EOI Review

1940’S

Nuremburg Trials: After the war the German officers were put on trial for war crimes.

Cold War: Origins of Cold War between Soviet Union and US

Divisions of Berlin: The city was divided into 4 parts – 3 parts democracy, 1 part communist.

Berlin Blockade: attempt by the Soviets in East Berlin to cut off all supplies to West Berlin.

Berlin Airlift: The Allies delivered over 11 million tons of food to West Berlin for a year to help them.

Iron Curtain: a name given to the division in Europe between

Division of Germany post WWII

West Germany would be controlled by the US, France, Great Britain,

Marshall Plan: American plan to help out any European country that wanted to rebuild but would remain democratic.

United Nations: post world war II; 39 countries got together to make sure that when there are problems it can be worked out without going to war.

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, agreement that if one country was attacked they would all be attacked.

Warsaw Pact: Communist response to NATO

Truman Doctrine: sent $40 billion in aide to Turkey and Greece to prevent them from being overrun by the Communist.

1950’S

1950’s

• _{Domino Theory: that if one country falls and becomes communist} then others would follow.

• _{Civil Rights Movement: : 1954 – 1965. Laws were written and} Supreme Court decisions were made to stop discrimination

against African Americans. Students were now allowed to attend white colleges and high schools.

• _{Thurgood Marshall: First African American on the Supreme Court.}

•

US Supreme Court decision Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher and

George McLaurin: Black college grads that fought to get

into white colleges to continue their education.

•

NAACP : National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People.

•

De jure: is an expression that means "concerning law”

•

De facto segregation: the practice of segregating people

by race and gender

•

Brown v. Board of Education: Supreme court case that

McCarthy Hearings: Joseph McCarthy accused everyone of being communist. Destroyed many people’s lives, Those that he mentioned were black listed and not able to find work.

Second Red Scare: the fear of Communism and that it would take over the world.

Rosenberg’s spy trials: a couple that were charged with selling weapon information to the communists.

Mutually assured destruction: each side will have enough weapons to totally destroy each other.

• _{Rosa Parks – black woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus to}

a white person. She is Credited with starting the civil rights movement

• _{Montgomery Bus Boycott – All black refused to ride the buses as a way to}

express their opposition to Park’s arrest.

• _{Little Rock Central High School: nine African American students enrolled}

in the high school. Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the African Americans from entering the school. President Eisenhower sent in Federal troops to ensure the students access to the school.

• _{Oklahoma City Lunch Counter Sit-in: Led by Clara Luper and several}

students went to Katz Drugstore in OKC and sat at the “Whites only” food counter. They ordered Cokes and waited for service. They waited for

1960’s

• _{Peace Corp Gulf of Tonkin Resolution} • _{Space Race Presidential election 1968} • _{Bay of Pigs War on Poverty}

• _{Cuban Missile Crisis Great Society}

• _{Vietnam War Civil Rights Acts of 1964-1965}

• _{President Kennedy Selma to Montgomery Marches} • _{President Johnson Freedom Riders}

• _{President Nixon “I have a Dream”}

• _{Malcom X Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.} • _{SCLC , CORE, SNCC March on Washington}

• _{President Kennedy Wins the 1960 election. Assassinated Nov. 1963}

• _{Inaugural Address: “Ask Not What your country can do for you, ask what}

you can do for your country”.

• _{Berlin Wall: a wall built to separate East and West Berlin. The East was}

communist, the west was free and democratic.

• _{Bay of Pigs Invasion: when the US trained Cuban nationals to land in Cuba}

and retake their country from Fidel Castro communist)

• _{Cuban Missile Crisis: the closest the US came to WWIII with the Soviet}

Union. The Soviet Union had been putting nuclear missiles in Cuba which is only 90 miles from Florida. The US forced them to remove the weapons.

• _{Peace Corp: organizations that trained and sent young people to 3rd world}

1960’s Lyndon Johnson

• _{War on poverty:}

– measures to train the jobless, educate the uneducated, and provide healthcare for those in need.

– $1billion-dollar project.

• _{Great Society:}

– Name of the Johnson’s plan for America.

