Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels Workshop on biofuels and Land Use Change Sao Paulo November 2008

(1)

ENVIRONMENT LUC ASPECTS OF

BIOENERGY PRODUCTION IN ARGENTINA

Jorge Antonio Hilbert Jorge Antonio Hilbert

Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels

Workshop on biofuels and Land Use Change Sao Paulo 20-21 November 2008

(2)

is a public decentralized body subordinated to the

Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and

Food with operative and financial autarchy.

MISSION

““

”To carry out and foster actions addressing the innovation of

agricultural and livestock, agro-food and agro-industrial

sectors to contribute to the competitiveness of agro-industrial

chains, environmental health and sustainability of productive

systems, social equity and territorial development, through

research, technological development and extension”.

(2005-2015

Institutional Strategic Plan

)

(3)

NATIONAL STRUCTURE

• Central office B.A. • 15 Regionales centers • 47 Experimental stations • 4 Research centers • 13 Research institutes • 240 Extension units • 9 Innovation parks • INTA gropu members:

• Foundation ArgenINTA

Private company INTEA S.A 7300 EMPLOYEES

http://www.inta.gov.ar

(4)

Argentina production of grains grew 163% in 18 years. Prospective studies forecast a production of 122 M/tn in 2015

(5)

Biodiesel in Argentina

(6)

LAW 26093

“Regulation and promotion of sustainable biofuels

production and use

”

ARTICLE 7. –MANDATORY BLEND OF 5 % BIODIESEL AND BIOETHANOL IN GASOLINE AND DIESEL SOLD IN ARGENTINA FROM 2010

GENERATED DEMAND 650.000 tons of biodiesel

175.000 tons of bioethanol

LAW 26190

“National regime for the use of renewable energy

for the production of electric energy”

ARTICLE 2º — 8 % OF THE TOTAL ELECTRICITY MUST BE PROVIDES BY RENEWABLE SOURCES FRO2010

(7)

Particular

Particular way

way of

of production

production in Argentina

in Argentina

Extensive

Extensive crops

crops under

under no

no tillage

tillage farming

farming with

with

residue

residue coverage

coverage

Mean farmer: 350 ha - 500 ha Range: 150 a 15.000 ha Range: 150 a 15.000 ha Planting Pools Mean: 10.000 ha Range: 5.000 a 120.000 ha

(8)

No tillage growth in Argentina

20 25 30 35 S u rf ac e m ill io n s h s

Planting area (ha)

No till planting

24% 35% 59% 67% 72% 0 5 10 15 20 1987/1899 1999/2000 2002/2003 2004/2005 2006/2007 Year S u rf ac e m ill io n s h s

(9)

No till percentage

Sunflower 53%

_{Corn 76%}

Soybean 85%

Sorghum 70%

(10)

No till technolgy conservs energy

water resources and carbon in the

soils

Each mm. of usefull water gained

means:

18 a 24 kg/ha o corn

5 a 7 kg/ha of soy

5 a 7 kg/ha of soy beans

beans

(11)

INCREMENT IN SOIL CARBON THROUGH

NO TILLAGE PRACTICES IN ARGENTINA

WHEAT

WHEAT –

– SOY

SOY –

– MAIZE ROTATION

MAIZE ROTATION

(12)

Why?

Productive and environmental quality management

system in CA (QMS/CA)

GAP’s

AAPRESID THE NATIONAL PRIVATE ASOCIATION OF

NO TILLAGE FARMERS IS PROMOTING A NEW

CERTIFICATION PROCESS

Why?

Because there are scientific fundamentals that correlate soil

health indicator values with agronomical practices

Because there are distinctive advantages of Argentina´s type

of farming that must be proved and exported.

(13)

(14)

GAP 2: Crop rotations: Diversity and intensity

Argentina; Coronel Suarez (Bs As) Federico Roveda (2007)

(15)

(16)

GAP 4: Integrated pest, weed and disease management.

