CHEMICALS
Publisher: Seahealth Denmark Responsible Editor: Connie S. Gehrt Text: Anne Ries Photos: Henrik Klock
…&film
Carsten Gydahl-Jensen Illustrations: Lars-Ole Nejstgaard
© Seahealth Denmark, 2012, Copenhagen All rights reserved, All trademarks acknowledged. Limited copying permitted subject to acknowledge-ment of source.
1. Foreword 4
2. How do I get going? 6 3. Who is responsible? 8 4. What are the risks? 12
4.1 Short- and long-term effects 12 4.2 Occupational diseases 13 4.3 Occupational medical examination 16
5. How are chemicals absorbed? 18
5.1 Skin 18
5.2 Airways 20
6. When is something dangerous? 22 7. Where can you learn about
individual chemicals? 24
7.1 Hazard labelling 25 7.2 Safety Data Sheet, 26 7.3 Workplace Instruction for chemicals 28 7.4 Code numbers 29
8. How can you prevent injuries happening? 38
8.1 General 38 8.2 Substitution 40 8.3 Technical measures 43 8.4 Organising work 45 8.5 Individual prevention 46 8.6 Hygiene 46
9. Personal protective equipment 48
9.1 Gloves 48
9.2 Respiratory equipment 53 9.3 Eye protection 57 9.4 Other personal protective equipment 58
10. Paint 60
11. Oil and chemicals in the engineroom 68
12. Cleaning agents 72
13. How do you store your chemicals? 80
14. References 82
Contents
CHEMICALS
1.
Foreword
This instructor booklet is intended as a supplement to the film ”CHEMICALS. Take care of yourself and others - from knowledge to practice.” It is a reference work for supervisors when planning work.
Planning work involving chemicals requires a great deal of knowledge to be able to prevent injury, and this instructor booklet can help you gain this knowledge. The requirements in “Danish Maritime Authority Notices A”, Chapter II A Rule 6.3 and Chapter II B Rule 5.5 for ”training” when using dangerous chemicals aboard, are due to the fact that it is possible to trace many accidents and illnesses back to exposure to chemicals in the working environment. Chemicals are the cause of accidents in which for example people get something caustic in the eye or on the skin and such long-term effects as allergies, cancer, brain damage or reduced ability to have healthy children.
Ashore (in Denmark), the Occupational Health and Safety Act requires a two day epoxy course when using epoxy or products containing isocyanate. At sea, that is replaced with this training material (film and instructor booklet).
The film is mandatory, meaning that everyone using dangerous chemicals aboard must have seen the film which must be available on the ship. It is extremely impor-tant that everybody using chemicals is aware of the risks to health and know the precautions to be taken in the workplace for preventing damaging effects to health.
This instructor booklet tells you where you can find what you need to know about the chemicals you use and how you should use this knowledge to plan and carry out work so you do not get injured or suffer short or long-term harm.
CHEMICALS
You will also get answers to the questions: Why and how are the chemicals you are about to use dangerous? And how can you best protect yourself?
The instructor booklet is intended to help you search for and find relevant infor-mation about the harmful effects certain chemicals can have on health, and the precautions that should be taken aboard when using them.
Chapters 1-9 and 13-14 deal with the general things you need to know about work-ing with chemicals. Chapters 10-12 give examples of the chemicals used on ships - that is paint, lubricants and detergents. If you are going to be using chemicals containing epoxy or isocyanate (polyurethane), you should carefully read the sec-tion on paint in Chapter 10 - even when your query is not about paint but glue, sealants, etc.
The instructor booklet contains examples of how chemicals are used aboard. Please also see the two films
”Welding on board” and ”It’s not serious – is it?”, which is about working with carcinogens. Both films are required viewing provided that duties aboard involve this kind of work.
The instructor booklet has been out to consultation at the Danish Maritime Authority and is ap-proved for complying with training requirements in “Danish Maritime Authority Notices A”, Chapter II A Rule 6.3 and Chapter II B Rule 5.5.
CHEMICALS
2.
How do I get going?
What should I do when working and training crew to use chemicals? The right answer to this question is:
In protecting yourself against chemicals, it is important to think how these get into the body and cause damage to health.
Before starting to use the chemical, you need to find information about it. The four most important sources of information are:
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(code numbers are a special Danish requirement which will probably be dropped during a period of years).
The Safety Data Sheet must be available aboard and the information in it must
TWgeWViZW`b^S``[`Yiad]XadVdSi[`Ygbd[e]SeeWee_W`feS`ViZW`adYS`[l -ing the workplace. It is also important for the Safety Data Sheet to be accessible in the event of questions, spillage, accidents or the like and so it can be taken to
Never start using chemicals unless:
1. you have read the Risk Assessment for the work
2. you have read the Workplace Instruction and know what short- and long-term harm the chemical can cause to health
3. you know how to protect yourself.
CHEMICALS
The Safety Data Sheet is not easy to read and therefore it cannot be used as directions for how to work at individual workplaces. This is why there is a require-ment for a Workplace Instruction and it is this that must be available to the person doing the job.
You can read more about how to get information about individual chemicals in chapter 7.
HOW DO I GET GOING?
SUMMARY sHFUUJOHJOGPSNBUJPO
CHEMICALS
3.
Who is responsible?
Shipowners, or masters in their place, always have overall responsibility for plan-ning work and for ensuring that risk assessments and Workplace Instruction for the use of chemicals aboard are drawn up.
When working with dangerous chemicals, there must always be a risk assessment for the job since there is a measure of risk attached to it and it represents a special
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Risk assessments must include the following:
1. The dangerous properties of the chemical (read more about this in Chapter 4-6)
2. The level of exposure, type and duration (read more about this in Chapter 4-6)
3. The circumstances associated with the job (read more about technical aids, working methods, organisation of the workplace and quantities in Chapter 7) 4. The conclusions of occupational medical examinations (read more about
this in Chapter 3)
5. Threshold values (read more about this in Chapter 6.5)
6. Information from the supplier (read more about this in Chapter 6.2).
CHEMICALS
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?
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with the safety representative. You are responsible for providing instruction on
ZWS^fZZSlSdVeS`VfZWdWeba`e[T^WgeWaXUZW_[US^e 3eSegbWdh[eadfZ[e[`efdgU -tor booklet can help you find this information.
The person doing the work is required to follow instructions and must have seen the film ”CHEMICALS. Take care of yourself and others - from knowledge to practice” and have been told about the relevant section in this booklet before starting to use dangerous chemicals. The master or supervisor is responsible for ensuring this is done and that it can be documented.
