European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
Part-66
PREFACE
These notes have been written specifically to meet the EASA Part-66 syllabus and to answer the questions being asked during the examinations.
The EASA Part-66 syllabus for each sub-module is printed at the beginning of each of the chapter in these course notes and is used as the “learning objectives”.
We regularly have a review of our training notes in order to improve the quality of the notes and of the service. So, if you discover within these course notes, any errors or typos, or any subject which is not particularly well, or adequately explained, please tell us, via our instructors or our secretary. We will be sure to review your feedback and incorporate any changes necessary.
AUTHORITY
It is IMPORTANT to note that the information in this book is for study/training purposes only.
When carrying out a procedure/work on aircraft/aircraft equipment you MUST always refer to the relevant aircraft maintenance manual or equipment manufacturer’s handbook.
You should also follow the requirements of national/international regulatory authority and published company policy as regards local procedures, recording, report writing, documentation etc.
For health and safety in the workplace you should follow the regulations/guidelines as specified by the equipment manufacturer, your company, national safety authorities and national governments.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
© Copyright. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any other means whatsoever: i.e. photocopy, electronic, mechanical recording or otherwise in whole or in part without the prior written permission of
Page i Module 9A – Human Factors Ed.1 – Rev.0 For Training Purposes Only Applicability: B1
For Training Purposes Only Applicability: B1
KNOWLEDGE LEVELS
Basic knowledge are indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against each applicable subject.
The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows:
LEVEL 1
A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject. Objectives:
The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and examples.
The applicant should be able to use typical terms.
LEVEL 2
A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
An ability to apply that knowledge. Objectives:
The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples.
The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.
LEVEL 3
A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner.
Objectives:
The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects.
The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples.
The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject.
The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's instructions.
The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and apply corrective action where appropriate.
EASA
PART-66
M
ODULEC
ONTENTS ANDL
EVELSSubModule Subject Level
9.1 General 2
9.2 Human Performance and Limitations 2
9.3 Social Psychology 1
9.4 Factors Affecting Performance 2
9.5 Physical Environment 1
9.6 Tasks 1
9.7 Communication 2
9.8 Human Error 2
9.9 Hazards in the Workplace 2
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.1
General
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Table of Contents
Module 9.1 General ___________________________________________________ 5
The Need To Take Human Factors Into Account _______________________________________ 5 What is "Human Factors"? _________________________________________________________ 5 The SHEL Model __________________________________________________________________ 7 Incidents and Accidents Attributable To Human Factors / Human Error ____________________ 9
Examples of Incidents and Accidents _______________________________________________ 11 Incidents and Accidents - A Breakdown in Human Factors ______________________________ 13
Murphy's Law ___________________________________________________________________ 14 Dr James Reason ________________________________________________________________ 15
EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL
9.1 General 2
The need to take human factors into account;
Incidents attributable to human factors/human error; ‘Murphy's’ law.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.2
Human Performance and Limitations
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Table of Contents
Module 9.2 Human Performance and Limitations __________________________ 5
Human Performance as Part of the Maintenance Engineering System _____________________ 5 Vision ___________________________________________________________________________ 7
The Basic Function of the Eye _____________________________________________________ 7 Components of the Eye ___________________________________________________________ 8 Factors Affecting Clarity of Sight ____________________________________________________ 9 Physical Factors _______________________________________________________________ 11 Environmental Factors __________________________________________________________ 12 The Nature of the Object Being Viewed _____________________________________________ 12 Colour Vision __________________________________________________________________ 13 Vision and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________________________ 14
Hearing ________________________________________________________________________ 15
The Basic Function of the Ear _____________________________________________________ 15 Components of the Ear __________________________________________________________ 16 Impact of Noise on Performance ___________________________________________________ 18 Hearing Impairment _____________________________________________________________ 18 High and Low Tone Deafness _____________________________________________________ 19 Hearing Protection ______________________________________________________________ 19 Presbycusis ___________________________________________________________________ 19 Hearing and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer _______________________________________ 20
Information Processing ___________________________________________________________ 21
An Information Processing Model __________________________________________________ 21 Sensory Receptors and Sensory Stores _____________________________________________ 22 Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________ 22 Decision Making _______________________________________________________________ 23 Memory ______________________________________________________________________ 24 Motor Programmes _____________________________________________________________ 26 Situation Awareness ____________________________________________________________ 26 Information Processing Limitations _________________________________________________ 27 Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________ 27 Decision Making, Memory, and Motor Programmes ____________________________________ 29 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 30
Claustrophobia, Physical Access and Fear of Heights _________________________________ 31
Physical Access and Claustrophobia _______________________________________________ 31 Fear of Heights ________________________________________________________________ 31 Other Phobias _________________________________________________________________ 32
EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL 9.2 Human Performance and Limitations 2
Vision; Hearing;
Information processing; Attention and perception; Memory;
Claustrophobia and physical access.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.3
Social Psychology
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Table of Contents
Module 9.3 Social Psychology __________________________________________ 5
The Social Environment ___________________________________________________________ 5
Responsibility: Individual and Group _________________________________________________ 6
Motivation and De-motivation _______________________________________________________ 9
Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ 9 External and Internal Motivation ____________________________________________________ 9 Reward and Punishment: Effects on Behaviour _______________________________________ 10 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs _____________________________________________________ 11 De-motivation _________________________________________________________________ 12
Peer Pressure ___________________________________________________________________ 15
Experiments in Conformity _______________________________________________________ 15 Countering Peer Pressure and Conformity ___________________________________________ 16
Culture Issues ___________________________________________________________________ 17
