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AUTOMOTIVE PROFILE - JAPAN. Section 1: Motor Vehicle Industry/Market Snapshot

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AUTOMOTIVE PROFILE - JAPAN

Section 1: Motor Vehicle Industry/Market Snapshot

1. Overview

The automotive industry is one of the Japanese economy’s core industrial sectors. In 2004 automotive shipments accounted for 16.1% of the total value of Japan’s manufacturing shipments, and 34.3% of the value of the machinery industries’ combines shipments. Automotive shipments (both domestic and export shipments, including motorcycles, auto parts, etc) in value terms totalled over 45 trillion yen in 2004, down 0.4% from the previous year.

Japan’s domestic sales of new vehicles in 2005 totalled 5.85 million vehicles, registering no change from the previous year. Looking at the breakdown by vehicle type, passenger cars account for about 80% of sales, while commercial vehicles account for 20%. In other words, passenger cars are the core of the Japanese market. Another important characteristic is that the minicar segment—cars of 660cc engine capacity or less—accounts for more than 20% of the Japanese market.

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peaked in 1990, at 13.5 million units. Domestic vehicle production has basically been falling since then due to declining sales in Japan and increasing overseas production by Japanese automakers. Domestic production of cars, trucks and buses in 2005 totalled almost 10.8 million units, an increase of 2.7% over the previous year.

Exports of motor vehicles in 2005 rose for the fourth consecutive year, posting a 1.9% increase over the previous year to total 5.05 million units. The total value of automotive exports expanded 7.0% to US$116.4 billion, with the value of automobile exports growing 6.8% to US$ 88.2 billion and the value of auto parts exports rising 7.6% to US$ 28.2 billion.

2. Right hand drive market

Japan is right hand drive market.

3. Principal vehicle manufacturers

DAIHATSU MOTOR CO., LTD, FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD., HINO MOTORS, LTD., HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD., ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED, KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD., MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION, MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION, MITSUBISHI FUSO TRUCK AND BUS CORPORATION, NISSAN DIESEL MOTOR CO., LTD., NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD., SUZUKI MOTOR

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CORPORATION, TOYOTA MOTOR CORPRATION, YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD.

4. Principal components manufacturers

AISAN INDUSTRY CO., LTD., AISIN AW CO., LTD., AISIN SEIKI CO., LTD., AKEBONO BRAKE INDUSTRY CO., LTD., ASTEER CO., LTD., BOSCH CORPORATION, CALSONICKANSEI CORPORATION, DAIDO METAL CO., LTD., DAITO PRESS MFG., LTD., DENSO CORPORATION, DIAMOND ELECTRIC MFG. CO., LTD., GKN DRIVELINE TORQUE TECHNOLOGY KK, HI-LEX CORPORATION, HIRUTA KOGYO CO., LTD., HITACHI LTD., ISHIKAWA GASKET CO., LTD., JATCO LTD., KEYLEX CORPORATION, KOITO MANUFACTURING CO, LTD., KOJIMA PRESS INDUSTRY CO., LTD., KYB CORPORATION, MARUYASU INDUSTRIES CO., LTD., MINORI INDUSTRY CO., LTD., MITSUBA CORPORATION, NGK SPARK PLUG CO., LTD., NHK SPRING CO., LTD., NIKKEI KAKOU CO., LTD., NISHIKAWA KASEI CO., LTD., NOK CORORATION, NSK LTD. PACIFIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD., PRESS KOGYO CO., LTD., RIKEN CORPORATION, SHIGERU CO., LTD., SHOWA CORPORATION, SIGMA CORPORATION, SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES LTD., TOKAI RIKA CO., LTD., TOKAI RUBBER INDUSTRIES, LTD., TOPY INDUSTRIES, LTD., TOYODA GOSEI CO., LTD., TOYOTA BOSHOKU CORPORATION, YAZAKI CORPORATION (Board of JAPIA)

5. Vehicle production and sales overview (thousand units)

Vehicle type 2000 2001 2002

Production Sales Production Sales Production Sales Passenger Cars 8,359 4,259 8,117 4,289 8,618 4,441 Trucks 1,726 1,686 1,601 1,600 1,572 1334