The safety organisation is responsible for checking that chemicals are only used for work processes and methods where there is effective protection against ac-cidents and disease. The safety organisation must also assist in drawing up risk assessments.
CHEMICALS
When planning work and providing instruction, you must have learned about the risks of using a chemical and the planning how to deal with the risks. This includes the
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tools, personal protective equipment, first aid packs and barriers.
Ensure that the people doing the work have been properly instructed and know
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for the chemicals to be used and the risk assessment for the job itself to ensure that work is done safe and healthy in the short and long-term.
CHEMICALS WHO IS RESPONSIBLE? SUMMARY sUIFDPNQBOZBOENBTUFSIBWFPWFSBMMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ sJOQSBDUJDFJUJTUIFTVQFSWJTPSXIPJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSJOTUSVDUJPOUSBJOJOH sTVQFSWJTPSTTIPVMEXPSLXJUIBIFBMUIBOETBGFUZSFQSFTFOUBUJWFXIFOESBXJOH up a risk assessment
People doing the work must be aware of the dangers to health, the technical measurement against these, how to use personal protective equipment, and what to do if there is an accident.
CHEMICALS
4.
What are the risks?
4.1 Short- and long-term effects
Different chemicals have different harmful effects. Injury can be immediate (short-term effects) or may arise after a long time or repeated use (long-(short-term effects).
Short-term effects can lead to occupational accidents, such as getting caustic cleaners in the eyes. Caustic burns to the eyes require treatment and the person will not be able to work before the cornea has healed again. This can affect eye-sight or in the worst instance, cause blindness. Poisoning from inhaling poisonous chemicals can cause loss of consciousness and in the worst case, death.
Short-term effects may be:
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Long-term effects may be:
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sEBNBHFUPPUIFSPSHBOTTVDIBTMJWFSPSLJEOFZT WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
CHEMICALS
Long-term effects can lead to occupational disease such as: skin contact - allergic
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This is why it is important to prevent possible accidents and long-term damage to health.
4.2 Occupational diseases
Allergy or hypersensitivity can be hereditary and congenital but can also be the result of exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
We know that the following substances increase the risk of allergic reactions:
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If you have become allergic to a substance, subsequent contact with it can cause
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cause constant itching.
CHEMICALS
4.2.1 Eczema
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cleaners since using cleaning agents with wet skin dissolves the outer protective layer of fat in the skin. The skin barrier can then not repair itself before it is
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as between the fingers or the back of the hand.
4.2.2 Occupational asthma
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especially inhaling isocyanates can lead to asthma. In some cases, the only symptom can be a persistent dry cough. Asthma is characterised by making the airways highly sensitive so that even modest external irritation causes narrowing of the airways which is felt as shortness of breath. It can be difficult to make a diagnosis since the symptoms vary and there may be times when the patient feels well. Occupational asthma is typically felt when using substances to which you are hypersensitive but it can appear after stopping work, for example at night when you have lain down to sleep.
4.2.3 Acute bronchitis
Acute bronchitis can be caused by inhaling irritant dust, gases and vapours, for example vapours from solvents. Chronic bronchitis often presents as acute bronchitis and a mucous-producing cough. Concentrated, long-term exposure to dust and smoke in the working environment can contribute to the development of chronic bronchitis. Welding is an example of a work process that can cause acute bronchitis and lead to chronic bronchitis.
4.2.4 Cancer
One of the most serious occupational diseases that can be due to exposure to chemicals is cancer (including lung cancer). Cancer caused by chemicals is a complicated process with many stages and it normally takes a decade from exposure to the carcinogenic substance until formation of a tumour. This latency also means that many carcinogens have been used for years without their harmful effects being known.
CHEMICALS
The less exposure to a carcinogen, the smaller the risk of getting cancer but you cannot be certain that, as for other effects of chemical substances, there is a lower threshold for the effect. This is why there are specially strict rules (closed systems) for handling carcinogenic substances.
.
4.2.5 Ability to have healthy children
Some chemical substances are known to cause reproductive damage; that is they reduce the ability to have healthy children. This may be due to the fact that:
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development of a woman’s eggs.
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lead to abortion, deformities or disease in a child or even a grandchild since a girl’s egg cells are formed while still in the mother’s womb, and it is these that will eventually become a baby.
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cause reproductive damage during pregnancy.
4.2.6 Brain damage
There are also substances that can damage the nervous system, including the nerves in the brain (brain damage). Such occupational diseases are primarily caused by organic solvents. These are for instance in paint and thinners. The symptoms of brain damage include loss of memory/concentration and emotional/ personality changes. Brain damage may be compared to dementia and is naturally a highly unpleasant disease that in severe cases can mean inability to work. In many cases, chemical substances that cause long-term damage have several of the above effects.
Diseases that are assumed to be occupational must be reported to your own family doctor and an occupational health examination may be needed.
WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
It takes a long time, generally years or several decades from someone being exposed to a carcinogen until cancer appears.
CHEMICALS
4.3 Occupational medical examination
Occupational medical examinations are to prevent and fight occupational health diseases.
The Danish Maritime Authority can decide whether occupational medical examinations should be made or offered. They are carried out at occupational health clinics or by similar medical personnel. The results of an occupational medical examination are sent to the Danish Maritime Authority and must not be given to the shipowner.
If it is felt that personnel may risk exposure to carcinogens, they must have the right to have an occupational medical examination before employment and at least once every three years thereafter. This would be the case if working with carcino-genic substances being carried on chemical or product tankers.
Occupational medical examinations are thus not the same thing as the medical certificate drawn up by the Danish Maritime Authority carried out every second year by a doctor. The doctor or seaman’s GP can refer personnel for an occu-pational medical examination. You can read more about occuoccu-pational medical examinations in ”Danish Maritime Authority Notices A”, Chapter IX A. WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
CHEMICALS
WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
SUMMARY
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CHEMICALS HOW ARE CHEMICALS ABSORBED?
5.
How are chemicals absorbed?
5.1 Skin
The outer layer of the skin (skin barrier) provides protection against chemicals. In any case when it is unbroken and well cared for. The skin can repair itself and it takes about four weeks for new skin to form. The outer protective (stratum cornea) layer consists of the epidermal cells and various fat cells.
The amount of chemicals absorbed depends on:
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with oil in the engine room must be changed as soon as possible
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FZWe][`’s temperature and pH (normally 5.5).
