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NICMAR
FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR POWER PROJECT
WITH REFERENCE TO RURAL ELECTRIFICATION OF 39
TALUKAS IN KARNATAKA
By
Gunjan Nayak – P41021
J. Mohamed Ibrahim – P41031
Shreyas V. Bhatt – P41053
PGP PEM 4
thBatch
(2008- 2010)Under the guidance of
Prof. Vivek Date
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the Academic requirements for the
Post Graduate Programme in Project Engineering and Management
(PGP PEM)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH
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DECLARATION
I/We declare that the research thesis entitled “Financial feasibility of solar power project
with reference to rural electrification of 39 talukas in Karnataka” is bonafide work carried out
by me/us, under the guidance of Prof. Vivek Date. Further we declare that this has not previously formed the basis of award of any degree, diploma, associate-ship or other similar degrees or diplomas, and has not been submitted anywhere else.
Mr. Gunjan Nayak (Roll No. P41021) Mr. J. Mohamed Ibrahim (Roll No. P41031) Mr. Shreyas V. Bhatt (Roll No. P41053) PGP PEM 4th Batch (2008-2010) NICMAR, Pune. Date: Place:
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the research thesis entitled “Financial feasibility of solar power project
with reference to rural electrification of 39 talukas in Karnataka” is bonafide work of Mr
Gunjan Nayak (P41021), Mr. J. Mohamed Ibrahim (P41031) and Mr. Shreyas V. Bhatt (P41053) in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the award of Post Graduate Programme in Project Engineering and Management (PGP PEM). This work is carried out by him/them, under my guidance and supervision.
Guide
Prof. Vivek Date
Counter Signed by:
Prof. P. M. Deshpande Head, PEM
Date: Place:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our honest gratitude towards respected Director General, Dr. M. G. Koregaonkar,
NICMAR, for providing the platform of conducting the thesis work as a part of the curriculum.
We would like to express our deepest and sincere gratitude to our Project Guide Prof. Vivek
Date for his continuous guidance, cooperation and motivation which helped us to comprehend
this thesis work in better ways. He has been eternal source of inspiration and knowledge.
We hereby take the opportunity to thank Dy. Dean, Prof. Vivek Datey and Head PGP PEM,
Prof. Pramod Deshpande for giving their consent to carry our research work and providing all
that was essentially needed.
We also take the opportunity to thank our librarian Mr. Jadhav, for extending his support to complete the thesis.
We would like to take the opportunity to thank the whole staff of NICMAR, Pune who have made this endeavour a modest success and also provided us with all the facilities throughout the programme.
We appreciate the support and help rendered in presentation of this thesis by all our friends and all those who have directly or indirectly contributed in making this thesis work a success. We would like to dedicate this thesis work to all these people for their unending support.
Gunjan Nayak
J. Mohamed Ibrahim Shreyas V. Bhatt
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Executive Summary
Objective:
To evaluate the financial feasibility of the solar power project with reference to rural electrification of 39 talukas in Karnataka.
Energy is an important input for economic development. Since exhaustible energy sources in the country are limited, there is an urgent need to focus attention on development of renewable energy sources and use of energy efficient technologies. The exploitation and development of various forms of energy and making energy available at affordable rates is one of India‟s major thrust areas. The country is blessed with various sources of non-conventional energy and the efforts of Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources will promote viable technologies that can reach the benefits of such sources to the poorest people in the far-flung regions of the country.
India lies in the sunny regions of the world. Most parts of India receive 4–7 kWh (kilowatt-hour) of solar radiation per square meter per day with 250–300 sunny days in a year. The highest annual radiation energy is received in western Rajasthan while the north-eastern region of the country receives the lowest annual radiation. Solar energy, experienced by us as heat and light, can be used through two routes the thermal route uses the heat for water heating, cooking, drying, water purification, power generation, and other applications; the photovoltaic route converts the light in solar energy into electricity, which can then be used for a number of purposes such as lighting, pumping, communications, and power supply in un electrified areas. Energy from the sun has many features, which make it an attractive and sustainable option: global distribution, pollution free nature, and the virtually inexhaustible supply.
Financial analysis seeks to ascertain whether the proposed project will be financially viable in the sense of being able to meet the burden of servicing debt and whether the proposed project will satisfy the return expectations of those who provide the capital. The viability parameters considered are equity IRR, DSC, NPV and payback period.
The project under consideration for this thesis is “Rural electrification of 39 Talukas in Karnataka using solar power”. The approach that we have adopted to evaluate the financial feasibility is as follows:
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Cost of the project
Means of Finance
Depreciation
Interest calculation
Revenue Generated
Project Cash flows
Scenario & Sensitivity analysis
Considering the tariff of Rs.15 per unit, the following viability parameters of the project are generated.
Equity IRR - 18.08%,
NPV - Rs.3.56 Crore,
DSCR - 2.05,
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CONTENTS
Declaration...
II
Certificate...
III
Acknowledgement...
IV
Executive Summary...
V
Content...
VII
List of Figures...
X
List of Tables...
XI
Bibliography...
XII
Chapter - 1
Introduction...1 - 6
1.1 Introduction
2
1.2 Renewable Energy
3
1.3 Solar – The centre stage of renewable energy
3
1.4 BIPV – The Future of solar energy
4
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Chapter – 2
Renewable Energy...7 - 14
2.1 Renewable Energy
8
2.2 Types of renewable energy
11
Chapter – 3
Solar energy...15 -27
3.1 Solar – The centre stage of renewable energy
16
3.2 Advantages of Solar energy
17
3.3 Solar Photovoltaic
18
3.4 Standards of SPV
21
3.5 Advantage of SPV system
21
3.6 SPV Lighting system
22
3.7 SPV Power plant
23
3.8 Solar Generators
24
3.9 BIPV – Integrated PV system
25
3.10 SPV Pumping system
25
3.11 Solar Power in India
26
Chapter – 4
Building Integrated Photovoltaic system (BIPV)...28 - 50
4.1 BIPV – Introduction
29
4.2 Types of BIPV System
30
4.3 Market Segmentation of BIPV system
33
4.4 Global & Indian Scenario
34
4.5 Technical Analysis
36
4.6 Components of BIPV system
40
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Chapter – 5
Project Details...51 - 61
5.1 Objective
52
5.2 Introduction
52
5.3 Remote village electrification programme
52
5.4 Guidelines for preparation of proposal
54
5.5 Financial assistance guidelines
58
5.6
Monitoring
59
5.7 General terms & conditions
60
5.8 Relevant extract from the National Rural Electrification Policies
61
Chapter – 6
Financial Appraisals
6.1
Objective
63
6.2 Financial Appraisal of the Project
63
Chapter – 7 Concluding Observation...71 - 74
7.1 Social desirability of the project
72
7.2 Technical feasibility of the project
72
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LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No.