(17)

GAP 5: Monitoring and systematic register of

agronomic georefereced information

(18)

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

Intensive application of technology

Farmers knowledge share

History and experience

Presition agriculture

Since 1996 to2006 Argentina is responsable of 92 % of the

increment in vegetable oil world commerce, increasing

exports in 3,21 millon tones

(19)

PRESITION NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

N

N--Sensor

Sensor

Green Seeker Green Seeker _manual_manual

Green Seeker RT 200 Green Seeker RT 200

Green Seeker RT

(20)

Evolution

Evolution af

af presition

presition agriculture

agriculture components

components

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

Yield monitors

50

200

300

450

560

600 850 1300 1600 2500

3130

Yield monitors with

GPS

25

75

155

270

400

420

600 900 1300 2200

2750

Yield monitors with

no GPS

25

125

145

180

160

180

250

400

300

380 no GPS

25

125

145

180

160

180

250

400

300

380 Variable rate planters

VRT fertilizers

3

4

5

6

10

12

25

40

130

500

700 Planting monitors

400

500 700 1000 1300 1500 1800 2200 3000 4200

5100

Aeroplane GPS

parallel swathing

swathing

35

60

100

160

200

230

300

450

480

550

560 Spayers GPS parallel

swathing

0

10

70

200

400 500 2000 3000 4000 5000

5800

Automatic guidance

0

3

25

50

80 Nitrogen sensors

0

2

4

5

6

7

12

15

Date Presition agriculture project INTA

(21)

Example

Example: New multicrop technology soybean into corn or

: New multicrop technology soybean into corn or

sunflower rows

(22)

Corns at 1,05 meters

(23)

High

High tec

tec mature

mature farm

farm

machinery

machinery technology

technology

Development

Development of

of high

high level

level

employment

(24)

Recent

Recent local

local electronic

electronic developments

developments

Central

Central automathic

automathic control.

control.

Yield

Yield monitor

monitor with

with GPRS

GPRS

transfer of data

(25)

ECONOMY

Cost freigh distances

SOCIAL ASPECTS

working conditions

health and security

Susteinable

OUR PARTICULAR VIEW OF BIOENERGY

ECOLOGY

Sensible ecosystems soil water and air conservation

Susteinable

production

(26)

Land use in Argentina Total surface 279 millon ha.

Forest Native (30M) Monte (60M) Deforestation? Food Useless Land (55M) Mountains Protected areas (1.5M) Deforestation? (2 M) Food crops (30M) Pérdida de Biodiversidad? Mountains Deserts wetlands ice Monocultve or multile Crop rotations? Sustentabilidad?

Competence for wate ?

Pastures

(100M)(8M)

(27)

BIOENERGY NATIONAL

PROGRAM

(28)

Work

Work is

is focused

focused in

in the

the principal

principal

productive

productive chains

chains related

related with

with solid

solid,

,

gas and

gas and liquid

liquid energy

energy vectors

vectors in

in

gas and

gas and liquid

liquid energy

energy vectors

vectors in

in

accordance

accordance with

with sustainable

sustainable

development

development principles

principles

.

(29)

Secure

the supply of sustainable bioenergy

sources and services,

taking care and

supporting

sustainable development, national

energy security, poverty reduction, climate

change attenuation & environmental

equilibrium in all the national territory

(30)

PE:

Traditional crops for

bioenergy

production

..

Tool

Tool developmentdevelopment forfor a a sustainablesustainable growth

growth of of bioenergybioenergy productionproduction

PE:

Vegetable

strategic

resources with

energy

application

PE:

Generation &

development of

second and third

generation

biofuels

growth

growth of of bioenergybioenergy productionproduction from

(31)

Specific project

Vegetable strategic resources with energy application

The project initially is focused on technology development of

Jatropha:

Development of field agronomical management Jatropha. Molecular genetic improvement J. curcas L.

Ecofisiology J. curcas L.