Buses 54 16 58 15 66 16

Total 10,140 5,963 9,777 5,906 10,257 5,792 Vehicle type 2003 2004 2005

Production Sales Production Sales Production Sales Passenger Cars 8,478 4,715 8,720 4,768 9,016 4,748 Trucks 1,746 1,091 1,730 1,067 1,706 1,085

Buses 61 21 60 18 76 17

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6. Motor Vehicles in use and average age by type

2000 2001 2002

Vehicle type Units Age Units Age Units Age Passenger Cars 52,437,375 5.84 53,540,516 6.04 54,539,839 6.23 Trucks 18,225,508 7.14 17,866,218 7.48 17,480,424 7.77 Buses 235,483 8.28 234,816 8.64 233,405 8.97 SPV* 1,750733 - 1,766,212 - 1,735,682 - Total 72,652,926 - 68,805,073 - 70,007,049 - 2003 2004 2005

Vehicle type Units Age Units Age Units Age Passenger Cars 55,212,590 6.39 55,994,050 6.58 57,090,789 6.77 Trucks 17,080,374 8.10 16,780,848 8.17 16,733,871 8.36 Buses 231,818 9.24 230,934 9.33 231,733 9.53 SPV* 1,689,629 - 1,649,686 - 1,630,062 -

Total 70,818,364 - 71,857,480 - 72,652,926 - *SPV (Special-purpose Vehicles): emerging vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, snowmobiles, etc.

7. Employment for automobile production

Automobile Manufacturing including motorcycles

161,000 Auto parts and accessories manufacturing 543,000 Auto body and trailer manufacturing 42,000

Total 746,000 8. Trade summary

<Value>

- Trade value of motor vehicles including motorcycles and parts (x 100 million yen)

2002 2003 2004 2005

Exports in value (FOB) 115,675 118,363 124,773 135,132 Imports in value (CIF) 11,234 11,799 12,842 13,353 <Vehicle Units>

- Exports (in units)

2002 2003 2004 2005

Motor vehicle exports 4,698,728 4,756,343 4,957,663 5,053,061 Passenger Cars 4,012373 4080,498 4,214,027 4,363,168 Trucks 637,593 630,254 687,795 611,956 Buses 48,762 45,591 55,841 77,937 Motorcycle exports 1,418,682 1,280,955 1,327,144 1,332,223

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- Imports (in units)

2002 2003 2004 2005

Motor vehicle imports 290,514 283,664 289,261 284,734 Passenger Cars 288,657 281,526 286,798 282,654 Commercial Vehicles 1,288 1,405 1,715 1,420

Other 569 733 748 660

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Sction2: Trade and industry policy environment

1. Overview

Japanese all tariff rate of motor vehicle that PMV, Truck, Buses are 0%.

Japan has no requirements about customs procedures, import restrictions, investment requirements, export incentives/trade balancing requirements, manufacturing free trade zones, duty drawback arrangements.

2. Tariffs Tariff rate applied PMV(87.03) 0% Truck(87.04) 0% Buses(87.02) 0% Engines(84.07,87.08) 0% Body stampings(87.0829) 0% Transaxles/transmissions(87.0850) 0% Other(87.08) 0% 3. Customs procedures

Japan has no special procedures.

4. Import restrictions

Japan has no import restrictions.

5. Investment requirements

Japan has no investment requirements.

6. Export incentives/trade balancing requirements

Japan has no export incentives/trade balancing requirements.

7. Regional trade arrangements

Japan is not a member of any regional economic integration.

8. Manufacturing free trade zones

Japan has no manufacturing free trade zones.

9. Duty drawback arrangements Japan has no special arrangements.

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Section3: Domestic taxation of vehicles

1. Overview

Japan has various taxes related to vehicles. These taxes are levied on different types of tax base such as acquisition and possession of vehicles, or fuel consumption. To promote the more widespread use of fuel-efficient and low-emission vehicles, new tax incentives have been implemented since April 2005.

<Taxes on motor vehicles>

Tax Items Summary Tax Rate/Amount

Acquisition Tax

Assessed on the acquisition of an automobile, whether new or used, based on the purchase price

[For private use] - 5% of purchase price (3% for commercial and

mini-vehicles)

- Exempted for vehicles purchased for 500,000 year or less

On

Acquisition

Consumption Tax

Assessed on the purchase price of the automobile

5% Tonnage Tax Assessed according to vehicle

weight at each vehicle inspection. The term of required inspection is different by vehicle types.