Title of the Figure
Page No.
3.1 SPV Technology 19
3.2 SPV Modules 21
3.3 Solar street light 23
3.4 SPV Power Plant 24
3.5 SPV Pumping system 27
3.6 Solar radiation in India 28
4.1 Flat rooftop 32
4.2 Sloped rooftop 32
4.3 Façade mounting 33
4.4 Process of PV lamination 42
4.5 Types of PV modules 43
4.6 Series and parallel connection of solar batteries 46
4.7 Charge controllers 46
4.8 Ideal positioning of the solar panels 49
4.9 Movement of sun during the seasons 50
4.10 Solar panel calculator 51
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LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No.
Title of Table
Page No.
2.1 Sector wise Energy consumption in India 10
2.2 Significance of renewable energy 10
2.3 Renewable energy- estimated potential and cumulative achievements 12
4.1 Country wise comparison of BIPV systems 36
4.2 Calculation of per year consumption with listed equipments 39
4.3 Efficiencies of various cells and modules 43
4.4 Lowest prices of various PV modules 44
4.5 List of BIPV suppliers in India 48
6.1 Cost of the Project 64
6.2 Means of Finance 66
6.3 Analysis 69
6.4 Scenario analysis 69
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CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTER – 1
1.1
Introduction
The Sun is a reliable, non-polluting and inexhaustible source of energy. Since the beginning of life on earth, the energy that was received by all living forms was radiated from the sun. It is the time now when the mankind is on a standpoint to again depend and rely upon the sun as the main source of energy.
With rapid rise in energy prices, concern over pollution, depletion of resources and environment degradation the awareness for limited resources around the world has increased dramatically. Use of fossil fuels which causes green house emissions, inefficient use of energy and release of harmful pollutants to the atmosphere causing threat such as acid rain must be addressed seriously in new buildings. Governments with vision have come to realise that generation of electrical power through non renewable sources of energy is not enough. The power of the future must be environmentally friendly as well.
Photovoltaic is a way by which energy from the sun can be directly used for power generation. This method for electricity generation causes no environmental pollution, has no rotating or moving parts, and causes no material depletion. Photovoltaics are also multifunctional. It can generate and operate illuminations, pump water, operate any house hold equipments and appliances, can operate any electrical gadgets and communication equipment. The photovoltaic finds its wide application in village electrification in the developing countries and electricity production for the buildings, commercial areas and industrial sector in cities.
BIPV, a segment of the growing Photovoltaic (PV) market, is becoming a popular way to generate electricity by the use of solar energy. Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) projects uses nearly 50% of world production of solar PV cells. However, we in India are yet to initiate the promotion of BIPV. A Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system consists of integrating photovoltaic modules into the building envelope, such as the façade or the roof.
In this thesis we would be evaluating the financial feasibility of the Electrification of 39 talukas in Karnataka using Building Integrated Photovoltaic technology.
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1.2
Renewable Energy
In modern world the demand for energy has increased dramatically in the past century and it will grow even further in the near future than ever before.
Renewable energy is that energy which comes from the natural energy flows on earth. Unlike conventional forms of energy, renewable energy will not get exhausted. Renewable energy is also termed as „green energy‟, „clean energy‟, „sustainable energy‟ and „alternative energy‟.
Different types of renewable energy are:
Solar energy
Wind energy
Biomass energy
Hydropower
Geothermal
1.3
Solar- The centre stage of renewable energy:
The radiant heat and light energy from the Sun is called as solar energy. This is the most readily and abundantly available source of energy. Since ancient times this energy has been harnessed by humans using a range of innovations and ever-evolving technologies.
The earth receives more energy in just one hour from the sun than what is consumed in the whole world for one year. This energy comes from within the sun itself through process called nuclear fusion reaction. In this reaction four atoms of hydrogen combine to form one helium atom with loss of matter. This matter is emitted as radiant energy.
India is a tropical country with sunshine in plenty and long days. About 301 clear sunny days are available in a year. Theoretically, India receives solar power of about 5000 trillion kWh/yr (600 TW approx.) on its land area. On an average, daily solar energy incident over India ranges from 4 to 7 kWh/m2. Depending on the location sunshine hours varies from 2,300–3,200 hours in a year. This is far more than current total energy consumption. For instance, assuming
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conversion efficiency of 10% for PV modules, it will still be thousand times greater than the likely electricity demand in India by the year 2015.
This energy from the sun is used as solar thermal and solar power applications. Solar thermal energy, through various technologies, is utilised for various purposes which includes Heating, Drying, Cooking, seasoning of timber, water treatment (Distillation and disinfection), Cooling (Refrigeration and Cold storage), High temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
1.4
BIPV- The future of solar energy
Solar energy is not only about present but it also about future. The unlimited potential of Solar is visible in its varied applications of energy generation. One such power of solar can be seen today with homes being energised by solar panels. This energy accelerates cost saving as electricity bill is reduced to about 30% with incorporation of solar power.
Buildings are the largest consumers of electricity using over 40% of the world electricity. The developers, consultants, architects, investors and contractors are opting for alternative forms of energy without damaging the environment as we incline towards passive energy buildings. Solar technology in form of solar Photovoltaic is a proving to be a reliable solution for electricity generation.
Photovoltaic literally stands for 'electricity from light'. A photovoltaic cell, also called as PV cell, is a special semiconductor diode that converts visible light into DC (direct current). Certain PV cells are able to transform infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) rays into DC power. Solar powered toys, calculators and telephone call boxes are some common application of solar electricity. Photovoltaic cell forms an integral part of solar-electric energy systems, which presently are finding increasingly important place as an alternative utility power source.
The PV technology in use today is not very complex. Photovoltaic cell comprises of thin layers (two or more) of semi-conducting material, usually silicon. When this silicon is exposed to light it generates electrical charges and with the use of metal contacts this can be conducted away as direct current (DC). A single cell has small electrical output, so multiple cells are combined together and encapsulated to form a PV module (also called "panel"). This module is the principle and basic building block of entire PV system and numerous modules can be put
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together to give the desired electrical output. Contemporary PV cells are able to convert 10 to 20 percent of radiant energy into electrical energy. In years to come, this efficiency will be improved to produce even better results.