The more moisture in the outer layer (epidermis) and the higher the temperature, the greater the absorption. This is why one of the most important reasons for
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of extreme pH (acidic/alkaline).
Some substances can be absorbed through intact, healthy skin. You can see which substances these are in the “Threshold Limit Values List” from the Danish Working Environment Authority, where they are marked with ‘H’. Compromised, damaged skin means that substances that are not normally absorbed can be easily absorbed by the skin
Open wounds or other skin damage also increase skin absorption. So it is also important to protect the skin when working in the cold and heat and doing work that can cause wear and tear and puncture wounds.
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
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and in the worst case, inability to work. This not only affects the individual but also the employer and may be very costly for society.
5.2 Airways
During breathing, air passes through the nose or mouth, down the throat and oesophagus and into the bronchia which lead to the lungs.
In the lungs, oxygen replaces carbon dioxide in the blood. Contaminants in the air can also be exchanged and circulate in the blood to the various organs, such as the brain (for organic solvents). If you were to spread out the lungs, they would cover an area of about 75 m2 and thus form an extensive and volatile interface
with the surrounding environment. For comparison, the surface of the skin is about 1.5-2 m2.
We ventilate the lungs with about 5-10 litres of air per minute at rest and up to 100 litres during hard physical work. So it is especially important to protect your-self against inhaling chemicals.
Clean air is absolutely essential for your present and future good health. The more you know about the air pollution that can endanger your lungs and respira-tory system, the better you can protect yourself. Just because the air looks clean does not mean there is no danger. Many air pollutants are invisible and the body’s natural defence mechanisms cannot always cope with the level and types of air
The following duties aboard give the greatest risk of skin diseases:
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of prolonged wet work
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additives that cause allergy
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and isocyanate can lead to allergic contact eczema.
CHEMICALS
SUMMARY
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CHEMICALS WHEN IS SOMETHING DANGEROUS?
6.
When is something dangerous?
There are three ways that dangerous chemical substances and materials can appear in the working environment:
1. They are bought for use aboard the ship, e.g. cleaning agents, oils, water treat-ment chemicals and paint and more exotic things such as welding electrodes and gas in cylinders
2. They are transported in the hold and exposed during unloading, loading, tank cleaning and ventilation
3. Substances developed during the work processes, such as welding, exhaust gases, aerosols and testing injectors or using pressure washers.
Chemicals (substances and mixtures) are regarded as dangerous when:
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referred to immediately above and which are classified in accordance with rules of the Danish Ministry of the Environment
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listed on the Danish Working Environment Authority’s Threshold Value List or appendices to it. This includes substances considered carcinogens, solvents, epoxy and isocyanates
CHEMICALS
WHEN IS SOMETHING DANGEROUS?
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toxicological properties and the way they are used and arise aboard the ship, can be a risk to health and safety.
Spraying and pressure washing gives a heavy load of aerosols (droplets) and vapour. Aerosols have a very large evaporation surface and accordingly, a high vapour load. Further, droplets can be inhaled deep into the lungs because of their
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SUMMARY
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CHEMICALS WHERE CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS?
7.
Where can you learn
about individual chemicals?
Chemicals can be many things, such as paint, degreasers, cleaning agents, oil and additives.
Written details of all of these on the ship must be available: Safety Data Sheets, labels and Workplace Instruction. Paint and cleaning agents for painting must have code numbers. The written details indicate the harmful effects and how to protect yourself against them.
When protecting yourself against chemicals, it is important to think how they get into the body and cause damage to health.
When using chemicals, you can come into contact with them in different ways:
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contact or by your clothes being contaminated with the chemical
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via dirty fingers.
Before starting to use a chemical, you need to learn about it.
Consider all the above risks when deciding how to organize the workplace, the methods or the protective equipment to be used.
CHEMICALS
WHERE CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS?
The four most important sources of information are:
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Details of the products used aboard must be kept for ten years.
7.1 Hazard labelling
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pictograms that resemble those you may know from carrying dangerous goods: A diamond shape in white with a red edge and a pictogram.
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be marked as a local irritant with risk statement “R43 May cause sensitisation by skin contact” or an exclamation mark and the word ‘Warning’ and statement “H317 May cause an allergic skin reaction”.
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marked “Damaging to health”, with risk statement “R42 Can cause sensitisation by inhalation” or “Chronic
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statement “H334 May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled”.
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CHEMICALS
7.2 Safety Data Sheet, where can you read what?
Safety Data Sheets must accompany all dangerous chemicals purchased for use aboard. The Safety Data Sheet consists of 16 sections which also describe how dangerous a chemical is, for example whether it is dangerous to inhale or get on the skin and the safety precautions for when using the product. Be aware that most products have a Safety Data Sheet and a product data sheet. A product’s data sheet only has details of the technical data for the product such as mixing proportions, curing (hardening) time for 2 component products, etc.
Your purchasing department should ensure that suppliers provide Safety Data Sheets for all chemical products aboard, including those that are not directly
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long-term. Most suppliers have Safety Data Sheets for all their products.
A few considerations for some sections on the Safety Data Sheet:
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see whether the substances are classified and labelled, whether there is a
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The Product Data Sheet should not be confused with the mandatory 16 point Safety Data Sheet.
CHEMICALS
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extraction is required for example and what personal protective equipment you will need.
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in section 11.
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labelled, whether there are restrictions to use, requirements for special training, etc.
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CHEMICALS
The Safety Data Sheet must be available aboard and the information in it must
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workplace. It is also important for the Safety Data Sheet to be accessible in the event of questions, spillage, accidents or the like and so it can be taken to the doctor if medical problems arise at work.
The Safety Data Sheet is not easy to read and therefore it cannot be used as directions for how to work at individual workplaces aboard. This is why there is a requirement for Workplace Instruction.
A Safety Data Sheet for example for diesel oil does not state the precautions you need to take to avoid symptoms or getting ill from cleaning in the engine room but this must be stated in the Workplace Instruction.
7.3 Workplace Instruction for chemicals
(hazards and precautions in the workplace)
Ship’s management, or you as the supervisor, are required to draw up Workplace Instruction and to give the specific precautions to be taken when working properly with the chemical specifically aboard your ship. Workplace Instruction are drawn up using relevant data from the Safety Data Sheet and are an addendum to it.
Workplace Instruction must be in Danish and if another language is used as the working language, in that too. Workplace Instruction must be easy to understand for personnel.