– To end poverty and racial injustice and opportunity for every child.

• _{March on Washington:}

– drew more than 200,000 people to march on the capital to encourage Congress to pass the Civil Rights legislation.

• _{“I have a dream”:}

•

Birmingham Church Bombing:

– _{Sep. 15, 1963 a bomb went off at the Sixteenth Street Baptist}

Church in Birmingham.

– _{It had been the headquarters of the SCLC.}

– _{Four young African American girls were killed.}

•

Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1965:

– _{banned segregation in public places and to desegregate schools.} – _{EEOC established.}

– _{Banned literacy test for voting}

•

24

Amendment:

– _{Can not prevent someone from voting by requiring a poll tax or}

• _{Selma to Montgomery Marches:}

– African Americans were marching to pressure the federal go. to enact voting rights legislation.

– Confrontations on the Edmund Pettus ridge .

– Bloody Sunday – heavily armed state troopers attacked the marchers.

– Public outcry forced the gov. to initiate the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

• _{Freedom Riders:}

– Groups of college students defied the southern segregation rules and rode together on buses with African Americans riding in the front of the bus and using white only restrooms.

– _{When the buses arrived in Alabama they were firebombed, and}

• Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination: leader of the NAACP, civil right proponent of peace was killed on April 4, 1968 by a racist in Memphis

• _{Malcolm X: Radical young African American who was a member of the} Nation of Islam. Promoted “Black power”.

• _{SCLC: MLK and Ralph Abernathy formed the Southern Christian Leadership} Conference made up of African American ministers that advocated non-violence.

• _{SNCC: student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee , to defeat white} racism and to obtain equality without violence.

• Cesar Chavez:

– Latino activist who fought for rights for farm laborers who were among the most

exploited workers in the nations.

– _{Organized the United Farm Workers. Urged people to boycott California products.}

•

Women’s Liberation Movement: referred to as the

second wave of feminism. To get women more rights

and equality.

•

NOW: National Organization for Women – “Dedicated

to winning true equality for all women”

•

Equal Rights Amendment: an amendment to the

constitution that would guarantee gender equality

under the law.

•

Roe v. Wade: assured a woman’s right to have an

Vietnam War: war between

North and South Vietnam that

involved the US in the 1950’s

and 1960’s.

North Vietnam was

Communist, South Vietnam

was Democracy.

Originally France controlled

• _{Eisenhower sent military advisors in the 1950’s}

• _{Kennedy took a more aggressive stand and sent in Special Forces}

to advise the South Vietnamese military in the early 1960’s.

• _{By 1963 there were more than 15,000 troops in South Vietnam.}

• _{President Johnson:}

– Gulf of Tonkin: USS Maddox was patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin and was fired on by the North Vietnamese.

– _{Johnson ordered an airstrike against North Vietnamese}

– Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: gave the President wide range of powers

•

Americanizing the War:

– _{1965 American troops started using Napalm, Agent Orange.} – _{By 1965 there were 184,300 American troops in Vietnam,}

within 3 years there would be half a million soldiers there. 30,000 had died

•

Split the nation- TV coverage brought pictures of war

into the living room, first time people saw death and

destruction.

•

Early 1968 Tet Offensive: Vietnamese Lunar New Year,

End of the Vietnam War

• _{Formal peace talks started in 1968.}

• _{Nixon starts bombing Ho Chi Minh trail in Cambodia.}

• _{Americans were not happy that the war had increased into Cambodia.}

• _{American soldiers killed between 400-500 civilians at My Lai.}

• _{By 1972 Americans were against the war .}

• _{October 1972 American troops started to leave Vietnam}

• _{January 1973 Paris Peace Accords American agreed to a cease-fire and}

• _{Spring 1975 South Vietnam was taken over by the North and}

Vietnam was united under communist rule.

• _{More than 58,000 American soldiers died,300,000 were wounded.}

• _{Vietnamese death toll was over 2 million}

• _{When the soldiers returned to the US there were no parades and}

no welcome home.

Presidential Election 1968

•

Violence rocks the presidential race.