The different types of PV systems are multi-crystalline Silicon Cells, Mono-crystalline Silicon Cells, Amorphous Silicon, Thick-Film Silicon, Other Thin films. Today the grid connect PV systems are the main area of interest. As these systems are connected to the local electricity network, the electricity produced during the day time can either be used immediately or can be sold to the utility. Also as the sun goes down, power can be bought back from the network. Thus the grid is acting as system for energy storage, i.e. the battery storage need not be included in the PV systems. Stand-alone photovoltaic systems are used where grid power supplies are difficult to connect or unavailable. Applications are in monitoring stations, radio repeater stations and street lighting.
PV technology is most widely used in the developing world. The system finds itself the best place where the problems of remote locations and fact of unreliable or non-existent electricity grids are dominant. Here, PV power supply serves as the most economic option. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) is a multifunctional solar product that not only generates electricity but also serve as materials for construction. Building Integrated Photovoltaic is where the building envelope is incorporated with PV cells instead of conventional materials of construction. BIPV gives buildings the opportunity to become more self-sufficient by allowing them to generate their own electricity rather than merely consume energy. PV integrated into a building can, as a second function, also provide shade, insulation and help to control the interior climate.
1.5
Key factors of the Project
Key Factors in project concept note regarding the electrification of 39 talukas in Karnataka using BIPV Technology.
The government of Karnataka desires to implement the application of solar technology to provide rural energy solutions.
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The Solar system application to be implemented in identified cluster villages of the 39 most backward Talukas of the state.
Target is to cover villages with minimum of 100 households and above and to cover a minimum of 100 village clusters.
Solar Technology applications to be implemented in a comprehensive manner for solutions in following areas.
i. Domestic Home Lighting
ii. Street lights in village/panchayats limits iii. Shops in village
iv. School in village v. Flour mill vi. Clinic
vii. Irrigation of agricultural land in the village
The solar technology to be inconformity with MNRE GOI, standards/ specifications.
The technology provider to indicate the rate at which Kwh or unit of power can be made available.
The Solar technology providers to identify cluster of villages/where in they can execute and may come out with RFQs on annuity basis; while taking full responsibility of installation, maintenance and reliable functioning of the technology provided by them on a sustainable basis.
KREDL/ RDPR respective Zilla Panchayats (Taluk Panchayats / Grampanchayats ) and respective implementation departments in district level will work in close coordination.
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CHAPTER 2
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CHAPTER – 2
2.1
Renewable energy
2.1.1 Need of Renewable Energy:
The various activities (such as industrialization) which involve energy consumption that consequently leads to depletion of energy sources and degradation of environment are stretching the resources of our planet to breaking point. When it comes to the future of energy, the world needs a reality check.
The economic growth and prosperity of any country or region in the world is related to the level of its consumption of energy. With the various developments, particularly with the Industrial Revolution, there has been a quantum leap towards the tremendous consumption energy which is supplied through fossil fuels such as gas, petroleum and coal.
During 1920s, coal accounted for the maximum part of total energy supply of the world. Later in early 1990s, its share dropped to only 26%, while 40% of the world‟s energy needs was taken by oil. Now the depletion rate of fossil fuels has reached to 100,000 times faster than its formation rate.
When the resource under consideration is non-renewable energy source, the problem of depletion is an obvious addition to its consumption. At present, non-renewable fossil fuels (natural gas, coal and petroleum) contribute to 90% of world commercial energy production. The remaining 10% generated from non-conventional form of energy (nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, etc.). Even if the present reserves of fossil fuels may be sufficient enough to meet the global energy demand for years in future, any consumption of such resources represents an absolute loss in its finite supply.
Projections on the energy demand in the early years of 21st century are alarming. The estimates are about100 million tonnes per year for petroleum, 400 million tonnes per year for coal and 100,000 MW per year for power.
This energy scenario poses a great challenge for our technology, and also to our environment, which is suffering a tremendous pressure.
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Sector Percentage power consumption
Industry 49%
Transport 22%
Residential 10%
Agriculture 5%
Others 14%
Table 2.1: Sector wise Energy consumption in India
The present total installed capacity of electrical power generation in India is 1, 44,912 MW (as on June 2008), produced from various resources as given in table
Resources Production Percentage Share
Thermal Coal Gas Diesel 76648 14716 1119 Total = 92563 52.8 10 0.8 Total = 63.6 Nuclear 4120 2.8 Hydro 36033 24.8
Renewable energy sources
(Excluding hydro) 12194 8.4
Total 144910 100
Table2.2: Significance of renewable energy
In modern world the demand for energy has increased dramatically in the past century and it will grow even further in the near future than ever before.
Renewable energy is that energy which comes from the natural energy flows on earth. Unlike conventional forms of energy, renewable energy will not get exhausted. Renewable
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energy is also termed as „green energy‟, „clean energy‟, „sustainable energy‟ and „alternative energy‟.
Merits:
Renewable energy sources are available in nature free of cost
They produce no or very little pollution
They are inexhaustible
They have low gestation period Demerits
In general , the energy is available in dilute form from these sources
Though available freely in nature, the cost of harnessing energy from non-conventional source is generally high
Availability is uncertain; the energy flow depends on various natural phenomena beyond human control
Difficulty in transporting such forms of energy
Located in tropical region, India is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources i.e. solar, wind and biomass including agriculture residue which are perennial in nature. Harnessing these resources is best suited to meet the energy requirement in rural areas in a decentralised manner.
India has the potential of generating more than 100000 MW from non-conventional resources. Up to June 30 2008, the electrical power generation by conventional resources has reached 12,194 MW, which is about 8.4% of total installed electrical power generation capacity. The government plans to increase this share to 10% by 2012. The current status of various resources is given in table.
