel a ise )-2 – *odel a str+ct+restr+ct+re logged by drilling 

logged by drilling 

E

Expxpereriimmenent t mmododelellliinng g otothherer su

surrffaces aces iin n tthhe e ddatatababase.ase.

&n"reen (rillhole Analyi &n"reen (rillhole Analyi

I

In n tthe he GGeoleology ogy ddrriilllliinng g mmenenuu t

thherere e aarre e somsome e uusefsefuul l opopttiiononss t

thhaat t aallllow ow yoyou u tto o iinntteraeractctiivelvelyy i

inntterrogerrogaatte e oonnscscrreeeen n ddririllllhhoolleses as a

as an n aiaid d tto o ononscrscreeneen i

inntterperpretretaattiioonns.s.

•

• IIddeennttiiffyyaaddrriillllhhoollee.. •

• SSttep ep tthhrrough ough anand d ddiispspllayay

ea

each ch recorecorrd d ffoor r a a ddririllllhhoolle.e.

•

• LLaabbel el ddririllllhhololes es bby y aanny y fifieleldd.. •

• RReleloaoad d a a ddririllllhholole e bby y aannotothherer

col

colouour r scschhemema.a.

•

• IInntteraceracttiivelvely y ccoommppososiitte e aa

d

 To use these options you must load a drillhole database

onscreen.

It is a good idea to change view into a sectional view to avoid cluttering the screen. To do this select >View>Create Section, and select the method to change your  view, i.e. select by points and

indicate two points in the plane of a drill section, Figure 3-13.

Figure 3-13 Create Section panel

+denti-ying (rillhole

 Exercise 1, – Identiy onscreen drillholes

1. Position the screen in a section view with the drillholes displayed. 2. Select

Geology>Drilling>/Identify. 3. Select the drillhole to

identify.

4. The drillhole will be

highlighted and labelled with its identifier. The COLLAR information will then be displayed in the Envisage report window and a confirm  box will appear, Figure 3-14.

Figure 3-14 Identifying a drillhole on screen

5. Select the Next Header Record to view the next record in the database (Figure 3-15) or select Intercepttopick adrill interceptdirectly.

Figure 3-15 Drillhole

information as reported in the Envisage report window. 6. Cancel using the right

mouse button to exit.

La,elling (rillhole

Onscreen drillholes may be

labelled by any field in the record currently used to load the holes. For example, if drillholes are loaded by LITH, this field is in the GEOL record, the other available fields for labelling are FROM, TO and WIDTH.

 Exercise 11 – Labelling drillholes on screen

1. Select

Geology>Drilling>Label On. 2. Select the selection criteria

tolabelholes,i.e.selectby object. This will label only the selected hole.

3. Select the drillhole to label.

4. Select the field to use from thepick list,i.e.selectLITH. 5. The selected hole will then

 be labelled.

6. Select the next hole to label, etc, Figure 3-16.

7. Cancel when finished.

Tip!

Labelling many drillholes can degrade workstation

performance, therefore only label those holes that are required.

 To remove drillhole labels select Geology>Drilling>Label Off.

Figure 3-16 Labelling drillholes on screen.

Changing the Colour o-(rillhole

Onscreen drillholes may be recoloured by any field in the record currently used to load the holes.

For example, if drillholes are loaded by CU, this field is in the  ASSAY record, the other

available fields for colouring are FROM, TO, AU, RECOV, WIDTH, BLEACH.

 Exercise 12 – Colo+ring an

onscreen hole by another schema

1. Open your Drillhole database.

2. Load drillholes by name. 3. Select the colour schema to

use, i.e. select AU. 4. Select

Geology>Drilling>Colour. 5. Select the drillhole to colour. 6. Select the colour schema to

use, i.e. select CU. 7. Cancel using the right

mouse button to exit. Figure 3-17 shows drillholes initially loaded by AU, then one

hole is recoloured using the CU schema.

Figure 3-17 Changing the schema colour of a loaded

Drillhole

+ntera"ti!e Compoite (iplay

 This option allows you to interactively interrogate a

drillhole for composited (length  weighted) grades over user

defined intervals. The results are displayed next to the hole as  well as in a report window.