Micro propagations development. Oil quality and biodiesel analysis.

(32)

Specífic project

Residues and traditional crops for bioenergy production

Energy balance, life cycle analysis LCA. Reference laboratory for

fuels homologation and efficiency studies.

Development of a Geographic Information System at a national level

considering crops and residues for bioenery purposes.

Development of particular crop study networks :

› Rape seed EEA Barrow

› Carthamus EEA Ascasubi

› Corn EEA Pergamino

› Topinambur EEA Manfredi

› Sugar beet EEA San Juan

› Panicum Virgatum EEA Anguil

› Sorghum EEA Manfredi

› Sugar cane EEA Famaillá

(33)

Crop national ATLAS

›

Climate and water Institute Lic. S. Carballo

Standards developments engine tests

›

Rural engineering institute, J. Smith

Production plants technological aspects INCAPE,

C. Querini

›

Cotton plant EEA Saenz Peña, R. Pepi

›

Cotton plant EEA Saenz Peña, R. Pepi

›

Canola, soybean biodiesel pilot plants under

construction EEA C. del Uruguay, O. Pozzolo

Alternative temperate crops (rapeseed – lino –

cartamo) for biodiesel.

›

EEA Barrow, L. Iriarte

(34)

Plants for bioenergy production Panicum

Virgatum

›

Nodo EEA Anguil, E. Petruzzi.

Ethanol lab production for corn genetic

improvement

›

EEA Pergamino, F. Borras

Sugar beet production

›

EEA San Juan

›

EEA San Juan

Sunflower oil studies

›

EEA Balcarce

(35)

Specífic project

Generation & development of second and third generation biofuels

The project is focused on the improvement of ethanol production from

cellulosic materials

:

Bacteria biodiversity studies using met genomic tools looking for cellulose

degradations. (ex rumen environment).

Evaluation of identified genes within different protein recombinant expression

(bacteria's, yeast Piccia pastoris,). Enzymes that can degrade cellulose and sugars (bacteria's, yeast Piccia pastoris,). Enzymes that can degrade cellulose and sugars table to be assimilate by alcohol yeast and bacteria are going to be pursue.

Escherichia coli improvement for optimizing ethanol production and other useful

products coming from sugars.

(36)

(37)

• GEF. New Delhi 2005 UNEP – STAP y GEF

• EU framework 7 Bs. As. y Méjico 2006 y 2007. • ONUDI Viena 2006.

• Parlatino San Pablo Bioenergy workshop 2006 • OLADE IICA FAO II Seminario Latinoamericano y

del Caribe de Biocombustibles El Salvador 2007 • Brazil Bioenergy, BR, Cuiaba Matto Grosso 2007. • London Argentina presentaction 2007.

Seminars,

expert

meetings

documents

& papers

• London Argentina presentaction 2007.

• COP 9 preparatory workshop Vilm Germany March 2008.

• Jatropha world congress Miami August 2008 • Biotop international meeting Sao Pablo

September 2008

& papers

international

activity

(38)

Documents

Documents production

production

Biocombustibles

Biocombustibles –– biodieselbiodiesel DocumentoDocumento conjuntoconjunto INTAINTA –– SADySSADyS –– SAGPyA

SAGPyA –– SECyTSECyT.. 0202//20062006,, 9898 págspágs.. Perspectivas

Perspectivas dede loslos biocombustiblesbiocombustibles enen ArgentinaArgentina yy enen BrasilBrasil IICAIICA –– SAGPyA

SAGPyA –– INTAINTA.. 1010//20052005,, 154154 págspágs.. The

The SocioSocio--EconomicaIEconomicaI ImpactsImpacts ofof LargeLarge--ScaleScale LandLand UseUse ChangeChange andand Export

Export--OrientedOriented BioBio--EnergyEnergy ProductionProduction inin ArgentinaArgentina QuantifyingQuantifying thethe Direct,