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SL No. Source/System Estimated Potential Cumulative achievement
Rural & Decentralised Energy systems
1 Family type biogas plant 120 lakhs 39.40 lakhs
2
Solar photovoltaic program Solar street lighting system Home lighting system Solar lantern
Solar power plants
50 MW/sq.Km - - - - 110 MWp (p-peak) 69,849 nos. 363399 nos. 585001 nos. 2.28 MWp 3
Solar thermal program Solar water heating system Solar cooker 140 million sq.m collector area 2.15 million sq.m collector area 6.17 lakhs
4 Wind pumps - 1284 nos.
5 Aero generator/hybrid system 675.27 KW
6 Solar photovoltaic pump - 7068 nos.
7 Remote village electrification - 3368/830 villages/hamlets
Table2.3: Renewable energy-estimated potential and cumulative achievements (Dec, 2007 data)
2.2
Types of renewable energy
:2.2.1 Solar energy
This is the energy that we receive from sun. This energy is converted into heat and electricity. The photovoltaic sector has reached manufacturing output of about 6,850 MW per year in 2008 (according to SEIA-solar energy industries association). Germany is the largest market for PV in the world. Solar thermal power stations are dominant in the Spain and the USA. The largest power station is in the Mojave Desert (354 MW SEGS).
India receives a solar energy equivalent of more than 5000 trillion KWh per year, which is far more than its total annual consumption. The daily global radiation is around 5KWh per sq.m per day with sunshine ranging between 2300 and 3200 hours per year in most parts of India. Though the energy density is low and availability is not continuous, it has now become
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possible to harness this abundantly available energy very reliably for many purposes by converting it to usable heat or through direct generation of electricity. The conversion systems are modular in nature and can be appropriately used for decentralised application.
2.2.2 Wind energy
This involves generation of electricity through wind turbines that harness the power of the wind. This energy is one of the safest and cleanest forms of energy. By 2008, the capacity of wind farm worldwide was around 100000 MW. Wind power contributed about 1.3% of global electricity consumption, with Denmark using 19% of this electricity, 9% used by Portugal and Spain, and the Republic of Ireland and Germany using 6%.
The highly successful wind power programme in India was initiated in 1983-84 and is entirely market driven. This sector has been growing over 35% in the last three years. India currently (year 2008) stands fourth in the world among countries having installed large capacity wind generators after Germany, USA and Spain. The current (July 2008) installed capacity for wind power stands at 8696 MW, and is mostly located in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The government aims to add 10000MW from wind during XI plan period (2007-12).
2.2.3 Biomass energy
It uses crops, woods and agricultural wastes to produce electricity and heat. In Brazil ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. The USA has wide availability of ethanol fuel and biodiesel.
A large quantity of biomass is available in our country in the form of dry waste like agro residue, fuel wood, twigs etc., and wet wastes like cattle dung, organic effluents, sugarcane bagasse, banana stems etc., the potential for generation of electric power/ cogeneration is 16881 MW from agro residues and 5000MW from bagasse through cogeneration. The potential from urban waste is 2700 MW. Also, there is vast scope of production of bio-diesel from some plants. These plants require little care, can be grown on fallow land and can survive in harsh climatic conditions. Energy farming may be adopted in marginal and infertile lands of the country.
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2.2.4 Hydropower
It uses energy of moving water to rotate a generator which in turn produces electricity. The world's largest power plant complex for hydroelectricity is the Three Gorges Dam project in Hubei, China, (21,515 MW). The largest single hydroelectric power plant is the Itaipu power plant in Brazil-Paraguay border . In 2008, electricity production was 94,684,781 MWh (94.7 TWh).
Hydro resources of capacity less than 25 MW are called small, less than 1 MW are called mini and less than 100KW are called micro hydro resources. The total potential is 15000MW out of which 2015 MW has been realised by approximately 611 plants.
2.2.5 Geothermal energy
It is the heat in the earth which can be utilised to produce energy. The largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California (750 MW).
The potential in geothermal resources in the country is 10,000MW. As a result of various resource assessment studies/surveys, nearly 340 potential hot springs have been identified throughout the country. Most of them are low-temperature hot-water resources and can best be utilised for direct thermal applications. Only some of them can be considered suitable for electrical power generation. The geothermal reservoirs suitable for power generation have been located at Tattapani in Chhattisgarh and Puga valley of Ladhak, Jammu & Kashmir. A 300 KW demonstration electric power plant is being installed in Tattapani. Hot water resources are located at Badrinath, Kedarnath and few other locations in Himalayan region and elsewhere. They are being used mostly for heating purpose and very little has been developed.
Renewable energy carries with itself a number of benefits providing social, environmental and economical security. The following criteria should be met by efficient energy sources:
Not deplete or adversely affect natural resources;
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Be safe to consume today and not possess the uncertainty risk for future generations.
Protect air, land and water against pollution;
Have little or no emissions of greenhouse gases or net carbon;
Meet the needs of consumer today and in the future in an accessible and efficient way; All these criteria could be met by renewable energy and thus it could become sustainable for future.
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CHAPTER 3
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CHAPTER – 3
3.1
Solar- The centre stage of renewable energy
The radiant heat and light energy from the Sun is called as solar energy. This is the most readily and abundantly available source of energy. Since ancient times this energy has been harnessed by humans using a range of innovations and ever-evolving technologies.
The earth receives more energy in just one hour from the sun than what is consumed in the whole world for one year. This energy comes from within the sun itself through process called nuclear fusion reaction. In this reaction four atoms of hydrogen combine to form one helium atom with loss of matter. This matter is emitted as radiant energy.
India is a tropical country with sunshine in plenty and long days. About 301 clear sunny days are available in a year. Theoretically, India receives solar power of about 5000 trillion kWh/yr (600 TW approx.) on its land area. On an average, daily solar energy incident over India ranges from 4 to 7 kWh/m2. Depending on the location sunshine hours varies from 2,300–3,200 hours in a year. This is far more than current total energy consumption. For instance, assuming conversion efficiency of 10% for PV modules, it will still be thousand times greater than the likely electricity demand in India by the year 2015.
This energy from the sun is used as solar thermal and solar power applications. Solar thermal energy, through various technologies, is utilised for various purposes which includes Heating, Drying, Cooking, seasoning of timber, water treatment (Distillation and disinfection), Cooling (Refrigeration and Cold storage), High temperature process heat or industrial purposes
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic or PV is used to
convert Sunlight directly into electricity, or uses concentrating solar power or CSP to indirectly generate electricity. Solar Photovoltaic or SPV cells convert solar radiation into DC electricity directly. SPV finds a number of applications in areas such as Domestic or household lighting, Street lighting, electrification in rural or village areas, water pumping, desalination of salty water, powering of remote telecommunication repeater stations and railway signals.
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3.2
Advantages of Solar Energy
3.2.1 Environmental friendly
Solar Energy is renewable, clean, and sustainable form of energy which helps in protecting our environment.
