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David Orr, Charlie Plush, Aaron Fox

CEFS SOSA 2011 Workshop:

Photo by Charlie Plush

On-Farm Habitat To Provid

Multiple Ecosystem Service

Seminar Outline:

-Introduction

-Agriculture and Ecology

-Natural Control And Biological Control

-Beneficial Organisms

Predators Parasitoids Habitat Needs

(2)

Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org

(3)

Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org

(4)

Insects Affect …….

What we eat …

Where we live … How we live

(5)

Why Aren’t We Covered in Bugs?

Why Aren’t We Covered in Bugs?

(6)

Natural Control

"natural control" is "the maintenance

of … population density of an

organism within … upper and lower

limits over … time by the actions of

abiotic and/or biotic environmental

factors.“

DeBach (1964)

• physical factors

(e.g. weather)

• food

• competition

• space or

territory

• natural enemies

(beneficial organisms)

(7)

Annual US value, natural control, native pests (all factors) $13.6 billion

From: Losey and Vaughan 2006. Bioscience.

Value of Natural Control

Annual US value, natural control, native pests (by insects) $4.49 billion

Biological Control

The “… importation, augmentation,

and conservation of beneficial

organisms to regulate population

densities of other organisms”

(8)

• Three Methods:

• Importation

• Augmentation

• Conservation

Univ. of Idaho Archives Bugwood.org

IPM Practices

Biological Control:

1. Importation:

Usually involves importation of natural

enemies from exotic, invasive pests

native homeland

Not applicable to most NC growers

IPM Practices

(9)

2. Augmentation:

Natural enemy populations increased

through mass rearing and release for

suppression of native or exotic pests

1. Importation: N/A

Moderate use by NC growers

IPM Practices

Biological Control:

2. Augmentation: Moderate use

1. Importation: N/A

3. Conservation:

The practice of enhancing natural enemy

efficacy through modification of the

environment or existing pesticide practices

IPM Practices

(10)

2. Augmentation: Moderate use

1. Importation: N/A

3. Conservation:

a. modification of existing pesticide practices

IPM Practices

Biological Control:

2. Augmentation: Moderate use

1. Importation: N/A

3. Conservation:

a. modification of existing pesticide practices

(i) physiologically selective pesticides

-various databases

-Beneficial Disruption Index (BDI) (Hoque et al. 2002)

(ii) ecologically selective use of pesticides

-reduced dosages (e.g. lowest recommended rates) -selective formulations and materials (e.g. systemic) -spatial selectivity (e.g. spot-treating)

-temporal selectivity (e.g. non-persistent materials)

IPM Practices

(11)

2. Augmentation: Moderate use

1. Importation: N/A

3. Conservation:

a. modification of existing pesticide practices

b. modification of the environment

IPM Practices

Biological Control:

Farmscaping

-a whole farm ecological approach to pest managemen

-management of landscape elements on a farm to

(12)

Farmland Beneficial Insects?

Plant Feeders

Russ Ottens, Univ. of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Whitney Cranshaw Co. State Univ. Bugwood.org

Weed Seed Predators

Parasites, Predators

Lisa Forehand

David Cappaert, Michigan State Univ., Bugwood org

Butterflies

Pollinators

David Cappaert, Michigan State Univ., Bugwood.org

Shelter Habitats

Conservation Biocontrol

(13)

Shelter Habitats

Conservation Biocontrol

Beneficial Insect Habitat Requirements:

Offer suitable biotic and abiotic conditions for: -overwintering

-aestivation -reproduction -refuge Internal Habitat:

-perennial or annual herbaceous

-designed not to impede farm machinery or practice

Shelter Habitats

Conservation Biocontrol

Beneficial Insect Habitat Requirements:

Offer suitable biotic and abiotic conditions for: -overwintering

-aestivation -reproduction -refuge Internal Habitat:

-perennial or annual herbaceous

(14)

Example:

Polisteswasp nest boxes

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Arthur Miller

NYSIPM

Howard Schwartz

CDFA

Example:

Anagruswasps on blackberry/grape leafhoppers

Conservation Biocontrol

(15)

Example: Tobacco hornworm on tomatoes

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Lisa Forehand

Lisa Forehand

Example: Tobacco hornworm on tomatoes

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

B. Newton, UK, 2005

Lisa Forehand

Corel Photo CD

Lisa Forehand

Learnnc.org

Snowberry Clearwing Host Plants: Honeysuckle

(16)

Example: Tobacco hornworm on tomatoes

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Snowberry Clearwing Host Plants: Honeysuckle

family

Lisa Forehand

motego1

nitro.biosci.arizona.edu

MDA Michigan.gov

Great Ash Sphinx Host Plants: Ash, Lilac

Learnnc.org

Lisa Forehand

B. Newton, UK, 2005 Corel Photo CD

Example: Tobacco hornworm on tomatoes

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Lisa Forehand

Pandora Sphinx

Host Plants: Virginia creeper Wild grape Patrick Coin

(17)

Example: Non-prey food – floral resources

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Parasitoid Nectar Provision Hypothesis (Heimpel & Jervis 2005) -parasitoids sugar-limited in simplified habitats

-providing nectar source alleviates limitation -↑longevity, fecundity, ability to suppress pests

Example: Non-prey food – floral resources

Conservation Biocontrol

(18)

Parasitoid Nectar Provision Hypothesis (Heimpel & Jervis 2005) -parasitoids sugar-limited in simplified habitats

-providing nectar source alleviates limitation -↑longevity, fecundity, ability to suppress pests Empirical Evidence

-many laboratory studies: ↑longevity, fecundity -several field studies: ↑longevity

-one field study: ↑fecundity -ability to suppress pests?

Example: Non-prey food – floral resources

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Fenbrook Farms

CDFA

Buckwheat

Example:

Mymaridwasps and cover crops

Conservation Biocontrol

(19)

Fenbrook Farms

CDFA

Buckwheat

Howard Schwartz

NYSIPM

Example:

Mymaridwasps and cover crops

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Hover Fly Adult

Example: Nectar, predatory flies

Conservation Biocontrol

(20)

Russ Ottens Paper Wasps Jessica Lawrence Sphecid Wasps

Golden Digger Wasp

John Meyer

Example: Nectar, predatory wasps

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external habitat; reproduction

Russ Ottens Paper Wasps Jessica Lawrence Sphecid Wasps

Golden Digger Wasp

Mountain Mint

Aralia spinosa

Example: Nectar, predatory wasps

Conservation Biocontrol

(21)

Brian Kunkel, University of Delaware, Bugwood.org

Example: Non-prey food – honeydew resources

Conservation Biocontrol

Shelter Habitats:

external/internal; reproduction

Providing Habitat: General

(22)

Providing Habitat: General

Recommendation

• “Neat and Tidy”

(23)

David Orr, Charlie Plush, Aaron Fox

CEFS SOSA 2011 Workshop:

Photo by Charlie Plush

On-Farm Habitat To Provid

Multiple Ecosystem Service

References

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