 Exercise 13 – Interrogating a  Drillhole or a composite grade

1. Select

2. Select the composite field from the schema pick list, i.e.selectAU.

3. Enter the number of

decimals to be displayed, i.e.3.

4. Select the drillhole. The hole  will be highlighted.

5. Select the start intercept

(Note: the start intercept will  be chosen from the TO

position).

6. Select the end intercept (Note: the end intercept will  be chosen from the TO

position).

7. The start and end intercepts, plus the composite length and grade, will be displayed on the selected drillhole as  well as in the report window,

Figures 3-18 and 3-19. The  vector components of the

composite interval are also displayed in the report  window.

Figure 3-18 Onscreen display of drillhole composite

Figure 3-19 Display from report window showing

composite and vector component of the composite

8. Continue selecting composite intervals.

9. Cancel using the right mouse button to finish.

Onscreen drillhole analysis options can also be accessed using the contents menu. Click on the drillhole you wish to

interrogate then click the right mouse button. The contents menu will appear that relates to drillholes, Figure 3-20.

Figure 3-20 Contents menu for drillholes

Chapter 4: Legends

 To display drillholes or composite files onscreen, a colour schema (legend) must be defined. If no colour schema exists then you  will be prompted for the ranges

and colours every time you wish to load drillholes or composites. Colour schemas may be defined for both numeric and

alphanumeric fields. The colour schemas are stored in the

<proj>.scd file. In this section  we will look at how the existing

colour schemas are defined, how to create new colour schemas and modify existing ones.

 Exercise 1! – .ie/ing a colo+r  schema

1. Select Analyse>Display By Legend.

2. Select the type of schema to  view, i.e. select DRILL.

3. Select the legend to view, i.e. select CU.

4. The following legend will then be displayed,

Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-21 Cu drillhole schema

Using the legend display option displays the schema in its own  window. To display the schema

in the client area use the  Analyse>Legend Edit>Draw

Legend option.

Creating a ne. Legend

Let’s create a new test legend for the CU field in our

thordemoa.dhd database.

 Exercise 1# – Creating a ne/  schema 0legend

1. Select Analyse>Legend Edit>Create.

2. Select the type of legend to create, i.e. select DRILL.

3. Enter the legend identifier, i.e. TEST, Figure 4-2. If

required you could select the Use other colour table as default option. This would allow you to copy another legend. For now ignore this.

Figure 4-22 Colour table identifier panel in the create

legend option

4. In the database field panel enter the field name for this legend, i.e. CU, Figure 4-3. 5. Select Alpha or Numeric, i.e.

select numeric.

6. Enter the record name, i.e. enter ASSAY.

7. Enter the To field name, i.e. enter TO.

8. Enter the From field name, i.e. enter FROM.

9. Select the use colour for non-logged intervals. Select acolour,i.e.grey.

10.Select GELT for Range mode. 11.Select OK.

Figure 4-23 Database fields panel from create legend

option

Tip!

 The field and record names must match the datasheet otherwise the colours will be incorrect.

12.Enter the colour ranges in the From & To boxes and select the appropriate colour for the interval, Figure 4-4.

Figure 4-24 The colour range panel

Tip!

 To add or delete rows from your legend click the right mouse  button on the left-most column

to display the contents menu, Figure 4-5.

Figure 4-25 Contents menu for schema creation

11.When finished select OK. 12.Display the drillholes using

the new legend.

Tip!

 When creating an Alpha schema,  wild cards such as TQ*, can be

used. This would result in the drillhole codes, such as TQ1,  TQ2 and TQ3a, all being

displayed as the same colour.

%diting a Legend #"hema

Let’s modify the legend we just created. For example change the grade ranges to highlight the lower assay grades.

 Exercise 1% – Editing an existing  schema 0legend

1. Select Analyse>Legend Edit>Modify.

2. Select the Schema type to modify, i.e. select DRILL. 3. Select the legend to modify,

i.e. select TEST.

4. Select OK in the Database Field panel.

5. In the Colour Ranges panel alter the ranges and colours as required.

6. Select OK when finished. 7. Display the drillholes using

(eleting a Legend

 Exercise 1' – Deleting a legend  rom the schema ile

1. Select

 Analyse>Legend Edit>Delete. 2. Select the type of legend to

delete, i.e. select DRILL. 3. Select the legend to delete. 4. The legend will then be

deleted from the colour schema file.