It does not create pollution by releasing gases like nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, mercury and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere as many conventional forms of energy do.
Solar Energy, therefore, does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or smog.
It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions.
Since solar energy does not use any fuel, it neither increases the cost nor does it add to the problems of the transportation and recovery of fuel or the storage and disposal of radioactive waste.
3.2.2 Saves money
After the recovery of initial investment, the Sun‟s energy is practically FREE.
The payback period for the investment can be short depending on electricity usages of household.
The government provides financial incentives so as to reduce the cost incurred.
Your utility company can buy the additional energy that your system produces, building up a credit on your account. This is called net metering.
It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline.
3.2.3 Independent/ semi-independent
Solar Energy can be utilized to balance out consumption of energy supplied by utility. It does not only reduce the electricity bill, but will also supply our business/home with electricity whenever there is a power outage.
These systems can operate completely independent, without a connection to a gas or power grid at all. Therefore they can be installed in remote locations, like holiday log cabins,
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thus these are more practical as well as cost effective as compared to the supply of utility electricity to a remote and new site.
Solar Energy enhances local job opportunities and wealth creation, thus contributing to local economies.
3.2.4 Low/ no maintenance
Solar Energy systems once installed will last for decades and are almost maintenance free.
Once installed, there are no recurring costs.
They do not consist of moving parts, creates no noise, do not release any offensive smells and do not require addition of any fuel.
Addition of solar panels is easy in case your family's needs grow in future.
The dependence on non-renewable sources of energy could be reduced and lesser threat on environment will be posed if we find channels of efficient utilisation of solar energy.
3.3
Solar Photovoltaic
Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is the process of converting solar radiation (sunlight) into electricity using a device called solar cell. A solar cell is a semi-conducting device made of silicon or other materials, which, when exposed to sunlight, generates electricity. The magnitude of the electric current generated depends on the intensity of the solar radiation, exposed area of the solar cell, the type of material used in fabricating the solar cell, and ambient temperature. Solar cells are connected in series and parallel combinations to form modules that provide the required power.
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3.3.1 Crystalline solar cells
Most solar cells are made of a single crystal or multi-crystalline silicon material. Silicon ingots are made by the process of crystal growth, or by casting in specially designed furnaces. The ingots are then sliced into thin wafers. Single crystal wafers are usually of 125 × 125 mm or larger sizes with „pseudo-square‟ shape; multi-crystalline wafers are typically square-shaped with a dimension of 100 × 100 mm or larger. Using high temperature diffusion furnaces,
impurities like boron or phosphorous are introduced into the silicon wafers to form a p–n
junction. The silicon wafers are thus converted into solar cells. When exposed to sunlight, a current is generated in each cell. Contacts are attached to the top and bottom of each solar cell to enable inter-connections and drawing of the current.
3.3.2 Thin-film solar cells
Thin-film solar cells are made from amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium selenide/cadmium sulphide (CuInSe2/CdS) or cadmium telluride/cadmium sulphide (CdTe/CdS), by using thin-film deposition techniques. These technologies are at various stages of development and have not yet reached the maturity of crystalline silicon. Production of thin-film PV modules is also limited.
3.3.3 PV module
PV modules are usually made from strings of crystalline silicon solar cells. These cells are made of extremely thin silicon wafers (about 300 um) and hence are extremely fragile. To protect the cells from damage, a string of cells is hermetically sealed between a layer of toughened glass and layers of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA). An insulating tedlar sheet is placed beneath the EVA layers to give further protection to the cell string. An outer frame is attached to give strength to the module and to enable easy mounting on structures. A terminal box is attached to the back of a module; here, the two ends (positive and negative) of the solar string are welded or soldered to the terminals. This entire assembly constitutes a PV module. When the PV module is in use, the terminals are connected either directly to a load, or to another module to form an array. Single PV modules of capacities ranging from 10 Wp to 120 Wp can provide power for different loads. For large power applications, a PV array consisting of a number of modules connected in parallel and/or series is used.
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3.3.4 Standard Capacity/Ratings and Specifications:
The wattage output of a PV module is rated in terms of peak watt (Wp) units. The peak watt output power from a module is defined as the maximum power output that the module could deliver under standard test conditions (STC). The STC conditions used in a laboratory are
1000 watts per square metre solar radiation intensity
Air-mass 1.5 reference spectral distribution
25 °C ambient temperature.
Figure 3.2: SPV modules
SPV modules of various capacities are available, and are being used for a variety of applications. Theoretically, a PV module of any capacity (voltage and current) rating can be fabricated. However, the standard capacities available in the country range from 5 Wp to 120 Wp. The voltage output of a PV module depends on the number of solar cells connected in series inside the module. In India, a crystalline silicon module generally contains 36 solar cells connected in series. The module provides a usable direct current (DC) voltage of about 16.5 V, which is normally used to charge a 12-V battery.
In an SPV system, the components other than the PV module are collectively known as „balance of system‟ (BoS), which includes batteries for storage of electricity, electronic charge controller, inverter, etc. These batteries are charged during the daytime using the DC power generated by the SPV module. The battery/battery bank supplies power to loads during the night or non-sunny hours. An inverter is required to convert the DC power from the PV module or
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battery to AC power for operating the load. Some loads such as DC pumps do not require an inverter or even a battery bank.
3.4
Standards for SPV
Photovoltaic standards in India have been established by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). So far, there are eight standards prescribed by the BIS for SPV. These standards mainly relate to the areas listed below.
SPV terminology
Measurements of cells and modules
Methods of correcting the measurements
Qualification test procedure for crystalline silicon modules
General description of SPV power generating systems
Parameters of stand-alone SPV systems
Standards are under preparation for BoS components such as batteries, inverters, and charge controllers. These standards are based mainly on the corresponding International Electro technical Commission (IEC) or European standards.
3.5
Advantages of SPV Systems
The major advantages of using SPV systems are as follows.
Abundant solar radiation is available in most parts of India. Hence, SPV systems can be used anywhere in the country.
SPV systems are modular in nature. Hence, they can be expanded as desired and used for small and large applications.
There are no running costs associated with SPV systems, as solar radiation is free.
Electricity is generated by solar cells without noise.
PV systems have no moving parts. Hence, they suffer no wear and tear.
As most of the components of SPV systems are pre-fabricated, these systems can be installed quickly. Hence, PV projects have short gestation periods.
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SPV modules have long-life, and require no maintenance. Only BoS components such as batteries and inverters require minor maintenance.