7.3.1 The most important points in Workplace Instruction
For the people handling the chemicals concerned, the most important points in the Workplace Instruction are:
Correctly completed Workplace Instruction contain information about the precautions and protective equipment needed to use hazardous chemicals (i.e. precautions and protection matched to how a chemical is used aboard).
CHEMICALS
What dangers to health does the product have? This important information is placed at the beginning of the Workplace Instruction to motivate personnel to use technical measures in the workplace and any personal protective equipment required. There is also information on whether the chemical contains organic solvents or carcinogens which is not necessarily stated in the Safety Data Sheet.
6WfS[^eaXthe technical measures and personal protection are given in the sec-tions on “Handling and storage” and “Exposure control and personal protective equipment” which can be found at the end of the Workplace Instruction. Workplace Instruction should be used as written instructions before you start using a chemical. Workplace Instruction must be easily available to the person-nel using the chemical. This means that the Workplace Instruction must either be printed or must be available electronically for everyone who will be using the chemical.
7.4 Code numbers
Paint, glue, fillers, cleaning agents and the like used in painting must have code numbers. The code number system provides an easy, manageable way to see how dangerous a chemical is on contact with the skin or if inhaled.
Note that the code number rules are Danish and not internationally regulation. If buying paint abroad, it is not certain that details of the product’s code number will be available but the Danish rules still apply.
The code number indicates the safety precautions you should take when using the product - including such technical measures as ventilation and the personal protective equipment to be used, in different work situations.
The figure before the hyphen identifies the safety precautions needed to prevent vapour from being inhaled.
The code number consists of two figures connected with a hyphen.
CHEMICALS
The figure before the hyphen ranges from 00 to 5, with 5 as the most dangerous
00- and 0- are typical for water-based products
1- could for example be odour-free paraffin
2- or 3- would typically be turpentine-based products
4- xylene-based products for exterior painting
5- concentrated hydrochloric acid, epoxy products or chlorinated solvents. The figure after the hyphen indicates the safety precautions to be taken to avoid contact with the skin and eyes and against swallowing a chemical, for example when smoking and eating without having washed hands. Safety precautions must, if the paint is being sprayed, provide protection against direct contact with spray mist for the skin, eyes and lungs.
The figure after the hyphen ranges from 1 to 6, with 6 as the most dangerous
1 is for water-based products
2 is for local irritating products
3 and 4 are corrosive
5 is for products causing allergy, e.g. epoxy and isocyanate products
6 is for toxic or carcinogenic products.
What does the “1993” after the code number mean? Legislation requires the code number to include a year. The code number actually has to conform to the enabling Order and the year shows the year of the Order. The last Order was from 1993.
Indoor painting requires the “product selection table” on the code number table chart which also indicates that for normal diseases and functionality requirements, water-based paint should be used. When painting indoors, ventilation must be established if the schedule says so. The table chart on p. 2 gives the personal
WHERE CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS?
In 1997, the Danish Maritime Authority drew up a code number table chart as guidance on the rules for code numbered products. The schedule is designed to be posted in the paint shop.
CHEMICALS
using different types of paint and different work scenarios. The rules are given in “Danish Maritime Authority Notices A”, Chapter II B.
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products when possible naturally also applies. However, it is easier to see here which are the most dangerous and the law says you should always choose a product with the lowest code number if there are no technical or financial reasons for doing otherwise.
When it comes to 2 component products, use the code number for the mixed product.
7.5 Threshold limit values (TLV)
The Danish Working Environment Authority has set threshold limit values (TLV) for the most common pollutants (dust/aerosols and gases/vapour). The Danish Maritime Authority has determined in Notices “A”, ChapterIA on working practices that these should also apply aboard Danish flagged vessels. The TLV are set taking into account health issues and what is financially/techni-cally possible. So you may see that some of these are reduced over the years. In addition to the requirement to comply with the TLV, there is also a require-ment to avoid unnecessary exposure and that the concentrations of air pollutants should be as low as possible.
The TLV are the maximum average concentrations permissible over an eight hour working day. For short-term jobs, for example, personnel may be exposed to maximum twice the TLV for in maximum of 15 minutes for substances without a maximum limit (L). TLV for vapours are set as “ppm” (parts per million) and for
If technical measures have been introduced that make it possible to use less per-sonal protective equipment or possibly completely eliminate it, this is much better and in such cases, you can change the stated protective equipment. This might for example be local extraction in the paint shop that makes respirators unneces-sary when mixing and cleaning tools.
CHEMICALS
In addition to the “L” (maximum limit) figure, substances in the list may have an ”H”, indicating that they can be absorbed through the skin, and ”K” for substances regarded as carcinogenic. TLV are set for substances individually but it is rare to only be exposed to a single substance and so total contamination exposure should be calculated as the additive effect of contaminants.
You can find the TLV in the “Health and Safety at Sea” (software) under “Further information/chemicals”.
7.6 Exposure scenarios
In addition to a Safety Data Sheet, the manufacturer/supplier must in certain circumstances provide one or more exposure scenarios for chemicals. Whether you get exposure scenarios depends on how much the manufacturer produces and how dangerous the contents are.
It is important to check whether the use of the chemical recommended by the manufacturer also matches the use you have set up for it. If it does not, you are required to notify this to the manufacturer/supplier so you can get a new exposure scenario that covers how you use it.
7.7 Managing chemicals aboard
The “Health and Safety at Sea” (software) gives you a tool to make it easier to register chemical products aboard and draw up Workplace Instruction. It also forms part of the company’s overall system for supervision and
management of chemicals aboard.
The right way to manage chemicals aboard and in company properly starts with an overview of the products that are aboard and where they are located. Have a clear out and dispose of any products that are no longer used or where the packaging and/or wording is damaged. All products are registered by the company and the company sets up a positive list of all the products that can continue to be used on
CHEMICALS
The software provides this list after registration. All Danish shipowners can report the chemicals they use aboard their vessels to Seahealth Denmark. The com-pany’s whitelist is therefore a list of the chemicals used aboard and approved by the company.
It is also possible to register other chemicals found in the chemicals database that have been reported by other companies and you can set up chemicals yourselves.
Brief review of registering and updating chemicals on the list:
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chemicals database.
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the Safety Data Sheet to the chemicals portal on the Seahealth Denmark website.
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the chemicals database if it complies with Danish legislation.
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the quality assurance process at Seahealth Denmark.