–

Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention

–

Anti-War protesters were not allowed in the

convention site.

–

Chicago Mayor Daley ordered the protester removed.

–

America watched as Police and State National Guard

beat protesters.

–

Election saw Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew defeat

1970’s

•

War Powers Act:

– _{the President can send our troops somewhere for 48 hours.}

– _{but after that he/she has to contact Congress to get approval to}

keep the troops longer.

– _{If at any time Congress disagrees with the war they can bring}

home our troops.

•

Pentagon Papers:

– _{A study of the US gov. involvement in Vietnam that was leaked to}

The New York Times

– _{Pres. Nixon tried to have it blocked but the Supreme Court ruled}

in favor of the Newspaper.

– _{It showed that military leaders lied to the American people and}

1970’s

• _{Richard Nixon: President from 1968 – 1974. accomplishments:}

ending Vietnam war, opening trade with China. Downfall – Watergate

• _{Kent State 1970: students were protesting the war throwing rocks}

and bottles at the Ohio National Guard - they open fired on the students killing 4 of them

• ₂₅th _{Amendment: Line of succession if the President has to step}

down, or dies. Sets up for the Vice President to step up as President.

• ₂₆th _{Amendment: Gave 18 year old the right to vote.}

• _{Détente: Flexible diplomacy adopted by Richard Nixon to ease}

• _Watergate:

– _{A botched burglary of Democratic Party Headquarters at the}

Watergate Hotel.

– _{President and his advisors were accused of “covering up the}

burglary”.

– _{Nixon’s top aides actually did participate and they told Nixon}

but Nixon continued to deny he knew anything about it.

– _{House of Representatives started impeachment process} – _{Nixon resigned.}

• _{President Ford’s pardon of Nixon: When Nixon resigned Gerald}

President Jimmy Carter 1976-1980

•

Camp David Accords: Brokered a Peace agreement

between Egypt and Israel.

•

OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(mostly Arab nations) they set the price of Oil.

•

Iran Hostage Crisis: militant Iranians took over the

President Ronald Reagan 1980-1988

• _{Iran Contra scandal: president Reagan arranged to sell} weapons to Nicaraguan rebels.

• _{Reaganomics: theory of supply-side economics. If taxes are} reduced people will work more and have more money to spend causing the economy to grow

President Georg H.W. Bush 1988-1992

•

Persian Gulf War: Iraq invaded Kuwait. The

President Bill Clinton 1992-2000

• _{NAFTA: North American Trade Agreement between Canada, US,} and Mexico not to charge each other import/export taxes.

• _{Bosnia: As part of the UN alliance the US sent troops to help stop} the fighting in Bosnia Herzegovina between the Serbs, Croats and Bosnians.

•

• _{1995 bombing of the Murrah building OKC: Timothy McVey set off} a bomb in front of the Murrah Building April 19, 1995 in

retaliation for the Waco incident. 168 people were killed.

President George Bush 2000-2008

•

September 11, 2001: The first terrorist attack

on the US. Two planes flew into the twin

towers of the World Trade Center. Thousands

of people were killed. Another plane flew into

the pentagon and killed hundreds there. An

additional plane was on approach to the

Capital when the passengers stormed the

• _{Patriot Act: Gives the FBI and secret service more flexibility in obtaining}

phone records, internet access without needing a court order.

• _{Department of Homeland Security: created after 2001. Designed to}

search for terrorists within our country and to monitor any signs of future attacks.

• _{War in Afghanistan: after 9-11-2001 the US declared war on Afghanistan}

in retaliation for the Al Qaida attacks. The war continued against the Taliban who fought to control the country.

• _{War in Iraq: Saddam Hussein was rumored to have “Weapons of Mass}

•

President Obama’s Election 2008

EOI Page 1

• _{Black Codes: These laws had the intent and the effect of} restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling

them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

• _{Jim Crow Laws: Demanded segregation between the races in} the 1860’s.

• KKK: Klu Klux Klan, a group of men who disliked blacks, Jews, Catholics, and often used violence to keep the races separated.