Safety Culture _________________________________________________________________ 18 Social Culture _________________________________________________________________ 19 Engineering a Just Culture (Dr.Reason) _____________________________________________ 20 The Blame Cycle _______________________________________________________________ 22 David Marx Scenarios ___________________________________________________________ 25 The Substitution Test ___________________________________________________________ 27 The Blame Scale _______________________________________________________________ 28 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 28
Personality Types ________________________________________________________________ 29
Five Factor Model ______________________________________________________________ 29 "Accident Prone" _______________________________________________________________ 30
Team Working ___________________________________________________________________ 31
The Concept of a Team _________________________________________________________ 31 Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Working _______________________________ 31 Important Elements of Team Working _______________________________________________ 32
Management, Supervision and Leadership ___________________________________________ 35
The Management Role __________________________________________________________ 35 The Supervisory Role ___________________________________________________________ 36 Characteristics of a Leader _______________________________________________________ 37
Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) __________________________________________ 39
CRM and MRM ________________________________________________________________ 39 The Dirty Dozen _______________________________________________________________ 41
EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL
9.3 Social Psychology 1
Responsibility: individual and group; Motivation and de-motivation;
Peer pressure; ‘Culture’ issues; Team working;
Management, supervision and leadership.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.4
Factors Affecting Performance
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Table of Contents
Module 9.4 Factors Affecting Performance _______________________________ 5
Fitness and Health ________________________________________________________________ 5
Pre-employment Disposition _______________________________________________________ 5 Day-to-Day Fitness and Health _____________________________________________________ 6 Positive Measures _______________________________________________________________ 7
Stress ___________________________________________________________________________ 9
Causes and Symptoms ___________________________________________________________ 9 Domestic Stress _______________________________________________________________ 10 Work Related Stress ____________________________________________________________ 10 Stress Management ____________________________________________________________ 11
Time Pressure and Deadlines ______________________________________________________ 13
The Effects of Time Pressure and Deadlines _________________________________________ 13 Managing Time Pressure and Deadlines ____________________________________________ 14
Workload - Overload and Underload ________________________________________________ 15
Arousal ______________________________________________________________________ 15 Factors Determining Workload ____________________________________________________ 17 Overload _____________________________________________________________________ 17 Underload ____________________________________________________________________ 18 Workload Management __________________________________________________________ 18
Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work ______________________________________________________ 21
What Is Sleep? ________________________________________________________________ 21 Circadian Rhythms _____________________________________________________________ 23 Fatigue ______________________________________________________________________ 24 Shift Work ____________________________________________________________________ 27 Sleep, Fatigue, Shift Work and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________ 28
Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse________________________________________________ 33
Alcohol _______________________________________________________________________ 33 Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 ____________________________________________ 34 Alcohol and Sleep ______________________________________________________________ 40 Alcohol and Attention ___________________________________________________________ 41 Medication ____________________________________________________________________ 42 Drugs ________________________________________________________________________ 43 Non-Prescribed Drugs ___________________________________________________________ 43
Diet and Nutrition ________________________________________________________________ 45
Eating Habits/Patterns___________________________________________________________ 45 Culture _______________________________________________________________________ 45 Nutrition ______________________________________________________________________ 45 Glycaemic Index (GI)____________________________________________________________ 45 Drinking Habits ________________________________________________________________ 49 Dehydration ___________________________________________________________________ 49
EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL 9.4 Factors Affecting Performance 2
Fitness/health;
Stress: domestic and work related; Time pressure and deadlines; Workload: overload and underload; Sleep and fatigue, shiftwork;
Alcohol, medication, drug abuse.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.5
Physical Environment
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Table of Contents
Module 9.5 Physical Environment _______________________________________ 5
Noise ___________________________________________________________________________ 6 Fumes __________________________________________________________________________ 7 Illumination ______________________________________________________________________ 9 Climate and Temperature _________________________________________________________ 11 Motion and Vibration _____________________________________________________________ 13 Confined Spaces ________________________________________________________________ 15 Working Environment ____________________________________________________________ 17
EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL
9.5 Physical Environment 1
Noise and fumes; Illumination;
Climate and temperature; Motion and vibration; Working environment.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.6
Tasks
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Table of Contents
Module 9.6 Tasks ____________________________________________________ 5 Physical Work ____________________________________________________________________ 7 Planning ______________________________________________________________________ 7 Physical Tasks _________________________________________________________________ 8 Repetitive Tasks __________________________________________________________________ 9 Visual Inspection ________________________________________________________________ 11 Complex Systems________________________________________________________________ 13EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL
9.6 Tasks 1
Physical work; Repetitive tasks; Visual inspection; Complex systems.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1
Human Factors
9.7
Communication
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Table of Contents
Module 9.7 Communication ____________________________________________ 5
Within and Between Teams _________________________________________________________ 5
Modes of Communication _________________________________________________________ 5 Transactional Analysis (TA) _______________________________________________________ 6 The Freudian Approach __________________________________________________________ 9 Verbal and Written Communication ________________________________________________ 11 Non-verbal Communication _______________________________________________________ 11 Communication Within Teams ____________________________________________________ 12 Communication Between Teams __________________________________________________ 12 Shift Handover _________________________________________________________________ 13 Communication Problems ________________________________________________________ 21
Work Logging and Recording ______________________________________________________ 23 Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency _____________________________________________________ 25 Dissemination of Information ______________________________________________________ 27
EASA
PART-66
S
UB-M
ODULES
YLLABUSSUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL
9.7 Communication 2
Within and between teams; Work logging and recording; Keeping up to date, currency; Dissemination of information.
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