Chapter 5: eatures

Features may be used to assign a set of properties to objects

typically when the objects are created. This ensures that all objects of a particular type have the same properties. A fairly typical example of this is when digitising known structures or lithologicalcontacts. A featureis defined for each structure or

contact. When that feature is used to digitise these objects we can be assured that they will have the desired properties.

Features may also be used to aid in object selection for editing or transforming. We are simply assigning objects to sub-groups  by feature name. Then when

selecting objects we may select  by feature instead of object,

group or layer.

In this section we will look at some existing features, see how to create new features and

modify existing ones.

 The layers which represent the geological zones were all digitised using features to assign unique properties to each layer. Load the layer TQ1 and interrogate it

using the information icon or  Analyse>Details>Full option.  You will see that the layer name

is TQ1, its description is TQ1 ore zone, it belongs to the feature  TQ1. We will now see that each

of these properties was set in advance in the feature TQ1.

 Exercise 1( – .ie/ing an existing deined eat+re

1. Select

Design>Feature Edit>Modify. 2. Select TQ1 from the list.

3. The first panel defines the feature description, the layer name, TQ1, and layer

description, TQ1 ore zone. 4. Select the NEXT button to

move to the next panel.

5. The second panel defines the object properties such as colour, line thickness, grouping etc. Notice the colour is bright green, the line is solid and group name is TQ1.

6. Select the arrow in the top right of the panel to move to the next panel.

7. The final panel defines the point properties such as name, gradient, input mode etc. Notice we are

connecting points as a

objects will occur as non-connected points.

8. Select Cancel to exit.

Creating a 'eature

Let’s create a feature that we will use to digitise blue polygons

filled with a diagonal line pattern.

 Exercise 1) – Creating a ne/  eat+re

1. Select Design>Feature>Edit> Create.

2. Enter the feature name, i.e. POLY, Figure 5-1.

Select OK.

Figure 5-26 Feature name panel

3. Enter the feature

description, i.e. enter TEST FEATURE, Figure 5-2.

4. Let’s ask the feature to

prompt us for a layer. Select the prompt button under layer Name and Description.  Type “Enter Layer Name:”. 5. Let’s also ask the feature to

prompt us for a layer description. Type “Enter layer Description:”.

6. Select NEXT.

Figure 5-27 Layer and Object name for feature

7. In the object attributes panel force the layer to be blue,  with solid line type and

diagonal pattern, Figure 5-3. 8. Select the create closed

polygon option.

9. Select the create new object on cancel option.

Figure 5-28 Object attribute panel for feature

11.In the Digitising panel select connect points as string, Figure 5-4.

Figure 5-29 Digitise panel for features

12.Select FINISH.

13.Cancel at the feature name panel.

14.Use this feature to create some polygons onscreen. 15.Select

Design>Create>Features. 16.Select feature POLY.

Modi-ying a -eature

In the first part of this section  we looked at the features used to

create the ore zones for tq1, tq1a, tq2, tq3 and nfault. At present if we wanted to label each of the objects with its layer name we would have to change the object name for each object from the default to the layer name. If we had thought a little more about how we were going to use these objects we could have assigned the appropriate name on creating the objects. However  we can still do this by modifying

our original feature and then applying the feature to the existinglayers.

1. Select the feature TQ1 for modification.

2. In the layer/object name panel force the object name to be TQ1 and the object description to be tq1 ore zone.

3. Select OK for each remaining panel.

4. Apply the feature TQ1 to the tq1 layerbylayer.i.e.Select Design>Attribute

Edit>Feature. 5. Select by layer.

6. Select the layer TQ1. 7. Select the feature TQ1. 8. Open a report window and

check the new object name  values.

9. We could now label each object with its layer name.  Try this.

How else might we modify these features to display useful

information or aid in our

digitising of these objects? You may like to force all these strings to be digitised clockwise

regardless of the actual direction they were digitised in. Or you may want to force a point name or get the feature to prompt you for a point name. Examine some of the different properties that are available to you.