[Example]

- Passenger cars for private use which are required inspection every two years:

6,300 yen/year per 0.5t Automobile

Tax

Fixed amount assessed each year on vehicles as of April 1, except mini-vehicles and motorcycles (see Mini-vehicle tax)

[Example]

- Passenger cars of 2,001cc-2,500cc for private use:

45,000 yen/year During

Ownership

Mini-vehicle Tax

Fixed amount assessed each year on mini-vehicles and motorcycles

[For private use] - Mini-vehicles:

7,200 yen/year for passenger cars and 4,000 yen/year for trucks - Motorcycles:

1,000 yen - 4,000 yen/year based on engine displacement

<Taxes on fuels>

Tax Items Summary Tax Rate *Gasoline Tax Assessed on gasoline and designated

national road revenue source

48.6 yen/liter of gasoline *Regional Road Tax Assessed on gasoline and designated

regional road revenue source

5.2 yen/liter of gasoline *Diesel Handling Tax Assessed on light oil 32.1 yen/liter of light oil *LPG Tax Assessed on LPG 17.5 yen/kg of LPG Consumption Tax Assessed on the purchase price of fuels 5% of the purchase price

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<Incentive Measures for Low-Emission Vehicles>

Tax Items Scheme Tax Rate/Amount

Vehicles meeting 2010 fuel economy target values +20% and new “low-emission vehicles” (*1)

50% reduction of automobile tax(*2) Automobile Tax Green Tax Scheme (FY2006-2007)

Vehicles meeting 2010 fuel economy target values +10% and new “low-emission vehicles” (*1)

25% reduction of automobile tax

Vehicles meeting 2010 fuel economy target values +20% and new “low-emission vehicles” (*1)

300,000 yen deductible from purchase price

Special Scheme for Fuel-Efficient

Vehicles Vehicles meeting 2010 fuel

economy target values +10% and new “low-emission vehicles” (*1)

150,000 deductible from purchase price

Electric (including fuel-cell), CNG, methanol, and hybrid vehicles (trucks and buses)

2.7% reduction of acquisition tax Acquisition Tax Clean-Energy Vehicles (FY2006)

Hybrid vehicles (passenger cars) 2.2% reduction of acquisition tax

Note (*1)”Low-emission vehicles”: Motor vehicles whose emission values represent at least 75% reduction from 2005 regulatory levels for emissions. (*2) Also applies to electric (including fuel-cell), CNG, and methanol vehicles.

<Incentive Measures for Diesel Commercial Vehicles>

Tax Items Scheme Tax Rate/Amount

Trucks and buses complying with 2005 emissions regulations +10% (NOx or PM) and meeting 2015 fuel economy target values 2.0% reduction of acquisition tax Applies in FY2006-2007 to trucks and buses

Trucks and buses complying with 2005 emissions regulations and meeting 2015 fuel economy target values

1.0% reduction of acquisition tax

Acquisition Tax

In case where trucks and buses not meeting the standards that stipulated in the Motor Vehicle NOx and PM Emission Act have been deregistered and replace with vehicles that comply with all relevant standards, the Acquisition Tax assessed on those replacement vehicles will be reduced in conformity with the following schedule:

-1.5% reduction during FY2005-2006

-1.2% reduction during FY2007-2008

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Session4: Standard and technical regulations

1. Overview

In Japan, with a view to securing the safety of motor vehicles, the prevention of environmental pollution, the saving of energy, regulating the traffic, helping victims caused by traffic accidents and the construction and improvement of road, the laws and regulations related to motor vehicle traffic have been stipulated as below. They have been classified, respectively, into those related to (1) the construction and devices of motor vehicles, (2) humans (drivers and pedestrians) and (3) roads.

2. Laws and Regulations related to the construction and devices of motor vehicles

2-1. Road Vehicles Act

Road Vehicles Act (Law No. 185 of 1951) has been stipulated for the purpose of assuring the safety of construction and devices thereof preventing environmental pollution. Moreover the Act has been stipulated aiming at stimulating to further improvement in maintenance and contributing to the healthy development of motor vehicle maintenance and repair business. To achieve its intended purposes, the Act has prescribed the requirements with which the construction and devices of motor vehicles should comply. It has also introduced “Type Designation System” to assure the conformity of motor vehicles to the regulations, and systems, such as registration, inspection, and maintenance business, to expect the appropriate usage of cars.

