Doping In Sports: A Review

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International Journal of Physical Education and Sports

www.phyedusports.in

Volume: 2, Issue: 10, Pages: 51-58, Year: 2017

Impact Factor: 3.125 (RIF)

ISSN- 2456-2963

Doping In Sports: A Review

Mahipal

1

_{, Dr. Ashok Kumar Sharma}

2

1_{Junior Athletics Coach, Sports and Youth Affairs Department, Panipat, Haryana, India.} 2_{Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, C.D.L.U., Sirsa, Haryana, India.}

Received Oct 17, 2017; Accepted Oct 28, 2017; Published Oct 29, 2017

Abstract

The use of drugs to improve performance in sports is prevalent since ancient times. The use of drugs to enhance Physical performance and muscular development has been observed for thousand of year. Doping incident have become an integral part of sports Elite athletes have used performance enhancing stimulants since the ancient games. The word doping originate from 'dop', a term that conventionally refers to a stimulants drink. Doping means to application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever of any prohibited substance or prohibited method. However the belief conflicts with the goal of winning at all cost which is also an integral part modern high performance. Our effort should lie in the Coubertin ideal: The important thing in life is not victory, but struggle: the essential is not to conquer but to fight well. Doping has more harm than benefit to athletes. Though doping leads to good performance among athlete. it has an adverse effects on their health and well being for instance it is associated with heart diseases, prostate cancer, metabolic and endocrine disorder, muscle cramp, anxiety, kidney damage, hypertension, loss of concentration and other diseases. Doping is a challenge for us which is spreading day by day in sports world. However it is our duty to fight against and save our athletes of the punch of doping. In the present why athlete take drugs various prohibited substances and there adverse effects on individual is reviewed along with the history of doping.

Key Words: Doping, Prohibited Substances, Adverse Effects.

Introduction:

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Int. J.Phy. Edu. Spo., 2(10):51-58. ISSN- 2456-2963

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Kinlundh et al (1998) describe that 27% of the men and 0.4% of the women adolscent had taken doping drugs at least once in their life time Laure (1997) reported that 3-5% of the children /Sports teenagers (this value increase with the age) and 5-15 % of adult sports men use doping drugs. These percentages are higher in the men aged 20-25 years in the competitors and the ration increase with the level of competitions (especially in high level once Laure 2001).

Modern day athletes have lucrative, salaries or scholarship or stake or carry the honour of their school or country when competiting. Doping control were introduce in main event such as 1966 world cup soccer final and the 1968 Olympic Games (Dimeo 2007) however during the following decade doping become wide spread. The development ran parallel to other processes in the elite athletes such as professionalisation, politicalisation and commercialisation. (Waddington & Smith 2009)

The IOC estd. a medical commission (IOC-MC) which had the task of designing a strategy to combat the misuse of drugs in Olympic sports. Thus medicine and science has now joined hands in their fight against doping.

Why Doping is Prohibited in Sports:

 The Substance or method has the potential to enhance, or does enhance performance in sport.  The substance or method has the potential to risk the athlete's health.

 Wada has determined that the substance or method violates the spirit of sport.

Historical Background:

 The use of drugs to enhance performance in sports has certainly occurred since the time of the original Olympic Games from (776 to 393 BC). The origin of the word doping is attributed to the Dutch word doping which is a viscous opium juice, the drug of the athlete ancient Greek.

 Ancient Greek are known to have used special diets and potions to strength themselves.

 Caffeine, cocaine and Alcohol were often used by cyclist and other endurance athletes in the 19th century.

 The first use of performance enhancing drugs in modern Olympic as per record Thomas Hicks who won the Marathon after receiving an Injection of strychnine in the middle of the race. The first official ban on stimulating substance by IAAF in 1928.

 The Ancient Greek and Roman's used herbs, fungi, poppy seeds and stimulants such as strychnine in order to boost performance. In the Modern area this practice continued mostly with the use of stimulants and narcotics.

 The Amphetamines were the first effective performance enhancing drugs which were used widely by soldiers in the Second World War.

 Amphetamines abuse in sports began to occur in the 1940 became wide spread in Japan in the 1950 and peaked in the United State in 1960's.

 In 1966 International cycling union & FIFA were the first International sports federations who were Introduce doping test in respective world championship.

 The fight against doping in sports commenced as a result of the death of a Danish Cyclist during the Rome Olympic Games in 1960.

 Ugency of Anti-doping was against pushed by the death of cyclist Tom Simpson during the Tour de France the year before.

 Following the conference, the world Anti Doping Agency (WADA) was established on November 10, 1999.

 According to various studies it is estimated that 50-80% athletes among baseball and cyclist have been doping.