 Exercise 21 – Designing a eat+re

In the Geological Interpretation section of this course we are

going to use feature to define our ore zones. Design features for the following ore zones:

 BTQ1  BTQ1a  BTQ2  BTQ3 and  afault. (eleting 'eature

 Exercise 22 –  Deleting a eat+re

1. Select

Design>Feature Edit>Delete. 2. Select the feature to delete. 3. The feature will then be

Chapter !: Compositing 

throughout a drillhole database. It is commonly used to remove sampling bias as a precursor to  block modelling. It also has the

effect of smoothing assays across drillholes.

 VULCAN allows various types of compositing techniques to be used as required:

• Straight.This creates an

 ASCII copy of an ISIS drillhole database.

• Run Length.This creates a

composite file with user defined fixed length sample intervals.

• Bench.This method will

create one composite per user defined bench interval.

• Intersect Select. This

allows the user to generate the longest composite

intervals possible above a specified grade cut-off.

• Geology.This will create

one composite interval per lithologicalzone.

In this section we will cover each of these techniques, focusing mainly on the Run Length technique, as this tends to be the most commonly used

method.

 The compositing menu is divided into three sections, Figure 6-1:

• Generation • Running •  Viewing

Figure 6-30 Compositing Menu

 The options under Generation allow you to create parameter files to store the composite

information. These files may be recalled for use at any time or edited to obtain new results.  The Running options allow you

to use the parameter files to create composite ASCII files

(mapfiles) or composite database files (ISIS database files).

,eneration

*+nning

 The Viewing options allow you to display the composite files onscreen. /enerating Compoite Parameter 'ile In this section we will look at how to create composite

parameter files.

!"n Length ompositing #echni$"e

 The Run Length composite option allows you to set up a parameter file that will generate fixed length composite intervals (except for the end of hole,

geological or triangulation  boundaries).

 Exercise 22 – Creating a +n  Length parameter ile

1. Select Geology>Compositing >Run Length.

2. Enter the new parameter file name, i.e. enter RUNL. If

desired you could choose a parameter file to copy from, Figure 6-2.

Figure 6-31 Run Length Compositing panel

3. Select the datasheet from

the pick list, i.e. select DHD. 4. In the Composite Creation

panel enter the optional

datasheet identifier, i.e. enter DEMOA, Figure 6-3.

5. Select Breakdown by geology 6. Select OK. The rest of the

options may be left as default.

• Breakdown by

geology: This option will cause the process to

restart the compositing from a lithological

 boundary defined by a field in the database.

• Record majority

geology codes: This option creates two new fields; the first stores the majority lithological code in the interval and the second stores its percentage.

• Missing data: This

option allows the user to either ignore values

flagged as missing data (i.e. those equal to the  value assigned) or to

replace them with a user defined value.

• Non-sampled data:

 This option works in the same way as Missing data.

•  Assign a value to

data not logged: This option allows the user to assign a value to data that is not included in the

drillhole log, i.e. where an interval has not been

assayed.

• Use selection file: This

option allows the use of a selection file to composite only a select group of holes.

•  Abort compositing

for holes with errors: Use this option to exclude any holes containing logical errors, i.e. from/to

overlaps etc.

Figure 6-32 Composite Creation Menu panel

7. Enter the composite length, i.e. enter 1.0 for composite intervals of 1.0 metre, Figure 6-4.

Figure 6-33 Run Length Composite Menu panel 8. Select the geology and assay

records from the pick list, i.e. select GEOL and ASSAY, Figure 6-5.

Figure 6-34 Database Records to Use panel

9. In the Geology Fields panel select the From and

Rockcode fields, i.e. select FROM and LITH, Figure 6-6.

Figure 6-35 Geology Fields to Use panel

10.In the Assay Fields panel select the From and Data Fieldstouse,i.e.select FROM and CU, Figure 6-7.

Figure 6-36 Assay Fields to Use panel

11.Enter the CU grade cutoff. Leave as default. If a cutoff grade is entered, values above this cutoff grade will  be set to the cutoff grade  value, Figure 6-8.

12.Select FINISH

Figure 6-37 Cutoff Values panel

13.In the Boundary definition panel select CANCEL.