2-1-1. Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles

The Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles refer to those technical standards pertaining to the safety or the prevention of environmental pollution to be pursued.

2-1-2. Motor Vehicle Type Approval System

Motor Vehicle Type Approval System has been introduced for the purpose to have prior examination whether the motor vehicles conform to various applicable standards related to the safety and the prevention of environmental pollution. It has three systems; “Motor Vehicle Type Designation System”, “Motor Vehicle Type Notification System” and “Preferential Handling Procedure for imported Motor Vehicles”.

Motor Vehicle Type Designation System

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domestic motor vehicles as well as of foreign motor vehicles which are sold in great quantities in the Japanese market. Furthermore, in the case of import motor vehicles, they are entitled to receive a preliminary examination overseas.

Motor Vehicle Type Notification System

This is a system that tests whether the conformity of the common construction and devices with regard to the Safety Regulations as a type is confirmed on not are carried out in connection with the basic motor vehicle (sample vehicle) prior to the initial inspection for individual motor vehicles with purpose to provide to rationalize the initial inspection. This type notification system has been utilized widely for large-sized trucks and buses in which versatility in use are required.

Preferential Handling Procedure for Imported Motor Vehicles

This is a system that can be applied to types of imported motor vehicles that are sold in a small quantity in the Japanese market. Under the arrangement of this system, the examination of application documents alone is conducted in advance so as to determine the conformity with regard to provisions of the Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles. This system has been applied for up to 2000 units per year for each type. 2-1-3. Equipment Type Approval

This is a system that the examination of the equipment to confirm the conformity to the Safety Regulations is omitted at the examination for type designation of motor vehicle in which equipment is used in common by receiving the type approval with regard to equipment of motor vehicle in Japan. This system is also expected to reduce the time and cost for the examination of type approval.

2-1-4. Motor Vehicle Registration System Motor vehicle has to be registered.

2-1-5. Motor Vehicle Inspection System

Motor Vehicle Inspection System is conducted to determine the conformity of motor vehicles to the Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles. A valid motor vehicle inspection certificate can be obtained with the passage of motor vehicle inspection. Motor Vehicle Inspection System is consisted of the Initial Inspection, the Renewal Inspection, and Modification Inspection etc.

2-1-6. Motor Vehicle Check and Maintenance System

Motor Vehicle Users are obliged to check at regular intervals, with a view to assuring the safety and prevention of environmental pollution of in-use motor vehicles. Motor Vehicle Check and Maintenance System is consisted of “daily check and maintenance” and “periodical check and maintenance”.

2-1-7. Motor Vehicle Maintenance Business System

The Road Vehicles Act stipulates the requirements to which motor vehicle maintenance and repair business operators should meet, and also stipulates the provision by which operators are to be designated or qualified.

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3. Regulations related to safety

The Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles stipulate requirements necessary for assuring the safety of motor vehicle construction and devices as mentioned above.

4. Regulations related to the prevention of environmental pollution

Regarding the regulations related to the prevention of environmental pollution, the Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles stipulate the motor vehicle emission control standards and the motor vehicle noise control standards so that the permissible limits stipulated under the provisions of the Air Pollution Control Law and the Noise Control Act may be assured.

5. Measures to control Environmental Pollution

5-1. Measures saving energy and measures against the global warming

With a view to contributing to assurance of efficient use of fuel resources, the Rationalization of Energy Consumption Act calling for appropriate measures to promote the rationalization of energy consumption of factories, buildings and machinery such as motor vehicles has been put into effect. The Act stipulates the standards for fuel consumption rate of motor vehicle taking into consideration of the preventing the global warming.

5-2. Re-use of resources

Motor vehicle has indicated as on of the designation goods in the Act regarding stimulating the use of re-use resources. The Act has stipulated the guideline to stimulate the use of re-use resources for the motor vehicle manufacturer and repair business operator.

6. Traffic Congestion Problem

To ease the traffic congestion, many measures, such as enlargement of capacity of traffic and management of demands for traffic, have been taken.

References

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