3.6
SPV Lighting Systems:
SPV lighting systems are becoming popular in both the rural and urban areas of the country. In rural areas, SPV lighting systems are being used in the form of portable lanterns, home-lighting systems with one or more fixed lamps, and street-lighting systems. Applications in urban areas include glow-sign display systems on the streets, traffic signalling, message display systems based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and systems to illuminate advertisement hoardings.
3.6.1 Solar street lighting system:
A solar street-lighting system (SLS) is an outdoor lighting unit used to illuminate a street or an open area usually in villages. A CFL is fixed inside a luminary which is mounted on a pole. The PV module is placed at the top of the pole, and a battery is placed in a box at the base of the pole. The module is mounted facing south, so that it receives solar radiation throughout the day, without any shadow falling on it.
Figure 3.3: Solar Street Light
A typical street-lighting system consists of a PV module of 74 Wp capacity, a flooded lead–acid battery of 12 V, 75 AH capacity, and a CFL of 11 W rating. This system is designed to
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operate from dusk to dawn (that is, throughout the night). The CFL automatically lights up when the surroundings become dark and switches off around sunrise time. The cost of an SLS is about Rs 19 000. Variations in the cost are possible on account of local taxes, additional transportation costs, etc. The Ministry provides financial assistance for the promotion of some of the above solar lighting systems among eligible categories of users.
3.7
SPV power plants:
In an SPV power plant, electricity is centrally generated. This electricity is either made available to users through a local grid in a „stand-alone‟ mode, or connected to the conventional power grid in a „grid-interactive‟ mode. Stand-alone power plants provide grid-quality power locally to people to meet their requirements for lighting and other needs. Power plants are preferred over individual SPV systems if a number of users are in close proximity. The cost of power may be of the order of Rs 15 per kWh for a grid-interactive power plant and higher for stand-alone power plant.
Figure 3.4: SPV Power Plant
3.7.1 Stand-alone SPV power plant:
A stand-alone SPV power plant is typically designed for specific requirements. The capacity of a stand-alone power plant varies from 1 kWp to 25 kWp, and in some cases even higher. These systems are used where conventional grid supply is not available, or is erratic or irregular. A stand-alone power plant functions like an uninterrupted power supply system (UPS)
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and provides a constant, stable, and reliable supply to the loads. These power plants can also be used in areas where grid supply is available; in such places the power plants operate like a hybrid power plant, working with grid, as well as with SPV. The capacity of its battery bank depends on user requirements. The most common use for such plants is the electrification of remote villages. Other uses include power for hospitals, hotels, communications equipment, railway stations, border outposts, etc., Stand-alone SPV power plants comprise PV array, battery bank, inverter, and charge controller. Depending on the system voltage, SPV modules are arranged in series and parallel combinations. The standard combinations are 2, 4, 6, 10, 20 or more modules. The corresponding system voltages are in the range of 24 to 240 V. The size of the battery bank is determined by the system voltage and ampere-hour requirements of the load. The inverter is selected based on the system voltage and peak-load capacities. Other components such as junction boxes, distribution boxes, and cables are selected according to the maximum amount of current to be handled by them. The cost of a stand-alone power plant depends on the PV array size, battery bank capacity, inverter, etc. The approximate cost of a standalone power plant is between Rs 3.00 lakhs and Rs 3.50 lakhs per kW of PV capacity. Distribution costs (such as in a village) may be extra.
3.8
Solar Generators
A solar generator is a small capacity, stand-alone SPV power system based on a PV array, connected to a battery bank and an inverter of appropriate size. This system is designed to supply power to limited loads (such as lights and fans) for a period of two to three hours daily in situations such as conventional power failure or load-shedding. The MNES currently promotes four models of solar generators, with capacities of 150, 350, 450, and 600 Wp. These solar generators are mainly meant to replace the conventional small-capacity petrol-based generators that are used during routine load-shedding periods in urban areas by shops, clinics, and other small establishments. The components of a typical solar generator are a small SPV array connected to a battery bank of appropriate size and an inverter based on 12, 24, or 48 V. The system is designed to supply power to loads such as lights, fans, credit-card operating machines, and personal computers for a period of two to three hours. The cost of the four solar generator models promoted by the MNES varies from Rs 35 000 to Rs 145 000.
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3.9
Building-integrated PV Systems
In a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system, PV panels are integrated into the roof or façade of a building. BIPV systems are becoming common in Europe, the USA, and Japan. The SPV panels generate electricity during the daytime, which is used to meet a part of the electrical energy needs of the building. BIPV systems have significant potential in India, where a large number of buildings are constructed every year for different purposes, and where energy consumption in buildings is growing at a rapid rate. Although the initial costs of a BIPV system are high, long-term savings result from a reduction in electricity consumption. India needs more experience in the field of BIPV technology. In order to encourage this application and to prepare manufacturers and users, the Ministry supports BIPV projects by meeting 80% of the cost of PV modules installed in the systems on government and semi government buildings.
3.10 SPV Pumping System
Water pumping is one of the most important applications of PV in India. An SPV water pump is a DC or AC, surface-mounted or submersible or floating pump that runs on power from an SPV array. The array is mounted on a suitable structure and placed in a shadow free open space with its modules facing south and inclined at local latitude. A typical SPV water-pumping system consists of an SPV array of 200–3000 Wp capacity, mounted on a tracking/non-tracking type of structure. The array is connected to a DC or AC pump of matching capacity that can be of s u r f a c e - m o u n t e d, submersible, or floating type. Interconnecting cables and electronics make up the rest of the system. SPV water pumps are used to draw water for irrigation as well as for drinking.
The normal pumping heads are in the range of 10 metres (m) for irrigation, and 30 m for drinking water. It is possible to use pumps with even greater head, especially for drinking water supply. The SPV array converts sunlight into electricity and delivers it to run the motor and pump up water. The water can be stored in tanks for use during non-sunny hours, if necessary. For maximum power output from the SPV array, the structure on which it is mounted should track the sun. Electronic devices are used to do this in some models, thereby enabling the systems to operate at maximum power output. The power from the SPV array is directly delivered to the pump in the case of DC pumps.
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In the case of AC pumps, however, an inverter is used to convert the DC output of the array into AC. No storage batteries are used in an SPV pump. An SPV pump based on a one-horsepower motor can irrigate about 1–1.5 hectares of land under a variety of crops except paddy and sugar cane (assuming a 10-m water table). Using the same pump along with drip irrigation, it is possible to irrigate up to 6 hectares of land for certain crops. A two-horsepower SPV pump could irrigate about 2–3 hectares of land under many crops except paddy and sugar cane (again assuming a 10-m water table).