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the chemicals portal at the www.seachemistry.dk website. WHERE CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS?
CHEMICALS
Suppliers can file updated Safety Data Sheets for pre-existing products for quality assurance.
7.7.1 Workplace Instruction
Enter vessel-specific data for Workplace Instruction in the “Work area” module in the “Health and Safety at Sea” (software). The information will then appear in the Workplace Instruction for each individual chemical. There is the option of adding vessel-specific remarks at the vessel level, at the area level or for individual chemi-cals. The emphasis in this program is more on technical measures, for example use of ventilation/extraction instead of respirators. The program uses the vessel and product data to generate Workplace Instruction.
Workplace Instruction contain important information that personnel should always be able to access. It is sufficient if everyone using products has access to the program, but if they are not all familiar with the program, instructions must be printed out and placed close to where the chemicals are used.
7.7.2 Products you set up yourselves
When setting up chemicals that are not in the chemicals database, you must also
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When setting up a product aboard yourself, you will be asked first to check whether the chemical is already in the chemicals database. We have introduced a guide to take you through the setup process.
The guide does not always ensure that chemicals are set up correctly, or that they are associated with a Safety Data Sheet and that it is legal to use them. So it is important that you send the product data back to the company for inclusion in the chemicals database if it is to be used more than once. Products you set up yourselves are numbered consecutively from 100,001.
7.7.3 Personal protection
A personal protection schedule is a simple, easy way of finding out about any WHERE CAN YOU LEARN ABOUT INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS?
CHEMICALS
sets up a personal protection schedule but in some cases, it may be an advantage to add more or enhanced protection. This might for example be that you carry out work using local ventilation and therefore have no need for a respirator. The per-sonal protection you add to the schedule is transferred to Workplace Instruction. You can print out a personal protection schedule for all the chemicals at a storage location and should post it there.
7.7.4 Substitution
The criteria for inclusion of products in the database are that they have been reported by a shipowner and that products comply with current Danish legisla-tion. But the products included in the database are not necessarily the most environmentally friendly.
To make a start on substituting the most dangerous chemicals, we have marked
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of carcinogens and certain environmental substances and those that disrupt hormones. These are marked with a warning triangle in the program. Where possible and where the same manufacturer/supplier has been able to provide
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Data (Safety Data Sheets) are kept for at least 10 years in the chemicals database so if you are already using chemicals that are registered in the chemicals database, Seahealth Denmark will be able to trace these data back in time, for example if documentation is required in the event of an occupational disease.
CHEMICALS SUMMARY sXIFSFBOEIPXEPZPVDPNFJODPOUBDUXJUIDIFNJDBMT sIPXDBOZPVMFBSOBCPVUDIFNJDBMT IB[BSEMBCFM4BGFUZ%BUB4IFFU 8PSLQMBDF*OTUSVDUJPOBOEQPTTJCMZDPEFOVNCFST sIB[BSETZNCPMTBOEQJDUPHSBNT sXIBUJTUIFEJGGFSFODFCFUXFFO4BGFUZ%BUB4IFFUTBOE8PSLQMBDF *OTUSVDUJPOTBOEXIPTIPVMEIBWFUIJTJOGPSNBUJPO sHFUDIFNJDBMTVTFEBCPBSEVOEFSDPOUSPMVTJOH4FBIFBMUI%FONBSLT
CHEMICALS HOW CAN YOU PREVENT INJURIES HAPPENING?
8.
How can you prevent injuries
happening?
8.1 General
Start by planning work thoroughly and involve the ship’s safety organisation in selecting chemicals and drawing up risk assessments.
The first consideration is whether dangerous chemicals should actually be used. Could they be replaced with something less dangerous or harmless? Could you use smaller quantities, fewer chemicals or a better way of working? A better way of working could for example be not to pre-heat chemicals or not use high pres-sure to spread contamination as aerosols or dust from sweeping.
When planning, it is important to include all parts of the work process, including inspections and cleaning, loading/internal transport of chemicals, waste disposal and precautionary rules for spillage or accidents in general.
You must clarify in advance how work is to be done, what aids are to be used, where it should be done and who is to do it. You address all this by doing a risk assessment or by reviewing the risk assessment that has already been drawn up for the job and seeing that everything fits.
8.1.1 The principles of prevention
The principles of prevention are based on using elimination or substitution rather than wholly or partially closed systems. This means that when considering the effects of prevention, you should use the below in this order.
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the risk of contact with chemicals.
8.1.2 Collective preventative methods
Substi-CHEMICALS PERSONLIGE VÆRNEMIDLER ELIMINATION OR SUBSTITUTION WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY CLOSED SYSTEMS LOCAL EXTRACTION ENCAPSULATING A WORK PROCESS WORKS BEST IN CONJUNCTION WITH LOCAL EXTRACTION
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Consider using mechanical cleaning instead of using degreaser.
Use water-based paint instead of oil-based paint (containing turpentine - organic solvent).
Chemical dosing using pumps and pipes instead of manual transfer (pouring).
Degreasing in an ultrasonic bath (with a closable lid in operation).
Containers fitted with hand pumps to ensure correct dosage help prevent spillage and make pouring from heavy, unwieldy barrels unnecessary.
Detergents for large washing machines and dishwashers automatically dosed so detergent does not have to be added manually each time.
Detergents can either be liquid or paste in cartridges placed in the dosing system. Carboys must be made fast so they do not tip over.
Ventilation, local or point extraction removes contaminants in the air such as vapour, dust, smoke or aerosols.
Encapsulating the area from which air is extracted requires less suction power to remove contaminants.
Use the correct protective gloves, safety glasses, respirators, protective suits, etc.
CHEMICALS
methods, since they not only protect the person using the chemical but also those
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8.1.3 individual prevention
Prevention using personal protective equipment is called individual prevention, since it only protects the person directly using the chemical. Personal protection equipment can also be unpleasant to wear for lengthy periods.
8.2 Substitution
The best prevention is naturally to avoid harmful chemicals. They should only be used when absolutely necessary and the least harmful chemicals should be used insofar as possible. When making an assessment, you should naturally look at the work processes as a whole and not just at the dangers of chemicals. This means that quantities, any pre-heating, working methods and durability should also be included in your assessment. When assessing work processes, you should look at the risk associated with using chemicals; i.e. the likelihood of using, or contact with, the chemical having harmful effects (probability and consequences).