Direct, IndirectIndirect andand InducedInduced ImpactsImpacts ofof AgriculturalAgricultural IntensificationIntensification andand Direct,

Direct, IndirectIndirect andand InducedInduced ImpactsImpacts ofof AgriculturalAgricultural IntensificationIntensification andand Bio

Bio--energyenergy ProductionProduction withwith InputInput--OutputOutput AnalysisAnalysis.. BB.. WickeWicke UnivUniv.. Copernicus

Copernicus.. 0808//20062006 ..104104 págspágs.. Emerging

Emerging liquidliquid biofuelsbiofuels marketsmarkets.. AA dondedonde vava lala ArgentinaArgentina.. PP.. LamersLamers

Univ

Univ.. LundLund.. 0808//20062006,, 107107 págspágs..

(39)

Documents

Documents production

production

Biomass

Biomass energyenergy potentialpotential inin ArgentinaArgentina.. SS.. AsalAsal,, RR.. MarcusMarcus UnivUniv.. Dauphine,

Dauphine, ParisParis.. 1111//20052005 An

An analysisanalysis ofof thethe obstaclesobstacles toto thethe developmentdevelopment ofof aa sustainablesustainable biodiesel

biodiesel industryindustry inin ArgentinaArgentina.. SS.. AsalAsal,, RR.. MarcusMarcus UnivUniv.. Dauphine,Dauphine,

Paris

Paris.. 1212//20052005 Conclusiones

Conclusiones mesamesa dede trabajotrabajo “Producción,“Producción, SociedadSociedad yy TecnologíaTecnología enen el

el MERCOSUR”MERCOSUR” BiocombustiblesBiocombustibles TecnologíasTecnologías eficienteseficientes parapara lala producción

producción dede biocombustiblesbiocombustibles enen PYMEsPYMEs deldel MERCOSURMERCOSUR.. 20052005 Foro

Foro dede cultivoscultivos alternativosalternativos GeneraciónGeneración dede materiasmaterias primasprimas concon finesfines energéticos

energéticos documentodocumento síntesissíntesis dede conclusionesconclusiones INTAINTA –– SAGPyASAGPyA –– SECyT

SECyT –– IICAIICA.. 1010//20062006,, 2525 págspágs.. Prioridades

Prioridades enen investigacióninvestigación enen biocombustiblesbiocombustibles SECyTSECyT –– INTAINTA –– SAGPyA

SAGPyA.. 0808//20052005,, 2020 págspágs.. Recomendación

Recomendación institucionalinstitucional aa órganosórganos dede gobiernogobierno parapara proyectosproyectos dede biocombustibles

biocombustibles INTAINTA -- SAGPyASAGPyA –– SECyTSECyT.. 1111//20062006,, 33 págspágs..

(40)

Program

Program recent

recent actions

actions

Joint

Joint publicationpublication SE,SE, SAGPYASAGPYA yy FAOFAO WEB

WEB pagepage

http://www.inta.gov.ar/info/bioenergia/bio.htm

Network

Network withwith nationalnational biofuelbiofuel associationsassociations CARBIOCARBIO && AABHustiblesAABHustibles ++ SAGPYA

SAGPYA ++ ExportarExportar FoundationFoundation SustainabilitySustainability criteriacriteria iniciadoiniciado..

SAGPYA

SAGPYA ++ ExportarExportar FoundationFoundation SustainabilitySustainability criteriacriteria iniciadoiniciado.. Agrements

Agrements withinwithin PROCISURPROCISUR withwith BrasilBrasil Chile,Chile, UruguayUruguay BoliviaBolivia && Paraguay

Paraguay International

International bioenergybioenergy coursecourse Activities

Activities onon RSBRSB

(41)