Figure 3.5: SPV pumping systems
The cost of an SPV pump depends on the capacity and type of pump. For example, a DC surface pump with a 900 W array may cost about Rs 150 000; a similar pump of 1800 W may cost about Rs 300 000; and an 1800 W AC submersible pump may cost about Rs 422 000.
3.11 Solar Energy in India
India lies in the sunny regions of the world. Most parts of India receive 4–7 kWh (kilowatt-hour) of solar radiation per square metre per day with 250–300 sunny days in a year. The highest annual radiation energy is received in western Rajasthan while the north-eastern region of the country receives the lowest annual radiation. Solar energy, experienced by us as heat and light, can be used through two routes: the thermal route uses the heat for water heating, cooking, drying, water purification, power generation, and other applications; the photovoltaic route converts the light in solar energy into electricity, which can then be used for a number of purposes such as lighting, pumping, communications, and power supply in un-electrified areas.
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Energy from the sun has many features, which make it an attractive and sustainable option: global distribution, pollution free nature, and the virtually inexhaustible supply.
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CHAPTER 4
BIPV- BUILDING INTEGRATED
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
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CHAPTER -4
4.1
BIPV - Introduction
4.1.1 General terminology:
“BIPV refers to photovoltaic systems integrated with an object's building phase. It means that they are built /constructed along with an object. They are also planned together with the object. Yet, they could be built later on. Due to specific task, cooperation of many different experts, such as architects, civil engineers and PV system designers, is necessary.”
4.1.2 Expert’s terminology:
“Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) refers to the architectural, structural and aesthetic integration of photovoltaic (PV) materials into buildings. They form part of the building exterior such as the roof, façade or skylight.” They are usually used for off grid micro-generation for buildings, although on-grid applications can also be found.
BIPV can be integrated into the building at the time of construction as well as it can be added once the building has been prepared. These two approaches are respectively known as fresh fit and retrofit. The former that is the fresh fit is usually more preferred due to cost savings in labour and materials. Additionally, this method also allows for greater aesthetic planning, allowing the solar modules to blend in better with the structure.
The above definition gives a fair idea about BIPV stating that its an integration to the building but its not simply the similar kind of integration just because of the orientation of the sun which is the ultimate focus of the whole BIPV system, thus it is necessary to place the components of BIPV system keeping in mind the peak intensity of the solar radiation.
Keeping in mind the above fundamental, there are a number of building integrated photovoltaic system are in use so as to capture the maximum of the solar radiation throughout the year, thus in the section given below we will discuss about the various types of BIPV system.
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4.2 Types of BIPV system
We have classified BIPV into the following four types:
1. Roof integrated systems 2. Facade integrated systems 3. Retrofit roof or facade systems
4. PV used as a shading system – either built with the building or retrofit.
Description of all the above four techniques are as given below:
4.2.1 Roof integrated systems:
The roof integrated BIPV system which is the integration of the panels into the roof of the building serves two purposes, first as a roof and secondly as an electricity generator. It replaces the conventional roof while allowing the natural sunlight to filter through. As a roof, the BIPV serves as structural and weather condition requirements by providing structural strength and stability; it protects against the damages like chemical and mechanical damage; preventing against fires; protecting against rain, sun, wind, and moisture; it allows heat absorption and heat storage; controls the diffusion of light, etc. In addition to these features it serves as an electricity generator through meeting part of the electrical load requirements of the building.
The BIPV modules for roofs (which are based on crystalline technology) are available in the three forms. Although the detail about the module is being covered in the technical analysis chapter but readers are advised to once go through it because it is appropriate to describe this here.
Single glass element: Here the solar cells are laminated on a single glass with transparent encapsulation that allows light to pass through space between cells.
Double glass element: In this case, the solar cells are sandwiched between two glasses with transparent encapsulation; this encapsulation reduces heat losses from indoor building spaces.
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Double glazing element, in which a third glass is fixed at the bottom of the double glass element, with vacuum in between the second and the third glass to reduce heat losses.
Figure 4.1: Flat rooftop Figure 4.2: Sloped rooftop
4.2.2 Facade mounting:
The word façade comes from the French language, literally meaning "frontage" or "face". A façade is generally one side of the exterior of a building, especially the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear.
In case of façade integrated system, PV in integrated once the building is constructed. PV is usually integrated into the south façade, for maximum utilization.
Module comes in different colour so adding more flexibility to the architects as far as the aesthetic view is concerned. The typical BIPV façade is vertical, and integrated with clear glazing and semi-transparent PV modules. However, vertically oriented PV panels produce less electricity as compare to the solar panels slanting towards the sun. The reduction is greatest in the summer when the sun is high up. So facades can be sloped in to a saw tooth design top absorb maximum solar energy. Semi transparent glazing does not allow direct sunlight to enter the building, thus reducing cooling loads and glare. Opaque PV material can be used in building structural members.
Integrated façade system requires a high degree of refinement to get sufficient cooling of the modules. In architecture, the facade of a building is often the most important from a design
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standpoint, as it sets the tone for the rest of the building. Many facades are historic, and local zoning regulations or other laws greatly restrict or even forbid their alteration.
Figure 4.3: Facade mounting
The low powered systems of up to some 10 kW are usually integrated into the south facade. Facade integrated photovoltaic systems could consist of different transparent module types, such as:
Crystalline PV modules
Micro-perforated amorphous transparent modules.
In such case a part of natural light is transferred into the building through the modules. Solar cells are available in different colours; therefore, there is no limitation for imagination of the architect or the designer. We can say that such constructed buildings give the term architecture a completely new meaning.
The best results and efficiency can be reached with systems, which are tightly integrated into the passive solar buildings; however, the use of active solar systems is an additional possibility. This is where the modules are partially transmitting allowing natural light to penetrate the building. Undoubtedly, such systems challenge even the best of architects. High level of expertise is required for successful BIPV systems planning, not only in regard to architecture, but also to civil and photovoltaic engineering. The projects realized in the past show that a successful BIPV system designing is based heavily on technical experience and
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knowledge. Poorly designed systems usually have to be redesigned or repaired later, consequently swelling maintenance costs and lowering system efficiency rate.