Can you make a substitution aboard or is it the company that decides centrally which chemicals should be used? What happens in your company? In many cases, the company lays down the use of certain chemicals, for example paint to provide a guarantee for maintenance. In fact, there is a legal requirement in “Danish Maritime Authority Notices A” Chapter XI Rule 4.5.5 and Rule 4.13, that the safety organisation aboard should be consulted when purchasing chemicals.
The risk is thus a function of the dangerous properties of the chemical and exposure issues while the chemical is being used.
CHEMICALS
Use the fewest possible chemicals. This means routinely clearing up and when buying new ones, disposing of the old. Having few chemicals provides a better overview and makes it easier to register and maintain data.
CHEMICALS HOW CAN YOU PREVENT INJURIES HAPPENING?
Reduction/substitution of chemicals
Preliminary reduction/ substitution Is the area of application known? Is the product still used? Is the product hazardous?Is there a Safety Data Sheet for the product?
Final reduction/ substitution process
Check one area of application at a time
Discard the most hazardous products
Products containing e.g. carcinogenic substances
List of approved products
Can Safety Data Sheet be obtained? Discard the product
YES NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES
CHEMICALS
At least once a year, the chemicals aboard should be reviewed so as to cut the number of products and dispose of products that are no longer necessary or used. Where possible, avoid the use of chlorinated solvents (used for cleaning dirty machinery/parts) and products containing a lot aromatic hydrocarbons (xylene, toluene in exterior paint). Instead, use products with as high a boiling point and flashpoint as possible. In so doing, you will be using products that evaporate more slowly. It is also a good idea to replace chemicals with products with a lower
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Harmful, Irritant in declining order of danger.
It is also possible to use the least dangerous cleaning agents. In the first instance,
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can be a good solution (if you buy cleaning agents in Scandinavia) because they do not contain substances on the EU list of substances that cause hormonal problems, perfumes that cause allergy or preservatives.
In ”Health and Safety at Sea” there is a tool that can help you make a start on replacing the most dangerous with less dangerous chemicals, see Sec. 7.7. If two products have the same code number, you will need to use other
informa-f[a`faVWfWd_[`WiZ[UZ[efZW^WSefZSd_Xg^ FZ[e_WS`eD[e]ad:SlSdVefSfW -ments and details of these substances contained in the product. See Sec. 2.1 on
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8.3 Technical measures
Technical measures include automation, closed systems, ventilation, local extrac-tion and encapsulaextrac-tion.
When using chemicals that evaporate or atomise (incl. aerosols), there must at the very least be local extraction in fixed workplaces. Local extraction works best when the extraction space is limited as much as possible by encapsulation. If a work process requires pre-heating, spraying or the like, local extraction may often also be necessary.
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A portable extraction unit can be used for temporary workplaces.
Local extraction should in most cases be supplemented with ordinary ventilation of the room to provide sufficient air turnover and remove the contamination that is not directly removed by the local extraction. For local extraction, please see Seahealth Denmark’s sector guidance on local extraction.
Ventilation equipment must be equipped with an operation indicator, so you can check that it is working. It is also important for the ventilation system to be regularly maintained by checking and cleaning it, including the replacement of any filters.
There are strict rules for using chemicals that contain substances regarded as carcinogens. These must basically be used in enclosed systems where technically possible.
The choice of working methods and tools also has a major impact on the level of exposure. Pre-heating or the use of high pressures can cause much greater exposure or possibly the use of tools for example a good mop for cleaning reduces exposure to direct contact with chemicals.
HOW CAN YOU PREVENT INJURIES HAPPENING?
CHEMICALS
8.4 Organising work
Organising work may for example include:
eWff[`YgbiSd`[`YS`VeSXWfke[Y`e[`fZWiad]b^SUW eWbSdSf[`YfZWiad]b^SUWXda_afZWdiad]b^SUWe bdah[V[`YebWU[S^[`efdgUf[a` SXfWdSeb[^^a`^kS^^ai[`YSUUWeeXadfZWbWdea``W^dWcg[dWVfaU^WSdgb the workplace bdah[e[a`aXebWU[S^fdS[`[`Y ^[_[f[`Yd[e]efaS`STea^gfW_[`[_g_S`VW`egd[`YfZ[e[e`afSefWSVkefSfW
for individual personnel, for example by limiting the time spent on a job.
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8.5 Individual prevention - personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment is an emergency solution but it can be necessary to use equipment when working at a temporary workplace, for example when paint-ing and removpaint-ing rust. When degreaspaint-ing uspaint-ing solvents or diesel oil, extraction should be so effective that respiratory equipment is not required.
Gloves protect the skin and are usually required when using chemicals. The same applies for face masks or safety glasses since getting chemicals in the eyes can have major consequences.
You can read more about functionality, use of chemicals, and replacing or main-taining personal protective equipment in the next section.
8.6 Hygiene
Avoid eating or smoking with chemicals on the fingers or in contaminated air. Avoid getting chemicals on the skin. Use work methods that limit skin contact and always use gloves (e.g. long-handled paint rollers, application using a brush rather than a cloth, limit the use of spray cans, for example cleaning agents).
Wash hands often and always before and after going to the toilet in order to pro-tect your more “private parts” from getting in touch with chemicals. The difference between the skin thickness on the hands and the male scrotum is about 1:100. Special work clothing must be provided if there is a risk of getting chemicals on clothing. If the special work clothing gets soaked in chemicals, it should be changed immediately. Never walk around with contaminated cloths or cotton waste, etc., in your pocket.
Take a bath or wash thoroughly after work or if you have got chemicals on your unprotected skin, or for example on gloves that cannot protect you for the time it takes to finish work.
Clean your hands thoroughly. If you use substances that are insoluble in water, you may need to clean your hands before washing them with soap and water. Use a hand cleanser without solvents and abrasives. Vegetable oil such as grape seed HOW CAN YOU PREVENT INJURIES HAPPENING?
CHEMICALS
oil or soya oil is a mild and effective cleaner. It also makes the skin soft, flexible and less affected by dirt.