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© International Journal of Physical Education and Sports (IJPES)

Athlete & Drug:

 Most of Athlete get information regarding drugs supplements, vitamins, performance enhancing substance and more from -

 Internet Sites

 Doctors

 Gyms

 Coaches and Trainers

 Pears Follow Athletes

 Friends & Family

Why Athlete's Take Drugs:-

 There is no simple answer why Athletes takes drugs. Athletes are aware that drug taking a risk to health and life. However in various area of life people / sports person on are take the risk if the reward are great. In top level of sport the stake can be very high indeed. In modern time there are records of players taking PES for more than 100 years. But there are number of possible reason athletes are taking drug performance enhancing substance which are under listed :-

 The rewards for victory are great:- prestige, fame , money status & future career.

 The culture it’s all about winning and being number one.

 The others are doing and the need to complete on the same level.

 Pressure from peers, managers, coaches & doctors.

 They think there are chances of getting caught are very small.

 May help to get our injuries more quickly.

 May help to train harder recover better.

 Lack of knowledge regarding drugs & their side effects.

 To improve their Physical strength

 Cope with anxiety and stress.

 If performance is falling it is the best way to Enhance Performance.

Prohibited Substance and Methods:

 World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) updated and released the list of prohibited substance and methods every year. Which are categorized in three parts. Which is mention under listed.

 Substance prohibited at all times (in and out of Competition)

 Substance and method prohibited in competitions

 Substance prohibited in particular sports.

1. Prohibited Substance in Sports:-

S0 Non Approved Substance:-

The Category of Non Approved substance was include in banned list in 2011. The drug under this category have no current approval by any govt. regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use (substance approved only for veterinary use are prohibited at all times).

S1 Anabolic Agents:-

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Effect on Performance:-

AAS are the most widely detected performance enhancing drugs in sports these agents are misused to make an athlete larger and stronger in attempts in increase strength, power and endurance.

AAS INCLUDE:-

(a) Andostenediol (b) Androstendione

(c) Bolandiol (d) Danazol

(e) Stanozolol (f) Nandrolone

(g) Testosterone (h) Mestanolone

Male Specific Effect:- Female Specific

Effect:-1. Brest Development 1. Mail Pattern hair growth & Boldness

2. Decrease Sperm & Production 2. Decrease size of breast

3. Prostate Cancer 3. Deeper Voice (Hoarseness)

4. Menstruation Disturbances

S2 Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors and related Substances:-

Peptide Hormones are the Substance that are produced by the glands in the body and that after circulating through blood can effect other organs and tissue to change bodily function competitors misuse these agents.

1. To build up muscles

2. To mend and improve body tissue 3. To Improve body's ability to carry O2.

Peptide Harmons

Include:-1. Insulin, Growth Hormone, Erythropoietin (EPO), Insulin like Growth Facture (ILGF)

Adverse Effect Include:-

1. HGH cause over growth of limbs 2. Metabolic and endocrine disorders 3. Shortness of Breath.

4. May be ulcer, Osteoporsis 5. Brain damage & death.

S3 Beta 2 - AGOINST:-

Beta 2- Agonist is banned since 1990's are prescribed for the treatment for Asthma. Beta-2 Agonists have both stimulants effects and potential effects. The high dosage of drugs can act as an anabolic agent to promote gain in weight mainly in the form of muscle in the body.

They Include:-

1. Salbutamol 2. Salmeterol

3. Terbutaline 4. Fenoterol

Advert Effect:-

1. Sweating 2. Anxiety

3. Muscle Cramp 4. Nervousness

5. Treambling 6. Weaking of Heart Muscles

S4 Hormones and Metabolic Modulators:-

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They Include:-

1. Androstene 2. Testolactone

3. Letrozole 4. Formestane

Adverse Effect:-

1. Hot flushes 2. Gastro Intestinal disorders 3. Fuild retention

S5 Diuretics:-

The diuretics are banned since 1988. There are product that can potentially conceal the presence of a prohibited substance in using or other samples. There are mainly two reason athletes are using this substance.

1. To lose weight quickly in sports which have weight categories. 2. To reduce the concentration of other banned substance.

Diuretics Includer:-

1. Furosemide 2. Bendroflumethiazide

3. Hydroxyethyl 4. Hydrochlorothiazide

5. Triamterene

Adverse Effect:-

1. May cause Dehydratiion, muscle, weakening & Cramping mineral imbalance. 2. Irrugular imbalance

3. Low B.P. Kudney damage

S6 Stimulants:-

Stimulants are those substances which have a direct effect on CNS. This stimulant increase the excitation of brain & Spinal card, cardiac output & rate of metabolism stimulants are banned in sport because they can produce a psychological and physical stimulants which may improve athletics performance. Stimulants are drugs which increase alertness & reduce fatigue & may increase competitiveness & hostility.