Inside the BIPV system, photovoltaic (PV) panels are integrated into some of the building components, such as glass plates on curtain wall glass system, window shades, skylight systems, etc. They functioned as normal parts of a building and at the same time generate electricity.
4.3
Market Segmentation of BIPV system:
Market segmentation describes about the four types of building where BIPV system in mostly used.
1. Residential buildings – These mainly use roof integrated systems. Cost is a major concern
for this segment, with the focus being on lower RoI time and increased efficiency. The residential buildings that we are considering for the analysis are single dwelling, attached and multi unit house buildings.
2. Commercial buildings – These are large BIPV systems used by major companies and
organisations where they feel that it is more cost effective in the long term than conventional power sources. This is usually done in parts of Europe where there is a large support policy for BIPV.
3. Industrial buildings - since industrial buildings are large in area and hence if we can even
prove BIPV in one such building then this could be an initiative towards the grand success of BIPV in industrial buildings.
4. Government and PSU buildings: Its is a difficult task to convince customer without showing
the practical viability of the similar kind of the projects thus if BIPV is first being proved to the government buildings then it could serve as a showcase for all the BIPV customers.
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4.4
Global & Indian Scenario
Factor Japan Germany Italy Spain India US
Solar isolation ~1051 kWh/kWp/yr ~950 kWh/kWp/yr ~1000-1500 kWh/kWp/yr ~1300 kWh/kWp/yr ~1700-2500 kWh/kWp/yr ~1000-2100 kWh/kWp/yr Installed PV 1919MW 3862MW 120.2MW 655MW 112MW 830.5MW Feed-in tariff (Euro/kwp) - 0.32 to 0.43 (Depending on capacity) 0.44 to 0.49 0.32 to 0.34 0.23 maximum $0.39/kWh(>1 00kWh) $2.50/Wp or $0.39/kWh (<100kWh) Subsidies 50% of system installation cost, 33% for local govt Subsidized loan at 5.2% fixed for 5 or 10 yrs upto 20 yrs - - 50% of costs for modules of 5 kWp maximum, at Rs. 200,000/kWp, 50% of cost for modules of 1 kWp maximum capped at Rs. 100,000/kWp $2.50/Wp (for residential purpose), $3.25/Wp for govt Based on PBI(performa nce based index)& EPBB(Expect ed Performance-Based Buy-Down) Tax credits 3-year
property tax credit with PV system =>100kW
NO 55%
Only for solar thermal 4% (2009) on total capacity installed 100% tax credits on installations 10% tax credit after 2008
Table 4.1: Country wise Comparison of BIPV system Source: Solar global report card.2008
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4.4.1 Indian scenario:
Installed PV Capacity:
Cumulative installed as of September 2007: 112 MW2 (97.3% off-grid)
Cumulative installed end 2006: ~100MW (98% off-grid)
Cumulative installations growth rate: 2005-2006: +16.3% 2006-2007: +12%
Annual installations growth rate 2006-2007: -14%
State-level feed-in tariffs:
Punjab: ~Rs 8.93/kWh NSRE policy
West Bengal: Rs 11/kWh
Haryana: ~Rs 15.75/kWh
Direct Capital Subsidies:
Building Integrated PV systems: 50% of costs for modules of 5 kWp maximum, capped at Rs. 200,000/kWp (US$ 4,860).
Solar power packs‟: 50% of cost for modules of 1 kWp maximum capped at Rs. 100,000/kWp (US$ 2,430).
Tax Credits:
80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for grid-connected systems. Not available in conjunction with the Generation Based Incentive. No cap.
Ten consecutive-year tax exemption on income from sale of electricity within 15 years of setting up of the project.
Import duty exemptions
Subsidized Loans:
IREDA may provide loans at 9-10%. Source: Global solar report card, 2008
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4.5
Technical Analysis
4.5.1 Installation of BIPV & Component details:
Installation Of BIPV
As the title indicates, this part of the report gives a fair detail to the layman about how to install BIPV system and what are the basic components of the BIPV system
How to install a BIPV system:
To install BIPV in newly constructing house or to the home already constructed the very first thing we need to decide that whether we need to fulfill all our electricity requirements by solar BIPV or to utilize BIPV as a substitute to the presently used conventional electricity. Once we have decided this, the very second step is to decide the capacity being installed accordingly, it needs a little knowledge of electrical terminologies otherwise we require to take the help of a consultant or directly the BIPV installers to calculate it.
Let‟s understand how to calculate the household power capacity required.
Step-1: Calculate daily power used:
Method 1:
To do this, take the last 12 monthly power bills and calculate the average kilowatt hour (kWh) usage per month. The reason we use 12 is because our power consumption fluctuates with the seasons.
Then divide the monthly usage by 30 (the average number of days in a month, to get the daily power used.
So for example: If the monthly power consumption of 800 kWh (which is generally in a double story upper class 4 bhk house), then the daily consumption is 800/30= 26.7 kWh per day.
Now if we want to halve the power bill then you need to produce 26.7 / 2 = 13.4 kWh of solar panel watt power per day.
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If we don‟t have the electricity bill then there is a way to calculate the power consumption by means of the electrical appliances used. All it needs to know is the capacity, hours of use and the hours of use per day of these equipments.
Some of these appliances with all the details are as given below: -
Sr no
Equipment Capacity Number Hours of use/day
Consumption /year
1 Tube-light 5-10 watts(taking 10w) 5 8hrs/day 146000 watt
2 Bulb 60 watts 5 4 hrs/day 438000 watt
3 Air-conditioner 1000 watts 1 4hrs/day 1060000 watt
4 Fan 10-50 watts (taking
30w)
4 8hrs 350400 watt
5 Computer 370 watts 1 8 hrs/day 1080400 watt
6 Television 100 watts 1 2hrs/day 73000 watt
Total 3147800 watt
= 3147.80 kw Table 4.2: Calculation of the per year consumption with the listed equipments
Source: Power consumption of equipments is taken from www.absak.com Power consumption per year = 3147.80 kWh (from table 3.1)
Power consumption per day = 3147.80/365 = 8.62 kWh Power consumption per hour = 7.66/24 = 0.359 kW
Step 2 - Calculate total solar panel watt needs:
To do this, first determine how many usable hours of sunlight the area receives per day. This is taken from a solar insulation map.
For example sunshine hour per year in India = from 2300 to 3200 = 2750 (average) Thus average sunshine hours per day = 2750/365= 7.5 hours per day