•

Impact of Nativism: promotion of the White

American.

•

Americanization: Everything promoting America

over the influx of immigrants.

•

Reservations: A section of land set aside for

the Native Americans

•

Attempts to assimilate Native Americans: This

was designed to incorporate the Native

American into the lifestyle of the white

Americans. Names changed, lifestyle

Wounded Knee and Dawes Act

•

Wounded Knee:

– _{Indians had started participating the religious “Ghost Dance”.} – _{The US Gov. was concerned that it would inspire revolt by the}

Lakota Sioux.

– _{They arrest the leader Sitting Bull, in the confrontation Sitting Bull}

was killed.

– _{Hostilities broke out and the US Army had killed more than 100}

men.

•

Congress passes the Dawes Act:

– _{replaced the reservation system – each family was given an}

Allotment of 160 acres of farmstead.

Red Cloud = Cooper Union

• _{An influential Oglala Sioux chief, Red Cloud fought the U.S. Army}

for nearly a decade during the 1860s in a losing effort to hold onto Sioux lands in the Yellowstone and Powder River valleys.

• _{But military expeditions and rapid settlement forced Red Cloud to}

sign the Fort Laramie treaty of 1868, and he later agreed to live on a reservation.

• _{In 1870, while on a trip East to visit President Grant, Red Cloud}

•

Chief Seattle: Puget Sound Indians, gave a famous speech

in Seattle Washington.

•

Chief Quanah Parker: Comanche leader who led resistance

to white settlement was successfully assimilated and

became reservation leader. He was named Chief of the

Comanche by federal agents. Became a wealthy rancher.

•

Chief Joseph: Nez Perces leader who led a group of

refugees more than 1300 miles to Canada.

•

“I will fight no more forever”: Speech given by Chief Joseph

• _{Robber Barons: wealthy Railroad owners, people who bought} up smaller businesses to squeeze out the competition.

• _{Philanthropists: wealthy men who donated money to} museums, libraries, universities.

• John D. Rockefeller: Oil Tycoon

• _{Andrew Carnegie: one of America’s wealthiest tycoons.} Made his money in Steel

• _{“Gospel of Wealth”: people had the right to accumulate as} much wealth as they could, but they also had the

• _{Thomas Edison: Electricity}

• _{Alexander G. Bell: Telephone}

• _{Bessemer Process: a way to make steel cheaper and easier.}

• _{Muckraker: someone who wrote about the ugly side of life (to drag it}

through the muck)

• _{Ida Tarbell: wrote The History of Standard Oil in which she claimed}

that John D. Rockefeller used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors.

• _{Upton Sinclair: wrote the book “The Jungle” about immigrant workers}

•

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: outlawed any trust that

operated in restraint of trade or commerce among

several states.

•

Women’s suffrage movement: the fight to get the right

to vote for women.

•

Temperance movement: the fight to make liqueur

illegal.

•

Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, Jane Addams

– _{Three strong women who fought for women’s rights.}

– _{Addams created settlement house, where women were given}

Unions

• _{Pullman Strikes: an attempt by the railroad workers to go on}

strike, the railroad owners put a mail car on the railroad and then the federal government stepped in to force the workers back to work because you cannot interfere with the mail.

• _{Haymarket Riot: workers were on strike, they met for a rally,}

someone threw in a bomb and the police started shooting. Several police were killed.

Election issues

•

Direct primary: we all vote.

•

Initiative petition- a petition people of a state sign to

get legislation changed.

•

Referendum: a petition signed by the people to get a

new law written.

•

Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold Speech”

•

Conservation of the environment under

Theodore Roosevelt:

–

Roosevelt loved the West. He is noted for

Amendments

• ₁₆th _{amendment: income tax}

• ₁₇th _{election of Senators – before this amendment the state}

legislatures elected senators, with the passage of the 17th

amendment the people of the state now elect the senators

• ₁₈th - _{made liquor illegal}

• ₁₉th _{gave women the right to vote}

Early segregation and leaders

• _{Plessey v. Ferguson – separated the races as long as it was equal. “separate}

but equal doctrine”.