Energy balance studies 2008

CULTIVOS CONSUMOS _MÍNIMOS

INGRESOS BALANCE

E Prod. E Subpr. VEN 1 VEN 2 RE 1 RE 2

Colza 17,31 35,00 25,37 17,69 43,06 2,02 3,49 Girasol Convenc. 18,72 35,00 20,00 16,28 36,28 1,87 2,94 Girasol SD 22,32 35,00 20,00 12,68 32,68 1,57 2,46 Girasol SD T.P. 20,42 35,00 20,00 14,58 34,58 1,71 2,69 Soja 1° Convenc. 22,32 35,00 81,75 12,68 94,43 1,57 5,23 Soja 1° SD 24,22 35,00 81,75 10,78 92,53 1,45 4,82 Soja 1° SD T.P. 18,02 35,00 81,75 16,98 98,73 1,94 6,48 Soja 2° SD 22,42 35,00 81,75 12,58 94,33 1,56 5,21 Maíz Convenc. M.H 15,27 22,50 3,34 7,23 10,57 1,47 1,69 Maíz Convenc. M.S 16,32 22,50 3,09 6,18 9,27 1,38 1,57 Maíz SD M.H 15,27 22,50 3,34 7,23 10,57 1,47 1,69 Maíz SD M.S 16,32 22,50 3,09 6,18 9,27 1,38 1,57 Maíz SD T.P. M.H 15,47 22,50 3,34 7,03 10,37 1,45 1,67 Maíz SD T.P. M.S 16,52 22,50 3,09 5,98 9,07 1,36 1,55 Sorgo Convenc. 14,18 22,50 3,65 8,32 11,97 1,59 1,84 Sorgo SD 15,48 22,50 3,65 7,02 10,67 1,45 1,69

Fuente: L Donato I Huerga IIR 2008

RE 1 Balance with out coproducts RE 2 Balance with coproducts

(42)

(43)

Wisdom FAO Argentina

(44)

(45)

There

There are

are logistical

logistical transport

transport and local

and local

production

challanges

challanges since

since territory

territory dimentions

dimentions and

and big

big

distances

(46)

Construction of a geographical bioenergy information system considering agronomical ecological economical and social aspects

Aim:

Multicriteria

Geographical analysis of potential biofuel

crops

ATLAS

Multicriteria

approach

Real

world

Data base

GIS

Users

(47)

Spatial study to define the potenti of

biofuels production

Step I

Regional bioclimatic maps

Water requirements

Temperature and radiation

List of potential crops for biofuelsbiofuels

Fotoperiod

Chill resistance – high temperatures

High medium and low potential areas are defined

Soil use capacity

(Mapa INTA escala 1:500.000)

(48)

Bioclimatic soybean aptitude output

(49)

Bioclimatic winter rapeseed aptitude output

(50)

(51)

Bioclimatic carthamus aptitude output

(52)

Soil classification capacity output

(53)

soil – climate intersection matrix No apto 89.700.000has Aptitud limitada a infraestructura de riego o drenaje 43.000.000has

Marginalmente apto a secano 5.600.000has Apto con limitaciones 22.500.000has Muy apto 39.500.000.000 has

(54)

(55)

Jatropha

Jatropha case study

case study

Figura 2: Mapa de aptitud

(56)

Tierras marginalmente aptas, que requieren enmiendas de suelo

155.000 has

Tierras aptas, limitadas por rindes o variedades 46.000 has

(57)

SUGAR CANE AREAS IN

ARGENTINA

(58)

WDPA

(NASA) _{(Federal ystem of}SIFAP protected areass) LEGAL AVAILABILITY

MAPA OF LEGAL AVAILABILITY

PROTECTED CATEGORIES UICN (I a VI) RECLASIFICATION:

I – II – III: 0 IV – V: 0,5

(59)

1- Spatial base selection

Wisdom FAO Argentina

3. Offer module 2. Demand module

Carbon and wood demand

-rural and domestic demand

-uso comercial e industrial Use of sood and

othe crops residues

Land use map Available biomass

- Natural and implanted forests - Forest industry resdues - Agroindustry residues