 The parameter file is then created. Itwillbecalled

examine the file use a text editor, such as WordPad, to open it.

Creating a Compoite 'ile

 There are two options for creating a composite file:

• Run

• Selection

 These options can produce either  ASCII or ISIS database files.

 The Run option allows the use of one parameter file only. The

Selection option allows the use of two parameter files and is

dependent on the hole angle.  We will look at the Run option as

it is the most commonly used.

 Exercise 23 – Creating a Composite  ile

1. Select

Geology>Compositing>Run. 2. In the Compositing

Parameter File panel select the parameter file to use, i.e. select RUNL.

 We have a choice of compositing to an ASCII file (a MAP file) or an ISIS database file. Let’s

composite to an ASCII file first. 3. Select Use Map File and

enter an Optional Map File Identifier, i.e. enter RUNL, Figure 6-9.

4. Enter a composite group name for this run, i.e. enter runlength.

Tip!

 The composite group name is used to store multiple

compositing runs in the same file separated by their group

names. This can only be used in an ISIS database.

For ASCII files (a MAP file) there can only ever be one group

name, therefore if compositing to an ASCII file always composite to a new file.

5. Enter a run description, i.e. Runlength composite using 1 metre.

Figure 6-38 Compositing Parameter File panel

 The file containing the composited data will be thorrunl.map.

Examine this file using WordPad. Notice the file contains a header defining the header variables and field names and their

properties. The data is arranged  below the header and is column

formatted.

(iplaying Compoite 'ile

Use the DISPLAY option to view composite files onscreen.

 Exercise 23 – Displaying a Composite ile

1. Select Geology>Compositing >Display.

2. In the Composite Display panel select the Use Map File button and select the optional mapfile identifier, i.e. select RUNL,

Figure 6-10.

3. Select Load as lines.

 The variable order refers to the top and bottom positions of the composite interval (i.e. XYZXYZ) and the composite field (i.e. W). 4. Change the line width to 3.

 This will display the

composites as thicker lines. 5. Select OK.

Figure 6-39 Composite Display panel

6. In the Load Samples

Database panel enter the group name, i.e. enter

RUNLENGTH. It is OK to use a wildcard if you cannot remember the group name, Figure 6-11.

7. Select the assay field to display,i.e.selectAU. 8. Select OK.

Figure 6-40 Load Samples Database panel

9. Select the colour schema to use, i.e. select AU.

10.The composites will then be loaded onscreen.

 To remove the displayed composites select

Chapter ": Geological

Interpretations

Geological interpretations are customarily done on section plots using coloured pencils.  These are then digitised into a

computer where the

interpretation may be modelled, then plotted again for verification or fine tuning, then digitised

again etc. The problem with this method is that it often results in double handling of data plus time being spent plotting

sections and copying or redoing an interpretation in various

section and plan orientations. It is often very difficult to visualise the orebody until the

interpretation has been completed, and then if it is perceived to be incorrect you have to start again. Another drawback of this method is that the geologist is always working in section planes to create the

interpretation, however the drillholes being used are

generally not in the same plane, resulting in an interpretation that only approximates the true geometry of the orebody. A

typical orebody interpretation using this method could take  weeks or possibly even a few

months to be completed.

 A quicker method would be to create the interpretation

onscreen using all the

information normally plotted.  This negates the need to create a

lot of section plots until the

interpretation is completed. The geologist could rotate the

information to gain a true three dimensional picture of the data to be interpreted. This aids immensely in visualising the orebody before any interpretation has begun. The interpreted

strings may be snapped precisely to the drillholes giving a much more accurate approximation of the true geometry. The biggest saving comes in the time spent creating and fine tuning the interpretation. What once used to take weeks or months can now be done in days.

 There are drawbacks to the onscreen interpretation method however. The first is that you may not be able to display all the information normally shown on a plotted section - it could degrade the performance of the computer to a frustrating degree. (The

increase in desktop computer performance means this is  becoming less of an issue.) A  bigger problem is that so much

information could clutter the screen making it difficult to

interpret the information.

 Therefore you must learn to work  with only the information

required for the particular task, and later display any other

information needed to complete the interpretation. The biggest problem is coming to terms with  working in three dimensions

rather than in section planes or  benches. Once this is overcome

however, the benefits in productivity are immense.