Stimulants Include:-

1. Amfetamine 2. Adrafinil

3. Cocaine 4. Pemoline

5. Ephedrine 6. Bromantan

7. Heptaminol 8. Pentetrazol

Adverse Effect:-

1. Increase B.P. & Heart rate

2. Dehydration and decreased calculation

3. Aggression anxiety which leads to a poor judgement. 4. Insomania (Loss of Sleep), Treambling, Hypertension

S7 Narcotics:-

The narcotics are used as strong Pain Killer in Post surgical treatment but athletes use these drugs to make pain so he/she can play for longer period. Its use is more addictive than as performance enhancing. It act on a CNS to reduce amount of pain felt from Injury of Illness.

They Include:-

1. Hydromorphone 2. Morphin

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Addverse Effect:-

1. Loss of Balance & Co-ordination 2. Loss of Concentration

3. Decreased Heart rate 4. Insomania and depression

S8 & 9 Cannabinoids:-

Cannabinoid and Glucocorticosteroids are both in to main list subject to prohibition during competition. Connabinoid is a psychoctive chemical. Marijuana is derived from canbas plant. Glucocorticosteroids are used to treat Asthma & relieve pain all Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited when administered by oral intravenous, intramuscular or rectal routes.

They Include:-

1. Bupropion, 2. Caffeine, 3. Nicotine,

4. Phenylephrine 5. Ephendrine 6. Mathylephedrine.

Addverse Effect of Cannobinoids:-

1. Loss of concentration

2. Impaired Balance and Co-ordination 3. Increase the Heart rate

4. Reduce Lung capacity which is harm ful endurance runner 5. Many Cause heart disease & Cancer

Adverse Effect of Giucocorticosteroids:-

1. Systematic Infections 2. Musculoskeletal disorder

SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED IN PARTICULAR SPOTRS:-

P1 Alcohol:-

Alcohol is a substance which effect the C.N.S. which slow & down the actions of the brain and body. It is prohibited in competitions only in certain sport such as archery and karate. The testing of alcohol l is done through breath analysis.

Adverse Effect:-

1. Impaired Judgement

2. Loss of reflexes and muscular co-ordination

3. Slurred speech

4. Sleeping and poor respiration

P2 Beta

Blocker's:-Drugs commonly for heart diseases to lower blood pressure and decrease the heart sate. They may also be used in the treatment of migraines in sport such as Shooting, Archery where steady arms or trigger finger is important, Beta Blocker's might be used to slow the heart sate and steady the nerves.

Beta Blocker's Include:-

1. Acebutolol 2. Lebetalol

3. Nadolol 4. Metoprolol

5. Timalol 6. Sotalol

Adverse Effect:-

1. Heart Failure 2. Depression

3. Asthma 4. Sleep disorder

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Prohibited

Methods:-Physical Methods include blood doping chemical and Methods:-Physical manipulation gene doping.

Blood Doping:-

Blood doping is defined by WADA the misuse of certain techniques/substance to increase an athletics red blood cell count.

(a) Usually two units of athletics blood is taken some week prior to competitions. Then the blood frozen until one or two days before the competition when it is injected in to the athlete. This is known as autologous blood doping. (b) Homologous blood doping is the injection is of fresh blood removed from a second person straight into the

athlete. Due to increasing the RBC's the O2 carrying capacity to the muscle is increased. So the muscle endurance

increase which ultimately enhance sports performance.

(2) Artificial O2 carriers is also second method of blood doping which involves the use of artificial O2 carriers HB O2

-carriers are chemicals/ Purified Protein which have the ability to carry O2. It is Help full in enhancing aerobic

capacity.

(3) Chemical and Physical Manipulation:- To tamper or an attempt to tamper the validity of samples collected during doping controls. They had given unfair advantage to athletes so that it is also prohibited at all times in and of competition in sports.

(4) Gene Doping:- Gene doping plays a significant role in the growth and development of musculo-skeletal structures. Athletes used Gen doping for improve their sports performance. It is also prohibited at all time in sports.

Adverse Effect of Blood Doping:-

1. Hypertension 2. Kidneydys function

3. Risk of cardiac arrest, brain stroke 4. Clotting susceptibility

Conclusion:-

The use of performance enhancing drugs by the athlete not only harmful for the athlete but also threat to the integrity of sports. Doping for some time doping is helpful to increasing the performance of athlete but long time use of drugs spoil the physical & mental. Health of an individual. WADA is playing a good role to preventing doping. This agency catching the cheater & giving punishment. No player should gain an unfair advantage over other players by an unethical method. More player who represent their Nation in International level & caught for using prohibited method they not only spoil their life but also push the country back It is against the spirit of sport. This is our moral duty to education the young athletes tell them harmful effects of doping & make the country free from doping.

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Corresponding Author:

Mahipal,

Junior Athletics Coach,

Sports and Youth Affairs Department, Panipat, Haryana,