-Animal residues

Access (distance, proted areas) -Land digital model

--Trnsport infrasructure WISDOM methodology implementation in Argentina FAO agreement 5. Priority areas 4.Integration module

Potencial biomass offer for energy Consuption production balance Deficir areas Excess areas Povery indicatos

(60)

The logistics of transport and local production is

Central due to big distances

(61)

RELATED PROJECTS

METHODOLOGIES

SOFTWARE

INTA

(62)

National Program on environmental management

Methodology

Ernesto F. Viglizzo

Software

Jaime N. Bernardos

Data bases

Sergio E. Cabo

(63)

Establecimiento Localidad

Propietario Provincia

Período Evaluado Ecorregión

Indicator 0 % Percentage of anual crops

Index 1 Mj/ha/año Fossil fuel consumption

Index 2 Mj EF/Mj prod. Fossil fuel use efficiency

Index 3 kg/ha/año Nitrogen balance

Index 4 kg/ha/año Phosphorus balance

Index 5 Indice relativo N risk of contamination

25,000 3.458,640 0,244 5,841 -20,700 0,250 0,000 0,075 0,492

La Rosita Santa Rosa

Juan Pérez La Pampa

1990 - 2003 Pampa central semiárida

Index 5 Indice relativo N risk of contamination

Index 6 Indice relativo P resk of contamination

Index 7 Indice relativo Pesticide resk of contamination

Index 8 Indice relativo Soil erosion risk

Index 9 Indice relativo Habitat intervention

Index 10 ton/ha/año Carbon stock

Index 11 ton/ha/año Greenhouse gases balance

0,492 0,045 -0,156 12,805

(64)

ECOTOXICAL AGRO INDEX

SYSTEM

Maria Elena Zacagnini

Natural resource national research center

The program combines field and GOS folowup information regarding birds populations and the effect of agrochemical use, risks and

(65)

(66)

Biodiversity search on different

agroecosystems

(67)

Abundance

(Zenaida auriculata 2002, 2003 and 2004 (Zenaida auriculata

(68)

GROWING FOOD & BIOENERGY PRODUCTION

The development of new farming areas with sustainability

dligier@corrientes.inta.gov.ar

Daniel Ligier

(69)

CONTINUOUS GROWTH

Farming expansion in Argentina…..

In

In the

the last

last 10

10 campains

campains the

the planted

planted area

area

grew

grew at

at an

an anual

anual rate

rate of

of

2,17 %

production

production at a

at a rate

rate of

of

3,9 %

(65

(65 to

to 97

97 production

production at a

at a rate

rate of

of

3,9 %

(65

(65 to

to 97

97 millon

millon tons

tons).

).

Soybean

Soybean represents

represents

55%

eof

eof the

the total

total

harvested

harvested surface

surface and

and

49 %

of

of the

the total

total

production

(70)

Equilibrium for a sustainable growth of the territories

Competitivity

Public policies Climatic and soil variability

s

Environmental

management Social _inclusion

Macro and micro economy

(71)

The clear definition of the different regions enable to define

limitations and potentials

IN T A

(72)

Multisectorial negotiated program for ordering the rural space

E c o n o m ic a l, s o c ia l & e n v ir o n m e n ta l in d e x Geographic gross product Employment

Tax incomes Sinergies

Intensity of the land use

E c o n o m ic a l, s o c ia l & e n v ir o n m e n ta l in d e x Environment quality Reserves, tourism Conflicts Fuente: E. Viglizzo 2006

(73)

22,3% Pob. Rural. 67% Forestales. 33% industriales 12% bovine 11,3% Rural Pop. 64 % Sheep 18,3% Rural Pop. 45% Fruits 18,5% Rural Pop. 34% Industrial 20% Fruits 19,2% Rural Pop. 31% industriales. 8% Oleaginosas 15% Bovine 6,7% Rural Pop 93% cereals 91% oleaginosas 92% forrage 55% bovine 64 % Sheep