In this section we will look at the mechanics of onscreen

interpretation.Wewillrestrict ourselves to working in slices of spaceforthesakeofvisibility, and we will be interpreting in three dimensions. The method is simple but it does take some getting used to.

Creating the +nterpretation

 To begin we must first load the drillholes onscreen and restrict our view to a slice of space

paralleltoadrillsection.

 Exercise 2! – Creating an  Interpretation

1. Load the database

thordemoa.dhd. Display the hole by LITH.

2. Load the layer SECTION. 3. Change view to one of the

section lines,i.e.select  View>Create Section.

4. Set the slice width to 60 and select the section plane by line.

5. Select OK.

Figure 7-41 Create Section  View panel

6. Select the line to change  view.

7. Zoom in on the area of

interest. Your screen should look something like that shown below.

Figure 7-42 Screen image of cross section through

drillholes 8. Display a legend in a

convenient position to one side of the screen. Select  Analyse>Display Legend.

Select DRILL and LITH.

Figure 7-43 Drillhole cross section and legend

9. Begin digitising one of the ore zones using the features  we created earlier and

snapping to the lithological  boundaries on the drillholes,

i.e. use the snap to point

icon. To use a feature for digitisingselect

Design/Create/Feature, and select the feature.

Figure 7-44 Snap to Point icon

10.Initially you should have

something that looks like the screen image below. The interpretation has been

snapped to the drillholes but it does not go past the outer drillholelimits.

Figure 7-45 First step of interpretation

11.To tidy up the ends of the interpretation we use one of the standard ENVISAGE

tools, namely

Design>Point Insert>Insert. 12.Select Design>Point

Insert>Insert. Select the object. Select the line to replace, i.e. the interp end, Figure 7-6.

Figure 7-46 Screen image of line which will have points

inserted

13.Once the insertion plane has  been defined insert the

required points. Remember to insert points from S to E otherwise you will create crossovers in the string.

Figure 7-47 Screen image of inserted points

14.Cancel when finished

inserting points. Select Do not interpolate W. This

relates to the W-value and is irrelevant. The points will connect to form a hi gh-lighted line. Selectretain.

Figure 7-48 Image of connected points

15.You will then be prompted to select the next line to

operation until the interp string is finished.

16.When finished you should end up with something like the screen image below.

Figure 7-49 Screen image of completed digitised interp

string

17.This looks OK but it can be made better by smoothing the line and inserting points at a given interval. This will also aid in the development of solid models later. To

smooth the string we apply a cubic spline using

Design/Attribute Edit/Apply Spline.

Figure 7-50 Screen image of splined string

18.The string now looks more natural, but this spline is only superimposed on the originalline. Ithasnot inserted any new points.  Therefore we need to insert

extra points along this new line to maintain the shape  when modelling. To do this

select Design>Attribute Edit>Insert Points On

Spline, . Set the step to  be 5. Select the object to

insert points. The object will  be highlighted showing the

resulting string. Select retain if it looks OK.

19.If you were to label the

points now you would see a great many more than we digitised. Trythis,notice the original points have not  been altered.

 We have now finished the first string in our interpretation. Reset the screen and rotate to  view the final string, especially

the ends. You would now do much the same for all the other ore zones. You may find it easier to complete one section before moving to the next or you may  want to follow an ore zone

through each section, it’s up to  you.

 Almost certainly you will be

required during the course of an interpretation to use most if not all of the other point editing options. It is a good idea to  become familiar with each of

these so that you can choose the  best option to use for each task.  There is generally no right or  wrong way to do something in

ENVISAGE but there are

certainly better and worse ways todoit.

 Exercise 2# – Completing  Interpretation

 Try to complete the

interpretation you have started or add to the one supplied. Later we will use this

interpretation to create a solid model.

Chapter #: $tatistics

 VULCAN provides users with a convenient mechanism, via ENVISAGE, to create basic univariate and multivariate

statistics. The statistics module is part of the "core" ENVISAGE product and can be found under the main menu option ANALYSE. Essentially a user can analyse data from a number of sources,  both ASCII or binary, both

graphical or model data. The user can select, where

appropriate, any number of data items for analysis as separate entities, or analyse the

relationship between pair-wise combinations.