• _{Civil Rights leadership – three men led the African American early civil right}

movement:

– _{Booker T. Washington: education was the way for the African American to advance.}

– _{W.E.B. Dubois: the only way for African Americans to advance was through politics}

and voting.

– Marcus Garvey: Wanted the blacks to move back to Africa and set up their own country.

• _{Poll tax = a tax African Americans were forced to pay in order to vote}

Imperialism: taking over smaller countries to

encourage open trade

• _{White Man’s Burden: since we were white, we were superior}

and therefore we needed to take care of the rest of the world.

• _{Annexation of Hawaii: we needed to annex Hawaii to protect}

our investment in the Sugar plantations.

• _{Admiral Alfred T. Mahan – led the attack against Philippines.}

• _{Anti-Imperialist League: people against the idea of America}

Spanish American War

•

Yellow Journalism = newspapers wrote and

enlarged stories to sell newspapers and to inspire

the people the most famous was “remember the

Maine” after an American military ship was sunk

off the coast of Cuba, which led the US to war

called the Spanish American War.

Foreign Policies:

•

Theodore Roosevelt: Speak softly and carry a big

stick.

•

Roosevelt Corollary: that we would take care of all of

South American, Panama Canal

•

William Howard Taft: Dollar Diplomacy – instead of

conquering or going to war give them money to help

change their government

1912 election

• _{Bull Moose Party: created by Theodore Roosevelt because he did}

not like the Progressive that was running. It became a major 3rd

party in the election.

• William Howard Taft: President ran on the progressive party.

• Theodore Roosevelt Progressive Party: focus was on social issues and making life better.

• _{Woodrow Wilson – ran as a democrat and was able to defeat Taft.}

• _{Eugene V. Debs : union leader turned socialist and first member}

•

Women’s right to vote: 19

amendment

passed in 1920. First election for women to

vote.

•

Trade tariffs were hurting the republicans and

industry: debate in the capital whether or not

to increase the tariffs or decrease them. Who

would benefit and who would be hurt.

WWI 1914-1918

• _{Who were the allies? US, Britain, France, SU}

• _{Who were the central powers? Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (for a} short time) Ottoman Empire (for a short time).

• _{Why did the US move from neutral to engagement? Germans kept sinking} and attacking our merchant vessels, and then the Zimmerman Telegram.

• _{What were German Submarines called? U-boats}

• _{Why did the US declare war on Germany? They were using subs called}

U-Boats. The first sank was the Lusitania. The US warned Germany to stop when they didn’t and sank 6 more of our ships Wilson declared war.

•

What was happening on the Home Front

– _{Propaganda: creating literature that promotes your goals, and discredits the}

other side.

– _{Marshaling of industrial production: changing all companies from what they}

were making to now making items that the government needed for the war.

– _{Great Migration: because so many of the men were off fighting in the war}

African Americans and Mexicans started moving north to get industrial jobs.

– _{Selective Service Act 1917: created the first draft. Al men between the ages of}

Continue WWI

•

Women’s role in the war effort: took over for the men so that

they could go off to war.

•

First Red Scare: fear that communism would invade the US.

•

Wilson’s Fourteen Points and rejection of the League of

Nations

– _{Open diplomacy}

– _{Reduction in armaments}

– _{Freedom of commerce and trade}

– _{Establishment of a League of Nations}

– _{National self-determination. (people should be able to choose their}

1920’s

•

Harlem Renaissance: section of New York where African

Americans focused on art an music

•

Jazz Age: a blending of Ragtime and Dixieland style music

•

Talkies: (movies) – first talking movie was The Jazz Singer

•

Lynching's: tying up of black people and hanging them

from a tree

•

Tulsa Race Riot: 1920’s there was a race riot in Tulsa.

• _{Sit-down Strikes: when workers decide to sit down on the job and}

not return to work until the company gives them the pay raise or benefits they want.

•

• _{Socialism and communism: forms of government where the}

government controls all aspects of a person’s life.

• _{Installment buying of appliances: buying items that you cannot}

afford – but buying them on payment plan

• _{Invention of the automobile; developed by Henry Ford. Made}

transportation easier, faster - first assembly line.