Distribution

Distribution %

%

Rural population

Agric. surfaces

Forests

Livestock

(74)

LA NACION GANADERA

Planted (thousands ha) Production (thousand tons)

Región 98-99 2002-03 2006-07 98-99 2002-03 2006-07

NOA 716 1.276 1.613 1.612 2.900 4.356

Surfaces & soyben production in the different Argentinian regions

Source: RIAN – INTA (2008)

NOA 716 1.276 1.613 1.612 2.900 4.356

NEA 614 1.843 2.191 1.212 4.450 5.317

Pampeana 7.085 9.462 12.253 17.171 27.422 37.632

Total 8.400 11.639 16.141 19.995 34.773 47.306

(75)

LA NACION GANADERA

1960

Source: E. Viglizzo.

Territorial soybean coverage Low del Plata Basin Substitution of grassland and degraded forests

Land change example

American Great Chaco

(

Carreño y Viglizzo. 2007)

Fuente: E. Viglizzo 2006

Each point: 350 hectáreas

(76)

LA NACION GANADERA

Grain crops increased from 1,6 Mha to 2.3 Mha

CNA: 1988-2002: 65.200 ha/year Pro.Re.NOA: 2000-2007:

Situation vulnerable ecosystems

Salta, Santiago del Estero y Tucumán

Source: E. Viglizzo 2006

2000-2007:

134.270 ha/year

Soybean 2000-2007

(77)

LA NACION GANADERA

92% of forest de destroyed:

Salta & Santiago Total

2000-07= 1.664.060ha

Dismantles 2000 - 2007

Source: Volante, J.

PN INTAEcorregions Project coverage and Land use

(78)

LA NACION GANADERA

Destiny of new land

Source: Volante, J.

58% of forestclaim went for livestock production

Source: Volante, J.

PN Ecorregiones Proyecto Uso y cobertura del suelo

(79)

LA NACION GANADERA

Cultivated surfaces according to soil capacity use

Province Sup. Classes II y III (1) Cultivated surface Total (2) Cultivated surface soil capacity II y III (3) Possible expansion Soil capacitu II y III (4) Chaco 2.500.000 1.120.000 900.000 1.600.000 Formosa 600.000 85.000 47.000 553.000 Salta 900.000 750.000 550.000 350.000 Santa Fé 350.000 270.000 220.000 130.000 Santa Fé 350.000 270.000 220.000 130.000

Stgo. del Estero 1.350.000 1.250.000 800.000 550.000

Tucumán 340.000 280.000 250.000 90.000

TOTALES 6.040.000 3755000 2767000 3.273.000

74% de agriculture: sunflower and soybeans

Forest coverage Bonazzo law soils II y III: 15%)

(80)

(81)

LA NACION GANADERA

Potential and present use Mesopotamic Ecoregión

Soil Use Capacity

Uso Superficie Ecoregión

Potencial ha %

Agricultural & forest 4.500.000 32 (hills high areas)

II-III-IVes Rice 500.000 3,5 Rice 500.000 3,5 Forestal (low land) VI-VIIw Forestales Rocky soils 500.000 3,5 (laderas) V-VI-VIIs Estimations

5.500.000

39

U. Potencial Actual land-use ha 1.620.000 ha Ocupation rate 29 %

(82)

Center south Corrientes y north Entre Ríos

Substitution of grasslands, sabanas with trees & forests:

Anual & perennial crops – planted forest

Suelos agrícolas (II – III): 1.400.000 ha

Entre Ríos North: 690.000 ha: actual use 42%

(83)

Rice

AG

Turism

Possible expansion of rural activities Corrientes province

Forest

Citrus

Turism

AG

Turism

(84)

SKY ARROW 650 E.R.A.

Environmental Research Aircraft

INTA GHG monitoring on agricultural land

I.N.T.A. CASTELAR – INSTITUTO DE CLIMA Y AGUA

(85)