In this session we will look at:

• the data sources available •  basic unistat features • graphics display features

#etting up your #tatiti" #eion

It is optional to select the set-up parameters before engaging in a session within the statistics

option. System defaults are generally adequate in preparing  well proportioned statistics

reports. The Set Up option allows you to establish:

• external file logging of the

statisticssession

• the number of graphs

available both in the X and Y directions

• the height and colours of the

text headings, labels and annotations on graphs  All graphs created in the

statistics option are generated in a special ENVISAGE window

called "GRAPHS". The user can interchange between a working  window and the statistics

"GRAPHS" very easily. The default set-up establishes the number of graphs as being 3 in the X direction and 3 in the Y direction. Hence a total of 9 graphs can be generated. This can obviously be increased or decreased at the user’s

discretion.

Figure 8-51 Statistics log file setup

 After selecting the number of graphs that can be generated, the user is asked for the

parameters and colours for the  various aspects of graph

generation. You can modify this at any time. The initial panel, covering the number of graphs availableforcreation,isonly completed once by the user in an ENVISAGE session and cannot  be changed without exiting and

re-entering.

Figure 8-52 Define text specifications panel

Now that the set-up has been completed, or at least

established initially, we can start to investigate the data sources that can be analysed.

#ele"ting the (ata -or #tatiti"

 As previously mentioned, data forinputintothestatistics

option is varied. Essentially data can be accessed from the

following sources:

• Graphics objects in

ENVISAGE

•  ASCII datafiles

• Evaluation data, that is

mapfiles, both ASCII and  binary

• General ISIS databases •  VULCAN Block Models •  VULCAN 2D Grid Models

 Whilst all data sources are generally extensively used, the scope of this course will restrict discussion to data from

geological/assay ISIS databases and mapfiles. The concepts of data selection and graphing are essentially the same despite the  variation in sources.

%S%S Databases

General Statistics, both

univariate and multivariate, can  be generated by accessing any

ISIS database. Generally this is applicable to geological

databases, although any ISIS structure can be accessed. On selection of the "databases"

menu item the following panel is displayed requesting information for the datasheet, database

identifier and whether data restrictions are required. As most drilling databases contain missing data values that are usually stored as negative

numbers (eg. -99.00), then the inclusion of this data into the statistics dataset would

invalidate the resulting

univariate statistics. Hence it is normal to select the restrict data  box to eliminate this potentially

erroneous data.

Figure 8-53 Open Database

 After the initial database

selection menu is completed a listofallavailabledatarecords  within that database is displayed

and the user is requested to pick one record from which the data  will be selected.

Figure 8-54 Select record type panel

Following the record selection panel, and if restriction of data has been selected, the following panel is displayed. Note that all data fields within the previously selected record panel can be used to provide selection criteria  before data is selected for the

statisticsdataset.

Figure 8-55 Selection criteria panel

In the above example we have indicated that we only wish to accept data with the following conditions met:

Copper assays between 0 and 100 (percentage values)

Gold assays between 0 and 1000 (gram/tonne values)  We could equally have enhanced

the selection parameters by placing "MB*" in the bleaching field to indicate that we only  wished to extract data with the

characteristic of being moderately bleached.

 After these parameters have  been established the user is asked to select the numeric

fields on which to form a suite of datasets. The user can select up to four suites of information or cancel after the final selection. If a character field is selected it is ignored, and a field cannot be selected more than once.

Figure 8-56 Select fields panel

 After the final selection,

processing begins and data is extracted from the database and stored internally within the

system. On completion of the extraction process, if a report  window is open, univariate

statisticsforallselected fields are displayed. If a report window is not available this report is displayed on the originating X- window, generally hidden behind

ENVISAGE. The user can

request the univariate statistics report at any time by ensuring a report window is available and selecting the "UNISTAT" option in the statistics menu, Figure 8-7.

Figure 8-57 Stats report  After the data selection has been

completed it is available

internally for further display and investigation if required. This investigation may be in the form:

Exporting to ASCII data for direction to other systems Creation of univariate and  bivariate graphs and reports.