Use a mild soap for hand washing and then a good thick skincare cream. Remember that the cream should have no perfume, preservatives or parabens (hormone disruptant). SUMMARY sQMBOXPSLCZTFMFDUJOHDIFNJDBMTBOENBLJOHBSJTLBTTFTTNFOU sBDUQSFWFOUBUJWFMZnTUBSUXJUITVCTUJUVUJPO sHFUBOPWFSWJFXDMFBSVQBOEVTFUIFGFXFTUQPTTJCMFEJGGFSFOUQSPEVDUT sVTFBQQSPQSJBUFUFDIOJDBMNFBTVSFTBOEBWPJEVOOFDFTTBSZFYQPTVSF sVTFQFSTPOBMQSPUFDUJPOXIFSFUFDIOJDBMNFBTVSFTBSFJOTVGGJDJFOUMZFGGFDUJWF HOW CAN YOU PREVENT INJURIES HAPPENING?
CHEMICALS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
9.
Personal protective equipment
9.1 Gloves
Gloves protect the hands against the effects of chemicals, cold, heat or wear and tear.
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with hard skin, blisters and possibly itching.
9.1.1 Choosing gloves
When choosing gloves, you need to check out various issues before deciding which type of glove to use:
IZSf[efZWY^ahWfabdafWUfSYS[`ef,UZW_[US^eUa^VZWSfadiWSdS`VfWSd1 EZag^VY^ahWeTWST^WfadWe[efbg`UfgdWeadfWSde1
EZag^VfZWkbdafWUffZWXadWSd_1
EZag^VfZWkbdah[VWSYaaVeWUgdWYd[ba`faa^eWcg[b_W`fWfU1
Roughly speaking, gloves can be divided into two groups: work gloves and chemi-cal gloves.
Chemical gloves are available in many materials, the most common being latex rubber, nitrile rubber and PVC. There are also more expensive gloves in butyl rubber, Viton and PVA. How well gloves resist a chemical depends very much on what they are made of.
Chemical gloves have to comply with standard EN 374-3 and carry a pictogram
It is important to know your glovesbreakthrough time for the chemical you are using and to change or bin the gloves within that time after getting the chemical on them.
CHEMICALS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The pictogram must be accompanied by three letters referring to three types of chemical for which the glove has achieved breakthrough times of over 30 minutes. The breakthrough time for gloves must also be given as an index, with 6 as the highest, corresponding to a breakthrough time of >480 mins.
EN 374-3 CHEMICALS
The pictogram shows that the glove is approved for resistance to chemical penetration.
Standard EN 374-1:2003 Annex A reports on further tests/trials showing that the glove can either provide simple or complete chemical protection. Complete chemical protection requires the glove to have been satisfactorily tested to Permeation Level 2 for at least three of the 12 chemicals shown for the glove to be marked with this pictogram.
The pictogram must be accompanied by a minimum of 3 code letters (A-L) showing which chemicals the glove has been tested and approved for. See example on p.72.
Code letter Chemical CAS No. Type
A Methanol 67-56-1 Primary alcohol B Acetone 67-64-1 Ketone
C Acetonitrile 75-05-8 Nitrile compound D Dichloromethane 75-09-2 Chlorinated paraffin E Carbon disulphide 75-15-0 Inorganic sulphur compound F Toluene 108-88-3 Aromatic hydrocarbon G Diethylamine 109-89-7 Amine
H Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 Cyclic ether compound I Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 Ester
J n-Heptane 142-85-5 Aliphatic hydrocarbon K Sodium hydroxide 40 % 1310-73-2 Inorganic base
L Sulphuric acid 96% 7664-93-9 Inorganic acid
Breakthrough time (Permeation) = the time it takes for a chemical to penetrate from the outside to the inside of the glove material. Breakthrough time is split into Levels 1-6: Level 1: >10 min. Level 2: >30 min. Level 3: >60 min. Level 4: >120 min. Level 5: >240 min. Level 6: >480 min.
CHEMICALS
The problem arises when products contain several different substances. Here, even small quantities of a substance that can break through a specific glove material could penetrate and take other substances through. This also applies to substances against which a glove might otherwise provide reasonably good protection.
The Safety Data Sheet shows which type of glove the chemical supplier re-commends for the product concerned.
Breakthrough time is calculated from the moment a glove is first in contact with the chemical. Many chemicals actually tend to keep on penetrating the glove even after you have stopped using the chemical. This is why gloves should be single-use in some work situations. In these cases, disposable gloves would be best.
For most work aboard a ship, ”4H” gloves or ”Silver-Shield” would be suitable. The 4H glove has 4-5 foil layers and is resistant to most chemicals, including epoxy products, most organic solvents and colouring and varnish products for a minimum of four hours.
However, the gloves are rather stiff and can therefore be difficult to work with. If you need to do so, a thin disposable latex or vinyl glove worn outside the 4H gives a better grip and better feel.
Nitrile gloves can also be used for oil products, many organic solvents and epoxy paints. When using oil products, the recommendation is also for neoprene, Viton
Glove suppliers can also obtain data on how long it takes for a chemical to break through the glove.
Barrier cream must not be used under or instead of gloves.
CHEMICALS
PVA gloves can also be used for many organic solvents but they do have a weak-ness - they cannot tolerate water.
9.1.2 Using gloves
It is important for gloves to be clean, dry, intact and to fit. So it is essential that there are facilities for drying gloves. Also remember to change gloves before the given breakthrough time has passed for the chemical you are using.
Depending on their lining material, chemical gloves may feel unpleasant and cold to wear. It helps to wear cotton gloves underneath. Cotton gloves also soak up sweat and prevent the skin from getting wetted and softened.
It is a good idea to make a poster showing the gloves that are available aboard and the tasks and chemicals they are designed for.
All in all, we recommend limiting contact between skin and chemicals as much as possible.
This also means that if you do get a chemical on the skin, you should wash it off as quickly as possible.
For this reason, you should also choose the least dangerous chemicals and use working methods and technical means for reducing contact.
"SFZPVVTJOHUIFSJHIUHMPWFTGPSUIFDIFNJDBMJOVTF )PXMPOHXJMMUIFZQSPUFDU ZPVJGZPVHFUTPNFDIFNJDBMPOUIFN
CHEMICALS
Take off gloves this way (1, 2, 3 ,4), in order to avoid chemicals on your skin.
CHEMICALS
9.2 Respiratory equipment
Respiratory equipment protects the lungs and the rest of the respiratory system against dust, liquid mists (aerosols/spray mist), vapour and gases.
Respiratory equipment should only be used when technical measures such as local extraction are unavailable.
When it is hot, it is almost unbearable to use respiratory equipment but if organic solvents are involved, this makes it even more essential since evaporation increa-ses as temperature riincrea-ses.