• _{Indian Citizenship Act of 1924: made Native Americans citizens of}

Causes for the collapse of the stock market

• _{Stock Market: a means of investing in a company where you paid to buy} stocks in the company and as they make a profit you benefit with returns.

• _{Causes for the crash:}

– Overproduction of agriculture: lowered the price of agriculture so there was less

profit for farmers

– _{Speculation and buying on margin: buying stock even when you do not have}

enough money with the promise that you will pay off the balance when there is a profit.

• _{Laissez-Faire economics: keep government out of business}

President Hoover

• _{Hoover’s economic policy: Laissez Faire “keep the gov. out of business”} • _{Bonus Marchers: These were WWI veterans that had fought and}

Congress had promised them a $1,000 in 1924 but they wanted and

needed the money now, so they marched all the way to Washington DC to get their money early.

• _{Hoovervilles: shanty towns built out of cardboard houses because Hoover}

did not do anything about the depression.

• _{How the depression affected families: fathers left home looking for work,}

President Franklin Roosevelt

• _{Roosevelt court packing plan: he wanted people he liked on the Supreme}

Court bench that would support his projects. Roosevelt wanted to add 6 more justices to the Supreme Court.

New Federal Agencies- Social Security: Established unemployment insurance for victims of work-related injuries, Aid for poverty=stricken mothers with children, The blind and the disabled

• _{Federal deposit Insurance Corporation: commonly called FDIC – insures your}

deposit in the bank

Works Progress Administration: They spent $11 Billion . 8 million workers constructed about 650,000 miles of highway roads etc.

The Dust Bowl

• _{When crop prices dropped farmers left many fields uncultivated.}

• In 1932 drought struck the Great Plains

• _{Soil dried to dust}

• _{Winds blew blackening the sky for hundreds of miles}

• _{Buried crops and livestock like snow}

• _{Dust covered everything in the houses}

• Most farmers had to abandon their farms and head west to California

WWII

• _{Who was the President: Franklin Roosevelt}

• _{Roles of Appeasement and Isolationism:}

• _{Appeasement – granting concessions to a potential enemy in}

hope that it will maintain peace. Because WWI was so horrible that they decided never to go to war again. They were more concerned with the Communist threat from the Soviet Union.

• _{Isolationism: Staying out of the war and focusing on our own}

WWII continued

•

Fascist military aggression: Fascism was lead

by Mussolini in Italy

•

Neutrality Acts: That the US would stay out of

WWII, and would not sell weapons to either

side.

•

Lend Lease program: we would “loan or

US entrance into WWII

•

Day Which will Live in Infamy speech: Speech given by

President Roosevelt on Dec. 8

when he asked Congress

for a declaration of war against Japan because of Pearl

Harbor.

•

US entrance into WWII: the bombing on Pearl harbor

•

Role of women and minorities in the war effort: Women

– Rosie the riveter

•

Rationing: Americans were given Blue and Red stamp

books that let them purchase certain items that were

limited every month. Had to be careful not to run out of

items before you could use the stamps again. Food/gas

etc.

•

Internment of Japanese:

– _{Korematsu v. United States: Supreme Court ruled that during}

Major Battles of WWII

• European and Pacific theaters:

– _{Europe was led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower,}

– Pacific was led by Admiral Nimitz, and General McArthur

• _{Pearl Harbor: an area of Hawaii where we kept our planes and ships in} the harbor.

• D-Day Invasion: June 6, 1944 when the US and British landed on the beaches of Normandy

• _{Atomic Bomb: a massive weapon capable of killing thousands}

•

Allied conference at Yalta: meeting between

Roosevelt, Stalin (Soviet Union) and Churchill

(Great Britain) to decide what to do with

Europe after the war.

•

General Mac Arthur: was defeated in the

Philippines but vowed to return to free them.

•

The Holocaust: the attempt by Germany

(Hitler) to eliminate all Jews. Concentration

camps, extermination camps. 6 Million Jews

were killed.

•

Nuremburg Trials: After the war the German