9.2.1 Filter systems
A filter mask may be a full face mask or a half mask with a replaceable filter. Filters protect against aerosols, dust (dust filter) and vapours or gases (gas filter). Filters can also be combined to protect against several things, such as dust and aerosols and vapours (combination filter). Filter masks filter out air but the wearer has to breathe through the filter.
Full face masks provide the best protection. It is easier to fit different shaped faces than a half mask. This means less risk of leaks around the mask. It filters the air while also protecting the eyes. But it also has disadvantages. It is heavier to wear and restricts vision more than other masks.
There are various types of respiratory equipment: Filter systems (including turbo equipment and filter masks) and respirator with air supply equipment.
CHEMICALS
Half masks are lighter and provide better vision than full face masks. On the other hand, there is the greater risk of leaks.
Finally, there are disposable face masks (paper masks) and the whole mask is binned when the filter has been used.
Turbo equipment draws air through a filter but the air comes from the conta-minated environment. Turbo equipment is a common designation for all respi-ratory equipment with filters where the user does not have to draw air from the surrounding environment through one or more filters. In turbo equipment, a fan helps air pass through the filter. There is no resistance to breathing for the user to overcome. Turbo equipment is available as full and half face masks, face shields, helmets and head tops. Since turbo equipment has batteries and an electric motor, it is important to know whether it is explosion proof if it is for use in areas where there is a risk of explosion.
9.2.2 Respirators with air supply
Respirators with air supply provide the best protection as the air comes from an uncontaminated source. This means the wearer is completely independent of the surrounding air.
The air for respirator with air supply comes from a compressor. The compressor intake must take air from where it is clean. This makes the wearer independent of the surrounding air.
Respirators with air supply can be used with full face masks, half masks, head tops and visors and provide protection against all types of contaminant. Respirators with air supply provide better protection than filter masks and turbo equipment. The air used in respirators with air supply must be clean. The law requires the air at the outlet to the respirator to be checked once a year.
There are standards (EN) for all the various types of respirator. An approved filter respirator will be marked EN149: 2001 and with the type, for example FFP2 (this refers to rules applying in the EU).
CHEMICALS
When choosing respirators, consider the following:
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contaminated air contain - dust, aerosols, vapours, gases or combinations?
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Always choose respirators with air supply in these cases:
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protection.
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example, volatile liquids such as acetone or substances that are poorly absorbed
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CHEMICALS
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Turbo equipment could possibly be a solution in such situations.
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beard or stubble, due to face shape or wearing glasses and turbo equipment is not being used to provide positive pressure (filter masks are available with an insert for glasses).
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when the filter has been used up and requires replacement.
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9.2.3 Using respiratory equipment
Remember that filter masks and turbo equipment provide no protection against a lack of oxygen. If there is, or can be, a lack of oxygen, there are special rules for safety precautions in addition to those applying to respirators. Not all respirators with air supply are suitable for such situations.
The air contaminant concentration must be reduced enough so that there is no danger of losing consciousness or poisoning if the mask has to be removed. This might for example be necessary if the air supply fails. Ventilation can be one way of reducing concentrations.
Instructions accompany all respiratory equipment with details on storage, cleaning, maintenance, etc. It is important to maintain masks by cleaning and storing them correctly. For example, you need to keep filters in an airtight pack when not in use, otherwise they may absorb vapour and gas during storage. This means for example that respirators and filters must not be kept in the paint shop.
It is important to train in correct use, including how to fit masks to individuals. For gas
Always use turbo equipment with positive pressure or a respirator with air supply if you have a beard or stubble since ordinary filter respirators do not fit closely.
CHEMICALS
that, they will leak through. Before this happens, you must switch to a new filter. Some suppliers should be able to calculate the probable service life if you can tell them the contaminant concentration and work load. Replace filters well before reaching the end of the calculated probable service life.
Changing the filter immediately you can smell the contaminant through the filter requires the chemical you are protecting yourself from to have an ’odour detection threshold’ that is less than the current threshold limit value or you should use a respirator with air supply
Respirators bought in the EU must be CE approved. Respirators bought outside the EU must be of equivalent quality. It is the whole system that must be approved.
9.3 Eye protection – face mask or safety glasses
Make it a habit to always use safety glasses when handling chemicals. You never know when an accident may happen and you get something in the eye. This can happen when transporting, pouring, opening, dosing the chemical that some ac-cidentally gets in your eye.
Eye protection must fit the wearer and can be comfortable to use. It must be secure without the side bars or headband pinching or being irksome.
Time limits on use:
Filter masks may at most be used for a total of 3 hours a day. If you can see that the job will take more than three hours, use turbo equipment or respirators with air supply from the start of the job.
Respirator swith air supply and turbo equipment must at most be used for a total of 6 hours a day. Suitable breaks must be included in the working day depending on the work load and how difficult it is to breathe.
Also remember to change the filter in filter masks.
CHEMICALS
There must be ventilation holes to allow the skin to breathe and to prevent the glasses from misting up. If airtight eye protection is required, it should be antimist treated.
If you are going to use several levels of protection at the same time, for example eye protection with helmet, hearing defenders, respirator or skin protection, take care not to reduce overall protection. Special equipment is available that combines several types of protection.
Eye protection must be sufficiently large and provide clear vision so you can work safely. If you wear glasses, there must be room for them in the eye protection. Eye protection with corrective lenses is also available.
If working with liquids that can burn or irritate the eyes, use safety glasses or even better, a face mask that fits closely so that nothing splashes up underneath it. The ventilation holes must then be covered.
9.4 Other personal protective equipment
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example from oil-soaked clothing rubbing against the skin on the front of the thighs or under the arms. This is where good hygiene is important, with frequent changes of work clothing and removal of oil. The Safety Data Sheet should indicate if skin should be protected elsewhere than on the hands. This might mean wearing an apron, boots or proper protective suit, for example.
In the next three chapters, you can read about paint, oil and cleaning agents and the special issues relating to use of such products. You may wish to only read the chapters that affect your duties aboard.
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CHEMICALS PAINT
10.
Paint
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including special hazards of epoxy and isocyanate
Painting aboard covers the following processes: Preparation, (cleaning surfaces), mixing, application and clearing up.
Preparation entails the use of various methods for removing old paintwork, such as:
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Paint is covered by the requirements for code numbers described in section 7.4. There are special requirements for paint (code numbers) for indoor use. Basically you shall use water based paint. The restrictions are laid down in the ”Product Selection Table” on the code number schedule and in “Danish Maritime Authority Notices A” Chapter II B.
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